Arvensis Var Research Articles

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LYSIMACHIA ARVENSIS VAR. CAERULEA L.

Lysimachia arvensis var. Caerulea L. is an annual, perennial herbaceous shrub, belonging to the family Primulaceae. It is commonly called a blue pimpernel. All parts of the plant have medicinal value; it is native to the Mediterranean region but dispersed worldwide as an introduced plant. The present study analyzed the presence of secondary metabolites and also their amount. The anti-oxidant assay such as DPPH and ABTS determine the reducing agent which is present in the plant. Anti-bacterial activity checked against the Pseudomonas bacteria is a 2 mm zone of inhibition at a concentration of 1mg/ml.

The new addition of Blue Pimpernel of Primulaceae to the state flora of Assam, India

Lysimachia arvensis var. caerulea (L.) Turland & Bergmeier, a variety belonging to the family Primulaceae is reported as new to the state flora of Assam, northeastern India. The authors encountered the specimen during field survey at Kamrup Rural District of Assam in 2020. This manuscript describes taxonomy and morphology details along with pictorial illustration of the specimen.

Planting-date and cutting-time affect the growth and essential oil composition of Mentha × piperita and Mentha arvensis

Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) and Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.), as the prominent menthol bearing species are widely cultivated and have a considerable share in the global essential oil trade. In this research, the effects of two different planting dates (spring and autumn), diverse cutting time, and alluvial soil conditions were investigated on the growth and essential oil compounds of M. × piperita L. var. Black Mitcham and M. arvensis var. piperascens Holmes in Çukurova Region/Turkey, during 2011−2014. According to the results, despite the relative superiority of M. arvensis; no significant difference was recorded in the growth potential of two species. However, the content and yield of M. arvensis essential oil (4.8 % and 94 L ha−1) were substantially higher than M. × piperita (2.8 % and 43 L ha−1). In terms of plant height, dry biomass, leaf dry weight, and essential oil yield, the spring planting date was significantly superior to autumn. Among the six cuttings, the data of the first cuttings were significantly higher than the second cuttings for each year. The major essential oil constituents of M. × piperita were menthol (22.5–44.6 %) and menthone (13.8–37.4 %). Overall, menthol was more abundant in the spring cultivation of M. × piperita. In contrast, menthone amounts were higher in autumn cultivation. Menthol (53.6–70.5 %) was the major compound of M. arvensis. Isomenthone (4.5–17.7 %), menthone (3.3–14.5 %), and α- pinene (3.6–11.1 %) were the other major oil components of M. arvensis. Menthol content significantly decreased from the fourth cuttings. Although a declining trend in the yield of species was observed over time, the results were acceptable considering the restrictive conditions of the alluvial soils. All in all, without imposing the limits on the cultivation areas of the strategic agricultural crops; the cultivation of medicinal plants would be advisable with the plenty of alluvial lands.

Influence of Planting Date on Growth, Yield, and Volatile Oil of Menthol Mint (M. arvensis) Under Marginal Land Conditions

Mentha arvensis, commonly named menthol mint or Japanese mint, is an important volatile oil- bearing plant having high amounts of natural menthol. M. arvensis volatile oil (VO) and menthol have a considerable share in the global trade of medicinal plants for widespread use in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and fragrance industries. This study was conducted to investigate the response of M. arvensis var. piperascens Holmes to planting time (fall and spring) under marginal land conditions. Plants were propagated by three-year-old rhizomes. Obtained results showed that the effect of growing seasons was not significant on the agronomic traits and VO yield. However, the effects of six different impressions during the experiment were significant on the studied parameters. The highest plant height (45 cm), fresh biomass (16692 kg ha-1), dry biomass (4736 kg ha-1), leaf dry yield (2816 kg ha-1), and VO yield (158 L ha-1) were observed in the 1st cuttings. The yield components decreased with the plants aging. The lowest values of the mentioned parameters were in the sixth harvest. Moreover, the VO content varied from 4.6-6.1 %. Menthol (52.19-73.53 %) and menthone (3.42-18.89 %) were identified as the most major VO components of M. arvensis. While the menthol percent decreased in the last cuttings, menthone increased correspondingly. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that the cultivation of mint in marginal land has a desirable agronomic yield and acceptable chemical properties.

VEGETATION OF WETLAND BIOTOPES (KURUCAŞİLE/ BARTIN/ TURKEY)

Today, biodiversity and ecological diversity are threatened by wrong and intense land use. However, the continuity and maintenance of ecosystems is possible through the existence and sustainable use of biodiversity. Biological inventories are needed for effective and sustainable natural resource management structure. Therefore, it is essential to determine the inventory of the natural asset in the area during ecological planning. Wetlands are ecosystems that shape cultural processes with their ecological importance and contributions to human communities. Recognition and protection of these areas which are open to anthropogenic effects with their environmental enhancing effects, and biological and socio- economic values are of increasing importance. In this study, vegetation analysis of the wetland biotopes and the immediate surroundings of Kurucaşile (Bartın) district was carried out. In this context, 34 woody and 71 herbaceous plants were determined from 6 sample areas and vegetation composition of these species and their frequencies were determined with Braun- Blanquet Method. Accordingly, the most common plants in the area; Alnus glutinosa subsp. glutinosa, Platanus orientalis, Salix alba, Rhododendron ponticum subsp. ponticum, Buxus sempervirens, Smilax excelsa, Petasites hybridus, Sambucus ebulus and Anagallis arvensis var. arvensis. Petasites hybridus is dominant taxa. By this way, it is aimed to create a database for the sustainable use of natural areas by explaining the wetland potential of the area.

Stolon rot and vascular wilt diseases of Mentha arvensis L. caused by Fusarium proliferatum strain MaKf1 in Uttar Pradesh, India

Mentha arvensis L. is a perennial herb and one of the main essential (menthol) oil producing crops cultivated worldwide. Mint oil is used as a stomachic, carminative, anaesthetic, disinfectant agent and has an indispensable role in pharmaceutical and aromatic industries. The most promising varieties of M. arvensis L. such as Himalaya, Kranti, and Kosi have been developed by CSIR-CIMAP and are under cultivation in various parts of India. In this study, different varieties of M. arvensis, cultivated for the production of planting material/sucker, were screened for soil-borne fungal infections. Various districts of Uttar Pradesh were surveyed, and vascular wilt disease incidences were found between 3-15 % in the year 2018. The districts Barabanki and Lucknow recorded a high percent (13- 15 %) of disease incidence on M. arvensis var. Kosi. Moderate incidence, 7% and 11%, of vascular wilt disease were observed on M. arvensis var. Himalaya in Barabanki and Lucknow, respectively. In comparison with other varieties, very few incidences (3-5%) were observed on Kranti variety at Sitapur, Raebareli and Lucknow districts. The vascular wilt causing pathogen (MaKf1) was isolated and characterized on the basis of colony morphology, microscopic examination of spores and molecular identification targeting the ITS region of the rDNA gene cluster and was identified as Fusarium proliferatum.

Harvest and post-harvest studies on Mentha arvensis var. CIM-Kranti for quality essential oil production in winter and summer cropping seasons

Harvest and post-harvest studies on Mentha arvensis var. CIM-Kranti for quality essential oil production in winter and summer cropping seasons

An efficient approach for obtaining plant organelle genomes

Plant organelle (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes contain substantial information for plant evolution and adaptation. Therefore, it’s important to reveal plant whole-genome sequences including plastid and mitochondrial genomes. To decode these sequences, it is required to efficiently separate organelle genomic DNA from nucleus genome, which is difficult and laborious. In this study, an efficient procedure was established to obtain plant organelle genomes without extraction of plastid and mitochondria. Organelle DNA was extracted from three materials including Sinapis arvensis var. ‘Yeyou 18’, a cytoplasmic male sterile line (Nsa CMS) and its corresponding maintainer line ‘Zhongshuang 4’. DNA was sequenced by Roche 454 FLX+ and Illumina Miseq platforms. Organelle genomes were assembled using the generated reads and public organelle genome sequences. This research presented a procedure that efficiently assembled organelle genomes and subsequent fill gaps by extending the consensus contig terminals. This method enabled us to assemble plant plastid and mitochondrial genomes simultaneously. The obtained organelle genomes could accelerate understanding of mitochondrial rearrangements and laid a foundation for further study of Sinapis arvensis evolution and sterility gene of Nsa CMS.

Components of essential oil of the Japanese mint ‘Hokuto’ and its deodorization effects against human malodors

ABSTRACTJapanese mint (Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex Holmes), ‘hokuto,’ is the highest-yield cultivar and contains a large amount of l-menthol in its essential oil. We focused on the dementholized oil of hokuto (hokuto DM oil), analysis of their aroma-active components and the potential deodorization effects against human malodors were demonstrated. The major components of hokuto DM oil were menthol, menthone, isomenthone and menthyl acetate. Among these, menthone, linalool, neoisomenthol, menthol and an unidentified compound were identified as the aroma-active components by AEDA. The deodorization activities of hokuto DM oil against four human malodors were measured by sensory evaluation and SPME-GC/MS analysis. Hokuto DM oil significantly deodorized isovaleric acid by a masking effect, with compounds containing a p-menthane skeleton, namely pulegone and menthone, found to contribute largely to the deodorant effects. These results demonstrate the possibility of using dementholized oil of Japanese mint as a freshening agent of toiletry products.

Effect of Heat Stress on Yield, Monoterpene Content and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Mentha x piperita var. Mitcham and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens.

Heat stress affects the yield of medicinal plants and can reduce biomass and/or metabolite production. In order to evaluate the effect of heat-induced stress on the essential oil production in Mentha x piperita L. var. Mitcham (Mitcham mint) and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex L. H. Bailey (Japanese mint), we studied the chemical composition of the oils of the two mint species under different heat shock stresses in growth chambers. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was also evaluated; microscopic observation (fluorescence and electron transmission) was used to assess the effect of the tested samples on bacterial growth. The results obtained shed light on the mint essential oils composition and biological activity in relation to heat stress.

Hospedabilidade de plantas ornamentais e medicinais ao nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita) raça 2

Em razão do aumento na produção de plantas ornamentais e medicinais no estado do Ceará, da importância agrícola do gênero Meloidogyne e da escassez de dados sobre a hospedabilidade desse patógeno nessas espécies, objetivou-se avaliar a susceptibilidade de 30 espécies, sendo 20 ornamentais (Antirrhimum majus), (Gazania ringens), (Carthamus tinctorius), (Bryophyllum cayicinum), (Ceasalpinia pulcherrima), (Thumbergia alata), (Petunia hibryda), (Exacum affine) (Catharanthus roseus), (Opuntia sp.), (Sansevieria trifasciata), (Asparagus densiflorus), (Hibiscus mutabilis-roreus), (Impatiens balsamiana), (Celosia spicata), (Antirrhimum sp.), (Dianthus chinensis), (Zinnia elegans), (Tagetes patula), (Capsicum annuum) e 10 medicinais (Peumus boldus), (Ocimum gratissimum), (Mentha arvensis), (Mentha x Vilosa), (Plectranthus amboinicus), (Ocimum bassilicum), (Rosmarinus officinalis), (Cymbopogon citratus), (Lippia alba), (Cymbopogon winterianus). Realizou-se o ensaio em casa de vegetação, do Setor de Fitossanidade, Departamento de Fitotecnia, da Universidade Federal do Ceará. A inoculação foi realizada com 4.000 ovos/J2 por vaso. A avaliação das plantas deu-se aos 60 dias após a inoculação. Avaliou-se a reação das plantas, mensurando-se: número de galhas e de ovos, índice de massa de ovos, fator de reprodução e redução do fator de reprodução. A partir dos resultados, classificou-se a reação das plantas ao nematoide por meio de cinco critérios. Verificou-se que das plantas ornamentais apenas a espécie T. patula não apresentou galhas em suas raízes e das medicinais, as espécies M. vilosa, L. Alba, C. citratus, C. winterianus e P. boldus também não apresentaram galhas. Assim, conclui-se que as plantas ornamentais são potenciais introdutoras de nematoide das galhas em áreas indenes e que as medicinais, podem ser utilizadas em programas de rotação de culturas em função da pouca susceptibilidade ao nematoide das galhas.

Molecular identification of Chilli leaf curl India virus along with betasatellite molecule causing leaf curl disease of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis var. Kosi) in India

Whitefly-transmitted begomovirus induces leaf curling and stunting of Mentha arvensis (Kosi) and is responsible for heavy economic losses in and around Lucknow, India. The complete genome was amplified, sequenced and assembled as 2759 bp long, with 1376 bp betasatellite molecule. Because no DNA-B amplicon was detected, the virus was classified as “Old World begomovirus” with the characteristic seven ORFs; two ORFs (AV1, AV2) in the V-sense and five ORFs (AC1–AC5) in the C-sense. BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis showed highest similarity (98%) with chilli leaf curl India virus (ChiLCINV). This is the first report of ChiLCINV infection in M. arvensis (Kosi) from India.

Cytological and molecular analysis of Nsa CMS in Brassica napus L.

AbstractNsa cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a novel Brassica napus male sterility system derived from Sinapis arvensis cytoplasm. Nsa CMS results in defective pollen production due to S. arvensis mitochondrial gene failure/incompatibility in the anthers, requiring nuclear genes to restore fertility. From ultramicroscopic observation of anther sections, we concluded that the induction of sterility begins at the pollen (microspore) mother cell stage. Most pollen mother cells do not undergo the first meiotic division and dissociate before the tetrad stage. At the tetrad stage, abortion was observed for all uninucleate pollen. Dysfunction of mitchondrial gene(s) leads to cell vacuolization in the anther tapetum and middle layer cells. Early programmed cell death (PCD) of the tapetum and anther middle layer cells is the main reason for pollen mother cell abortion. Due to this early pollen abortion, the sterility of Nsa CMS is stable and complete. Southern blotting of DNA from the Nsa male-sterile line, its maintainer and restorer lines, as well as the two parental lines (B. napus cv. Zhongshuang 4 and S. arvensis var. Yeyou 18) involved in the somatic hybridization, suggested that the cytoplasm of the Nsa CMS line was from S. arvensis and that of the restorer line was a rearrangement of both parental lines. Nsa CMS shows great potential for hybrid seed production in rapeseed. Our results provide clues to identify novel male-sterility (S) and restorer (R) genes as well as elucidate the mechanism underlying interactions between the S and R genes.

Plantlet Regeneration of Somatic embryos from Leaf Explants of Mentha arvensis(L.) A medicinally important Plant

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating some of the factors that influence induction and plantlet regeneration of somatic embryos in Mentha arvensis ( L) var piperascens Holmes (menthol or Japanese mint)since there are no available reports on Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plantlet in this medicinally important plant species. Leaves from plants growing under temporary shed were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with (0.5-5.0mg/L) Napthlene acetic acid (NAA)+(0.5 mg/L)Thidizuron(TDZ). High frequency of somatic embryo formation was found at (2.5mg/L) NAA+ (0.5mg/L) TDZ in leaf explants respectively, Secondary somatic embryogenesis was also observed when primary somatic embryos were sub cultured same somatic embryo induction medium well developed cotyledonary stage embryos were germinated on MS medium supplemented with (0.5mg/L) (NAA) + (0.5-5.0mg/L)TDZ maximum 80% of somatic embryos germination and plant let formation was found at (2.5 mg/L) NAA+ (0.5 mg/L) (TDZ). The post translation survival rate of plants was 80% plants and flowers formation were morphological similar to the mother plants.

Effect of certain medicinal plant extracts on bacterial-flora of human oral cavity

Oral cavity of human being is full of micro-flora, viz., bacteria and fungi. Oral swab was collected from 100 healthy persons and cultured on blood agar media. Effect of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica, Mentha arvensis var. Kosi, Achyranthes aspera and Catharanthus roseus was tested for their efficacy in preventing oral bacterial growth. Popular commercially available tooth paste was used as control. Most effective results were obtained from Azadirachta indica and Achyranthes aspera in comparison to the control. The extracts of other two medicinal plants also showed good results.

The effect of bio-extract from cabbage waste on growth, yield and quality of volatile oil extracted from Mentha spicata and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of bio-extract produced from cabbage waste on the leaf biomass, yield and chemical compositions of volatile oils from spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv.). The spearmint and Japanese mint were grown in an open field and supplemented with three different fertilizers: bio-extract from cabbage waste, sulphur fertilizer, and a combination of sulphur fertilizer and bio-extract from cabbage waste. The plants were harvested during flowering and were analysed to determine the biomass and oil productivity. We determined that the bio-extract from cabbage waste was an effective nutrient supplement for the cultivation of spearmint and Japanese mint. For spearmint, use of the bio-extract yielded the greatest productivity of volatile oil since it resulted in the highest quantity of leaf biomass and in a high quantity of volatile oil with the greatest carvone content. For Japanese mint, the bio-extract yielded volatile oil with a menthol content equivalent to that of other supplements and we determined that application of bio-extract along with sulphur fertilizer was appropriate to enhance the biomass for Japanese mint. Key words: Mentha spicata L., M. arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv., bio-extract, volatile oil.

Assessment of menthol mint collection for genetic variability and monoterpene biosynthetic potential

AbstractEighteen accessions of Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Holmes from the CIMAP collection (CIMAP/C01 to CIMAP/C18) consisting of wild collections and released varieties, their mutants, seed progeny and hybrids from the CIMAP gene bank were assessed for diversity through a combined morphochemical and molecular approach. Morphological characters, oil yield and essential oil components were taken into account to generate a cluster that outgrouped accession CIMAP/C05 from others. A total of 60 primers were used for RAPD and the tree generated after cluster analysis revealed accession CIMAP/C05 as the most diverse genotype. All the accessions exhibited differences in narrow range except CIMAP/C05. A wide range of compositional differences were observed in the essential oil profile of the genotypes indicating varying efficiencies of conversion of one component into other and/or existing metabolic blocks in the essential oil biosynthetic pathway in them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Productivity and quality of volatile oil extracted from Mentha spicata and M. arvensis var. piperascens grown by a hydroponic system using the deep flow technique

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences between spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and Japanese mint (M. arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv.) cultivated in either soil or nutrient solution using the deep flow technique (DFT). The differences were measured in terms of harvest period (full bloom period) and quantity and chemical components of volatile oils. The spearmint and Japanese mint were cultivated in four different nutrient formulas: plant standard nutrient, plant standard nutrient with an amino acid mixture, plant standard nutrient with a sulphur compound, and a combination of plant standard nutrient with an amino acid mixture and a sulphur compound. We observed that cultivation of spearmint and Japanese mint in nutrient solution using DFT is an effective method to provide high production of volatile oil, since it results in an earlier harvest period and higher quantity of volatile oil. We determined that for spearmint an amino acid mixture is an appropriate nutrient supplement to enhance production of volatile oil with optimum carvone content. Finally, we observed high menthol content in Japanese mint grown in all four nutrient formulas; however, supplementation with a combination of sulphur fertilisation and amino acid mixture yields the highest quantity of volatile oil.

Contact and fumigant toxicity of oriental medicinal plant extracts against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)

The acaricidal activity of methanolic extracts from 40 oriental medicinal plant species and a steam distillate of Cinnamomum camphora towards poultry house-collected adult Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer was examined using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays. Results were compared with those of 15 acaricides currently used. In filter paper contact toxicity bioassays using adult D. gallinae, C. camphora steam distillate (0.0051 mg cm −2) was the most toxic material, followed by extracts from Asarum sieboldii var. seoulens whole plant, Eugenia caryophyllata flower bud and Mentha arvensis var. piperascens whole plant (0.0063–0.0072 mg cm −2), based upon 24 h LD 50 values. The acaricidal activity of these four plant preparations was almost comparable to that of profenofos (LD 50, 0.003 mg cm −2) but less effective than dichlorvos (LD 50, 0.0004 mg cm −2). The toxicity of Illicium verum fruit and Lysimachia davurica leaf extracts (0.09 mg cm −2) was almost comparable to that of benfuracarb, prothiofos, propoxur and fenthion (0.053–0.070 mg cm −2). In vapour phase toxicity tests, these plant preparations were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these plant extracts was largely a result of action in the vapour phase. Plants described herein merit further study as potential D. gallinae control agents.

Altered Oral Absorption of Alcohol by Combined Aqueous Extracts of Four Herbal Plants in Rats

This study examined the effect of combined aqueous extracts (BHR) of Ginko biloba, Mentha arvensis var. piperascens, Citrus unshiu, and Pueraria lobata var. chinensis on oral absorption of alcohol in rats. The rats were pretreated with BHR, placebo solution identical to BHR without the herbal extract, and isotonic saline. Alcohol was administered orally at 1- and 3-g/kg doses and the absorption profiles were compared. After oral administration of 1-g/kg doses, mean area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax values were significantly reduced in BHR-treated rats (16.1 ± 10.0 and 0.3 ± 0.1 mg/ml, respectively) as compared with saline-treated (37.9 ± 14.4 and 0.7 ± 0.7 mg/ml, respectively) and placebo solution-treated (63.0 ± 46.4 and 0.7 ± 0.4 mg/ml, respectively) rats. Similarly, after administration of 3-g/kg doses, mean AUC and Cmax values in BHR-treated rats (188.1 ± 119.7 mg.min/ml and 1.0 ± 0.4 mg/ml) were significantly reduced over those in saline-treated rats (571.4 ± 512.4 mg.min/ml and 1.8 ± 0.9 mg/ml, respectively). The relative oral bioavailability of alcohol calculated as the ratio of AUCBHR/AUCSaline was 42.5% and 32.9% at 1- and 3-g/kg doses, respectively. The reduced serum alcohol levels as well as the reduced AUC and Cmax after pretreatment with BHR appear to be a result of a reduced systemic absorption not due to an increased metabolic clearance.