Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Transcriptional Activity Research Articles

Phytochemical Study of Stachys iva Griseb. and In Vitro Evaluation of AhR Transcriptional Activity.

Genus Stachys L. consists of approximately 365 species, distributed mainly in temperate regions. Several members of this genus are widely used in the traditional medicine of different countries worldwide. In Greece, 54 Stachys taxa are found in parts of the mainland and/or insular country. The present study focused on the phytochemical investigation of Stachys iva Griseb. and the in vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation of the isolated compounds. In total, eighteen compounds were isolated and identified from the dichloromethane-methanol extract, belonging to iridoids, flavonoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, and phenolic acids. An in vitro approach assessed the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) modulatory effects of these compounds, revealing an AhR agonistic activity of the flavonoid aglycones apigenin and cirsimaritin in HepG2 and HT29 cell lines. The present study contributes to the evidence of the traditional uses of Stachys spp. and its bioactive constituents, justifying the ethnopharmacological use as an anti-inflammatory plant genus.

The AHR repressor limits expression of antimicrobial genes but not AHR-dependent genes in intestinal eosinophils.

Intestinal eosinophils express the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), an environmental sensor and ligand-activated transcription factor that responds to dietary or environmental ligands. AHR regulates tissue adaptation, survival, adhesion, and immune functions in intestinal eosinophils. The AHR repressor (AHRR) is itself induced by AHR and believed to limit AHR activity in a negative feedback loop. We analyzed gene expression in intestinal eosinophils from wild-type and AHRR knockout mice and found that AHRR did not suppress most AHR-dependent genes. Instead, AHRR limited the expression of a distinct small set of genes involved in the innate immune response. These included S100 proteins, antimicrobial proteins, and alpha-defensins. Using bone marrow-derived eosinophils, we found that AHRR knockout eosinophils released more reactive oxygen species upon stimulation. This work shows that the paradigm of AHRR as a repressor of AHR transcriptional activity does not apply to intestinal eosinophils. Rather, AHRR limits the expression of innate immune response and antimicrobial genes, possibly to maintain an anti-inflammatory phenotype in eosinophils when exposed to microbial signals in the intestinal environment.

Silencing of aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor restrains Th17 cell immunity in autoimmune hepatitis

Th17-cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Dysregulation of Th17-cells in AIH is linked to defective response to aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor (AhR) activation. AhR modulates adaptive immunity and is regulated by aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor-repressor (AHRR), which inhibits AhR transcriptional activity. In this study, we investigated whether defective Th17-cell response to AhR derives from aberrant AHRR regulation in AIH.Th17-cells, obtained from the peripheral blood of AIH patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 30) were exposed to AhR endogenous ligands, and their response assessed in the absence or presence of AHRR silencing. Therapeutic effects of AHRR blockade were tested in a model of Concanavalin-A (Con-A)-induced liver injury in humanized mice.AHRR was markedly upregulated in AIH Th17-cells, following exposure to l-kynurenine, an AhR endogenous ligand. In patients, silencing of AHRR boosted Th17-cell response to l-kynurenine, as reflected by increased levels of CYP1A1, the main gene controlled by AhR; and decreased IL17A expression. Blockade of AHRR limited the differentiation of naïve CD4-cells into Th17 lymphocytes; and modulated Th17-cell metabolic profile by increasing the levels of uridine via ATP depletion or pyrimidine salvage. Treatment with 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-d-arabinonucleic acid (FANA) oligonucleotides to silence human AHRR in vivo, reduced ALT levels, attenuated lymphocyte infiltration on histology, and heightened frequencies of regulatory immune subsets in NOD/scid/gamma mice, reconstituted with human CD4 cells, and exposed to Con-A.In conclusion, blockade of AHRR in AIH restores Th17-cell response to AHR, and limits Th17-cell differentiation through generation of uridine. In vivo, silencing of AHRR attenuates liver damage in NOD/scid/gamma mice. Blockade of AHRR might therefore represent a novel therapeutic strategy to modulate effector Th17-cell immunity and restore homeostasis in AIH.

Induction of AHR Signaling in Response to the Indolimine Class of Microbial Stress Metabolites.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in gastrointestinal barrier function, tumorigenesis, and is an emerging drug target. The resident microbiota is capable of metabolizing tryptophan to metabolites that are AHR ligands (e.g., indole-3-acetate). Recently, a novel set of mutagenic tryptophan metabolites named indolimines have been identified that are produced by M. morganii in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we determined that indolimine-200, -214, and -248 are direct AHR ligands that can induce Cyp1a1 transcription and subsequent CYP1A1 enzymatic activity capable of metabolizing the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene in microsomal assays. In addition, indolimines enhance IL6 expression in a colonic tumor cell line in combination with cytokine treatment. The concentration of indolimine-248 that induces AHR transcriptional activity failed to increase DNA damage. These observations reveal an additional aspect of how indolimines may alter colonic tumorigenesis beyond mutagenic activity.

Orchiectomy sensitizes cortical bone in male mice to the harmful effects of kynurenine

Kynurenine (Kyn) is a tryptophan metabolite that increases with age and promotes musculoskeletal dysfunction. We previously found a sexually dimorphic pattern in how Kyn affects bone, with harmful effects more prevalent in females than males. This raises the possibility that male sex steroids might exert a protective effect that blunts the effects of Kyn in males. To test this, orchiectomy (ORX) or sham surgeries were performed on 6-month-old C57BL/6 mice, after which mice received Kyn (10 mg/kg) or vehicle via intraperitoneal injection, once daily, 5×/week, for four weeks. Bone histomorphometry, DXA, microCT, and serum marker analyses were performed after sacrifice. In vitro studies were performed to specifically test the effect of testosterone on activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated signaling by Kyn in mesenchymal-lineage cells. Kyn treatment reduced cortical bone mass in ORX- but not sham-operated mice. Trabecular bone was unaffected. Kyn's effects on cortical bone in ORX mice were attributed primarily to enhanced endosteal bone resorption activity. Bone marrow adipose tissue was increased in Kyn-treated ORX animals but was unchanged by Kyn in sham-operated mice. ORX surgery increased mRNA expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its target gene Cyp1a1 in the bone, suggesting a priming and/or amplification of AhR signaling pathways. Mechanistic in vitro studies revealed that testosterone blunted Kyn-stimulated AhR transcriptional activity and Cyp1a1 expression in mesenchymal-linage cells. These data suggest a protective role for male sex steroids in blunting the harmful effects of Kyn in cortical bone. Therefore, testosterone may play an important role in regulating Kyn/AhR signaling in musculoskeletal tissues, suggesting crosstalk between male sex steroids and Kyn signaling may influence age-associated musculoskeletal frailty.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Coordinates Mouse Small Intestinal Epithelial Cell Programming

In the face of mechanical, chemical, microbial, and immunologic pressure, intestinal homeostasis is maintained through balanced cellular turnover, proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal. Here, we present evidence supporting the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in the adaptive reprogramming of small intestinal gene expression, leading to altered proliferation, lineage commitment, and remodeling of the cellular repertoire that comprises the intestinal epithelium to promote intestinal resilience. Ahr gene/protein expression and transcriptional activity exhibit marked proximalHI to distalLO and cryptHI to villiLO gradients. Genetic ablation of Ahr impairs commitment/differentiation of the secretory Paneth and goblet cell lineages and associated mucin production, restricts expression of secretory/enterocyte differentiation markers, and increases crypt-associated proliferation and villi-associated enterocyte luminal exfoliation. Ahr-/- mice display a decrease in intestinal barrier function. Ahr+/+ mice that maintain a diet devoid of AHR ligands intestinally phenocopy Ahr-/- mice. In contrast, Ahr+/+ mice exposed to AHR ligands reverse these phenotypes. Ligand-induced AHR transcriptional activity positively correlates with gene expression (Math1, Klf4, Tff3) associated with differentiation of the goblet cell secretory lineage. Math1 was identified as a direct target gene of AHR, a transcription factor critical to the development of goblet cells. These data suggest that dietary cues, relayed through the transcriptional activity of AHR, can reshape the cellular repertoire of the gastrointestinal tract.

FDI-6, a FOXM1 inhibitor, activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and suppresses tumorsphere formation

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is activated by environmental contaminants such as dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Following ligand binding, AhR binds to xenobiotic responsive elements and modulates the transcription of AhR target genes. Multiple studies have shown that AhR plays important roles in a range of cancer cells and is attracting attention as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. We have previously reported that AhR agonists inhibit tumorsphere formation in an AhR-dependent manner in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. In the present study, we found that FDI-6, an inhibitor of the transcription factor Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) induced the mRNA expression of AhR target genes, nuclear translocation of AhR, and transcriptional activity of AhR. In addition, FDI-6 dose-dependently reduced the mRNA expression of FOXM1-regulated genes in AhR-expressing MCF-7 cells, although not in AhR-deficient MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, FDI-6 was found to suppress tumorsphere formation via the AhR in MCF-7 cells and HepG2 human liver cancer cell line. On the basis of the findings of this study, we show that FDI-6, a FOXM1 inhibitor, functions as an AhR agonist, and suppresses tumorsphere formation via the AhR.

Kynurenine/Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates Mitochondria-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Apoptosis in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Aims: Oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis play crucial roles in the pathological processes of secondary injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), together with its endogenous ligand kynurenine, is known to mediate free radical accumulation and neuronal excitotoxicity in central nervous systems. Herein, we investigate the pathological roles of kynurenine/AHR after ICH. Results: Endogenous AHR knockout alleviated reactive oxygen species accumulation and neuronal apoptosis in ipsilateral hemisphere at 48 h after ICH in mice. The ICH insult resulted in an increase of total and nucleus AHR protein levels and AHR transcriptional activity. Inhibition of AHR provided both short- and long- term neurological benefits by attenuating mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after ICH in mice. RhoA-Bax signaling activated mitochondrial death pathway and participated in deleterious actions of AHR. Finally, we reported that exogenous kynurenine aggravated AHR activation and mediated the brain mentioned earlier. Male animals were used in the experiments. Innovation: We show for the first time that kynurenine/AHR mediates mitochondria death and free radical accumulation, at least partially via the RhoA/Bax signaling pathway. Pharmacological antagonists of AHR and kynurenine may ameliorate neurobehavioral function and improve the prognosis of patients with ICH. Conclusion: Kynurenine/AHR may serve as a potential therapeutic target to attenuate mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal cells impairment in patients with ICH. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1111-1129.

Human Adult Microbiota in a Static Colon Model: AhR Transcriptional Activity at the Crossroads of Host-Microbe Interaction.

Functional symbiotic intestinal microbiota regulates immune defense and the metabolic processing of xenobiotics in the host. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is one of the transcription factors mediating host–microbe interaction. An in vitro static simulation of the human colon was used in this work to analyze the evolution of bacterial populations, the microbial metabolic output, and the potential induction of AhR transcriptional activity in healthy gut ecosystems. Fifteen target taxa were explored by qPCR, and the metabolic content was chromatographically profiled using SPME-GC-MS and UPLC-FLD to quantify short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and biogenic amines, respectively. Over 72 h of fermentation, the microbiota and most produced metabolites remained stable. Fermentation supernatant induced AhR transcription in two of the three reporter gene cell lines (T47D, HepG2, HT29) evaluated. Mammary and intestinal cells were more sensitive to microbiota metabolic production, which showed greater AhR agonism than the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) used as a positive control. Some of the SCFA and biogenic amines identified could crucially contribute to the potent AhR induction of the fermentation products. As a fundamental pathway mediating human intestinal homeostasis and as a sensor for several microbial metabolites, AhR activation might be a useful endpoint to include in studies of the gut microbiota.

STING is an intrinsic checkpoint inhibitor that restrains the TH17 cell pathogenic program.

SUMMARYExternal and intrinsic factors regulate the transcriptional profile of T helper 17 (TH17) cells, thereby affecting their pathogenic potential and revealing their context-dependent plasticity. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING), a component of the intracellular DNA-sensing pathway, triggers immune responses but remains largely unexplored in T cells. Here, we describe an intrinsic role of STING in limiting the TH17 cell pathogenic program. We demonstrate that non-pathogenic TH17 cells express higher levels of STING than those activated under pathogenic conditions. Activation of STING induces interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in TH17 cells, decreasing IL-17A and IL-23R expression in a type I interferon (IFN)-independent manner. Mechanistically, STING-induced IL-10 production partially requires aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, while the decrease of IL-17A expression occurs due to a reduction of Rorγt transcriptional activity. Our findings reveal a regulatory function of STING in the TH17 cell activation program, proposing it as a valuable target to limit TH17-cell-mediated inflammation.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mechanisms Affecting Chronic Kidney Disease.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that binds diverse endogenous and xenobiotic ligands, which regulate AHR stability, transcriptional activity, and cell signaling. AHR activity is strongly implicated throughout the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many diverse organic molecules bind and activate AHR and these ligands are reported to either promote glomerular and tubular damage or protect against kidney injury. AHR crosstalk with estrogen, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and NF-κB pathways may contribute to the diversity of AHR responses during the various forms and stages of CKD. The roles of AHR in kidney fibrosis, metabolism and the renin angiotensin system are described to offer insight into CKD pathogenesis and therapies.

Roles of the ubiquitin ligase CUL4B and ADP-ribosyltransferase TiPARP in TCDD-induced nuclear export and proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor AHR

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a transcription factor activated by exogenous halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, including the environmental toxin TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and naturally occurring dietary and endogenous compounds. The activated AHR enhances transcription of specific genes including phase I and phase II metabolism enzymes and other targets genes such as the TCDD-inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (TiPARP). The regulation of AHR activation is a dynamic process: immediately after transcriptional activation of the AHR by TCDD, the AHR is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is subjected to proteasomal degradation. However, the mechanisms regulating AHR degradation are not well understood. Here, we studied the role of two enzymes reported to enhance AHR breakdown: the cullin 4B (CUL4B)AHR complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the AHR and other proteins for ubiquitination, and TiPARP, which targets proteins for ADP-ribosylation, a posttranslational modification that can increase susceptibility to degradation. Using a WT mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line and an MEF cell line in which CUL4B has been deleted (MEFCul4b-null), we discovered that loss of CUL4B partially prevented AHR degradation after TCDD exposure, while knocking down TiPARP in MEFCul4b-null cells completely abolished AHR degradation upon TCDD treatment. Increased TCDD-activated AHR protein levels in MEFCul4b-null and MEFCul4b-null cells in which TiPARP was knocked down led to enhanced AHR transcriptional activity, indicating that CUL4B and TiPARP restrain AHR action. This study reveals a novel function of TiPARP in controlling TCDD-activated AHR nuclear export and subsequent proteasomal degradation.

Cyproterone acetate acts as a disruptor of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Prostate cancer is a major cause of death in males. Cyproterone acetate (CPA), the steroidal anti-androgen for part of androgen deprivation therapy, may block the androgen-receptor interaction and then reduce serum testosterone through its weak anti-gonadotropic action. In addition to CPA inducing hepatitis, CPA is known to cause liver tumors in rats also. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a cytoplasmic receptor and regulates multiple physiological functions. CYP1A1 is an AhR-targeted gene. We found that CPA induced CYP1A1 expression, transcriptional activity of the aryl hydrocarbon response element (AHRE), and the nuclear localization of AhR in mouse Hepa-1c1c7 cells. However, CPA suppressed CYP1A1 mRNA expression and the transcriptional activity of AHRE in human HepG2 and MCF7 cells, and also decreased AhR ligand-induced CYP1A1 protein expression and transcriptional activity of AHRE in HepG2 cells. In summary, CPA is an AhR agonist in mouse cells, but an AhR antagonist in human cells. Accordingly, CPA potentially plays a role as an endocrine disruptor of the AhR. This study helps us to understand why CPA induces acute hepatitis, gene mutation, and many other side effects. In addition, it may trigger further studies investigating the relationships between CPA, glucocorticoid receptor and castration-resistant prostate cancer in the future.

Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor with a novel set of triarylmethanes

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a chemical sensor upregulating the transcription of responsive genes associated with endocrine homeostasis, oxidative balance and diverse metabolic, immunological and inflammatory processes, which have raised the pharmacological interest on its modulation. Herein, a novel set of 32 unsymmetrical triarylmethane (TAM) class of structures has been synthesized, characterized and their AhR transcriptional activity evaluated using a cell-based assay. Eight of the assayed TAM compounds (14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 28) exhibited AhR agonism but none of them showed antagonist effects. TAMs bearing benzotrifluoride, naphthol or heteroaromatic (indole, quinoline or thiophene) rings seem to be prone to AhR activation unlike phenyl substituted or benzotriazole derivatives. A molecular docking analysis with the AhR ligand binding domain (LBD) showed similarities in the binding mode and in the interactions of the most potent TAM identified 4-(pyridin-2-yl (thiophen-2-yl)methyl)phenol (22) compared to the endogenous AhR agonist 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole-12-carbaldehyde (FICZ). Finally, in silico predictions of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties for the most potent agonistic compounds were performed and these exhibited acceptable druglikeness and good ADME profiles. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the AhR modulatory effects of unsymmetrical TAM class of compounds.

Vitamin B12 and folic acid alleviate symptoms of nutritional deficiency by antagonizing aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Despite broad appreciation of their clinical utility, it has been unclear how vitamin B12 and folic acid (FA) function at the molecular level to directly prevent their hallmark symptoms of deficiency like anemia or birth defects. To this point, B12 and FA have largely been studied as cofactors for enzymes in the one-carbon (1C) cycle in facilitating the de novo generation of nucleotides and methylation of DNA and protein. Here, we report that B12 and FA function as natural antagonists of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Our studies indicate that B12 and FA bind AhR directly as competitive antagonists, blocking AhR nuclear localization, XRE binding, and target gene induction mediated by AhR agonists like 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ). In mice, TCDD treatment replicated many of the hallmark symptoms of B12/FA deficiency and cotreatment with aryl hydrocarbon portions of B12/FA rescued mice from these toxic effects. Moreover, we found that B12/FA deficiency in mice induces AhR transcriptional activity and accumulation of erythroid progenitors and that it may do so in an AhR-dependent fashion. Consistent with these results, we observed that human cancer samples with deficient B12/FA uptake demonstrated higher transcription of AhR target genes and lower transcription of pathways implicated in birth defects. In contrast, there was no significant difference observed between samples with mutated and intact 1C cycle proteins. Thus, we propose a model in which B12 and FA blunt the effect of natural AhR agonists at baseline to prevent the symptoms that arise with AhR overactivation.

Abstract 3753: Indoximod modulates AhR-driven transcription of genes that control immune function

Abstract The IDO pathway mediates immunosuppressive effects by metabolizing tryptophan (Trp) into kynurenine (Kyn). The depletion of Trp stimulates downstream signaling through nutrient sensors GCN2 and mTOR, while the production of Kyn stimulates signaling through the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) transcription factor. The activation of these signaling pathways has pleiotropic effects on immune cells, including influencing the differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs), helper T cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg) as well as enhancing the proliferation of effector T cells and Treg. Indoximod has been demonstrated to relieve IDO-mediated immunosuppression in vitro and in vivo, by creating an artificial Trp-sufficiency signal that bypasses activation of GCN2 and inhibition of mTOR in conditions of Trp deprivation. We hypothesized that indoximod's activity could also include the disruption of AHR activation by Kyn and other Trp catabolites, causing differential AHR signaling and transcriptional activity, resulting in an augmented antitumor immune response. We observed that indoximod activates AHR-dependent transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells as evidenced by increased AHR-driven luciferase and endogenous CYP1A1 activity. AHR activation by indoximod was also observed in primary human T cells, as measured by the induction of CYP1A1 mRNA. In a Kyn-driven Treg differentiation assay, indoximod altered transcription of genes associated with T helper and Treg phenotypes. Indoximod induced upregulation of Rorc expression, a TH17-associated transcription factor, while concurrently downregulating transcription of Foxp3, the master transcription factor of Treg cells. These effects were reverted by an AHR inhibitor. Consistent with the gene expression profiles, indoximod shifted the cellular phenotype from Foxp3+ Treg toward Th17-producing CD4 helper T cells. Transcription of Ido1 is controlled by IFNγ and AHR-response elements in its promoter. Consistent with the role of indoximod in blocking the IDO pathway, we observed that indoximod downregulated the expression and function of IDO in in vitro derived plasmacytoid DC that normally would express IDO under the same differentiation conditions. When these in vitro differentiated human pDCs were used in an MLR culture, the indoximod-induced downregulation of IDO resulted in decreased Kyn production and increased T cell proliferation. Moreover, indoximod treatment of tumor-bearing mice decreased expression of IDO in the pDC in tumor-draining LN. Together, these data suggest that indoximod modulates AHR signaling to exert multiple immunomodulatory effects, including a shift from suppressive Foxp3+ Treg toward TH17 helper T cells as well as the downregulation of IDO expression in pDC, contributing to enhanced antitumor immunity. Citation Format: Erik L. Brincks, James Adams, Michael Essmann, Benjamin A. Turner, Lifu Wang, Jiyuan Ke, Agnieszka Marcinowicz, Nicholas Vahanian, Charles J. Link, Mario R. Mautino. Indoximod modulates AhR-driven transcription of genes that control immune function [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3753.

Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates the LPS/IFNγ-induced inflammatory response by inducing ubiquitin-proteosomal and lysosomal degradation of RelA/p65

Several studies have identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a negative regulator of the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this transcription factor exerts such modulatory effects are not well understood. Interaction between AhR and RelA/p65 has previously been reported. RelA/p65 is the major NFκB subunit that plays a critical role in immune responses to infection. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the activation of AhR disrupted RelA/p65 signaling in mouse peritoneal macrophages by decreasing its half-life. The data demonstrate that the activation of AhR by TCDD and β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) decreased protein levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12 after macrophage activation with LPS/IFNγ. In an AhR-dependent manner, TCDD treatment induces RelA/p65 ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation, an effect dependent on AhR transcriptional activity. Activation of AhR also induced lysosome-like membrane structure formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages and RelA/p65 lysosome-dependent degradation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that AhR activation promotes RelA/p65 protein degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome system, as well as through the lysosomes, resulting in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages.

Hypersensitive assessment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor transcriptional activity using a novel truncated cyp1a promoter in zebrafish.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP), an unintentional byproduct of various industrial processes, and a human carcinogen. The expression of the cytochrome P450 1A (cyp1a) gene is upregulated in the presence of TCDD through activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in a dose-dependent manner. Several essential response elements, including the 8 potential xenobiotic response elements in the cyp1a promoter region, have been identified to be the main functional parts for the response to TCDD. Thus, we aimed to develop a convenient and sensitive biomonitoring tool to examine the level of POPs in the environment and evaluate its potential human health risks by TCDD. Here, we established a transgenic zebrafish model with a red fluorescent reporter gene ( mCherry) using the truncated cyp1a promoter. Under exposure to TCDD, the expression pattern of mCherry in the reporter zebrafish mirrored that of endogenous cyp1a mRNA, and the primary target tissues for TCDD were the brain vessels, liver, gut, cloaca, and skin. Our results indicated that exposure of the embryos to TCDD at concentrations as low as 0.005 nM for 48 h, which did not elicit morphologic abnormalities in the embryos, markedly increased mCherry expression. In addition, the reporter embryos responded to other POPs, and primary liver cell culture of zebrafish revealed that Cyp1a protein was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of liver cells. Furthermore, our transgenic fish embryos demonstrated that TCDD exposure can regulate the expression levels of several tumor-related factors, including epidermal growth factor, TNF-α, C-myc, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, TGF-β, serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and phosphorylated Akt, suggesting that our transgenic fish can be used as a sensitive model to evaluate the carcinogenicity induced by TCDD exposure.-Luo, J.-J., Su, D.-S., Xie, S.-L., Liu, Y., Liu, P., Yang, X.-J., Pei D.-S. Hypersensitive assessment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor transcriptional activity using a novel truncated cyp1a promoter in zebrafish.

Assessment of Ah receptor transcriptional activity mediated by halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs) in human and mouse cell systems

ABSTRACTPolybrominated and mixed bromo/chloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs) are emerging environmental contaminants of concern. Thus far, an understanding of the toxicological behavior of these chemical species and their impact upon human health is incomplete. Here we utilized human and mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines to examine the ability of differentially halogenated PXDD/F congeners to induce aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-mediated transcriptional activity. Dose-response experiments in reporter cell lines identified varied potencies among differentially halogenated PXDD/F isomers by comparison of EC50 values relative to the prototypical AHR agonist, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Brominated PXDD/F species displayed reduced capacity to activate the mouse AHR, compared to TCDD. Only BrCl3 dibenzo-p-dioxin was found to have a greater relative potency than TCDD to induce human AHR transcriptional activity. Human cells required ∼10–29-fold higher ligand concentrations to induce analogous AHR activity, relative to mouse cells. Decreased sensitivity of the human AHR to brominated dibenzofuran congeners directly corresponded to the number of bromine functional groups. Mixtures of these compounds exhibited an additive effect on AHR activation. The data also support the inclusion of mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans into routine environmental screening procedures as well as more thorough toxicological characterization of PXDD/Fs.

Activated thyroid hormone receptor modulates dioxin-inducible aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated CYP1A1 induction in human hepatocytes but not in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor, the activity of which is modulated by hormones including glucocorticoids and estrogens. In this study, we examined the effects of triiodothyronine (T3), a ligand and activator of thyroid hormone receptor (TR), on transcriptional activity of AhR and the expression of its target gene CYP1A1. Study was carried out in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 and primary cultures of human hepatocytes (HH). Gene reporter assay in stably transfected AZ-AhR cells revealed that T3 dose-dependently augmented 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-inducible AhR-dependent luciferase activity. In contrast, T3 had no effect on TCDD-inducible expression of CYP1A1 mRNA, protein and catalytic activity. Incubation of human hepatocytes with T3 had modulatory and inter-individual (7 cell cultures from 7 different liver donors) effects on both basal and dioxin-inducible CYP1A1/2. Since there was no correlation between T3 effects on CYP1A expression and T3-dependent expression of Spot14 mRNA, the involvement of additional factors besides TR is supposed. Overall, the co-incubation of normal and cancer human hepatic cells with TCDD and T3 suggested transcriptional cross-talk between AhR and TR, which may have physiological and toxicological implications.