Artificial Water Supply Research Articles

A data‐based approach to determining the optimal water ponding scale and zone for small urban wetland restoration

This study established a planning framework for effective small‐scale urban wetland restoration by adapting an analytical template used for watershed‐scale projects. We evaluated the optimal water ponding scale and location for small urban wetland restoration. We calculated the achievable water ponding area in Oyama Wetland, Hokkaido, Japan, by the use of an artificial water supply and elevation differences without reliance on precipitation. The volume of infiltration into the sediments, a component of the water balance equation, was estimated during a temporary suspension of the artificial water supply, and the estimate was then validated by modeling the decrease of the water ponding area from 2008, before the introduction of the artificial water supply, with high reproducibility (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.68). The estimated attainable water ponding area was 1172 m2. We identified where a water ponding location could be most efficiently established through principal component and cluster analyses of groundwater level observation data collected from 2008 to 2010. Areas with high groundwater levels (first axis) and stable groundwater levels (second axis) accounted for approximately 73% of the cumulative contribution ratio. The calculated potentially achievable ponding area was consistent with the area achieved by the actual wetland restoration. This study shows how efficient and safe restoration of urban wetlands can be achieved with a dataset that volunteers and others can obtain independently. Long‐term data analysis using the adapted template allows for clear identification of discrepancies between desired reference conditions and current conditions, facilitating the setting of objectives that promote long‐term monitoring.

Optimization of Water Use Efficiency of Hydroponic Maize Fodder Production System under Different Microclimatic Conditions

Aims: Hydroponic method of producing fodder is an advanced technique which helps to achieve very high-water use efficiency (WUE). The main objective of the study was to optimize WUE by controlling the system and reducing the stress on the crops to give higher yield.
 Study Design: The experiment employed a statistical design known as Completely Randomized Design Place and duration of the study: The experiment was carried out in the Precision Farming Development Centre (PFDC) building, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology (KCAET), Tavanur during May and June 2021.
 Methodology: Three different water application methods namely, mist (I1), micro sprinkler (I2), fogger (I3) was selected. Artificial light source of LED red (L1), LED blue (L2), LED red + blue (L3) and sunlight (L4) were considered for the study. Statistical analysis was conducted to understand the significance of different treatments used in the experiment in optimizing yield and WUE of the system.
 Results: Highest yield was observed in treatment involving fogger irrigation and LED red + blue (2.11 kg/tray) with highest WUE (515.43 kg/m3) compared to other treatments. Seed to fodder ratio obtained was 1:6. Chemical analysis showed higher percentage of crude protein (13.56%) and crude fibre (12.59%) in this treatment. Higher growth of green fodder under artificial light source can be attributed to the continuous supply of energy compared to highly varying sunlight and also the uniform distribution of water by fogger irrigation which maintained favourable condition for fodder growth.
 Conclusion: Results clearly indicated that growing green fodder with artificial light source (LED red + blue) and water supply with fogger can be recommended to farmers for achieving better growth of green fodder for domestic animals.

Domestic water versus imported virtual blue water for agricultural production: A comparison based on energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions

AbstractThe supply of water, food, and energy in our global economy is highly interlinked. Virtual blue water embedded into internationally traded food crops has therefore been extensively researched in recent years. This study focuses on the often neglected energy needed to supply this blue irrigation water. It provides a globally applicable and spatially explicit approach to the watershed level for water source specific quantification of energy consumption and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of irrigation water supply. The approach is applied to Israel's total domestic and imported food crop supply of 105 crops by additionally including import‐related transportation energy and emissions. Total energy use and related emissions of domestic crop production were much lower (551 GWh/422 kt CO2‐equivalents [CO2e]) than those embedded into crop imports (1639 GWh/649 kt CO2e). Domestic energy and emissions were mainly attributable to the irrigation water supply with artificial water sources (treated domestic wastewater and desalinated water, 84%). Transport accounted for 79% and 66% of virtually imported energy and emissions, respectively. Despite transport, specific GHG emissions (CO2e per ton of crop) were significantly lower for several crops (e.g., olives, almonds, chickpeas) compared to domestic production. This could be attributed to the high share of energy‐intensive artificial water supply in combination with higher irrigation water demands in Israel. In the course of an increasing demand for artificial water supply in arid and semi‐arid regions, our findings point to the importance of including “energy for water” into comparative environmental assessment of crop supply to support decision‐making related to the water–energy–food nexus.

Spatial Variation in the Composition and Diversity of Fishes Inhabiting an Artificial Water Supply Lake, Eastern China

With the intensification of eutrophication, many artificial water supply lakes that act as a biological filter for water diverted from rivers have been built to alleviate water scarcity in Eastern China. In this study, we selected Lake Yanlong, a representative artificial water supply lake in Yancheng City, as our experimental lake to explore how the community composition of fishes changed among different habitat types and assess potential consequences for effective water treatment. From October 2015 to October 2020, we conducted quarterly surveys of fish communities and environmental factors in the Mangshe River (MR; water for lake) compared to four different water treatment zones of Lake Yanlong (PZ, the pretreatment zone with inlet from the MR; EZ, the emergent macrophyte zone; SZ, the submerged macrophyte zone; DZ, the deep purification zone with outlet to urban waterworks). A total of 16,339 individual fish belonging to 11 families and 49 species were collected. Six of the eight dominant species observed across zones were small-bodied fishes. Despite reduced fish species richness, the relative abundance and biomass of fishes tended to be higher in Lake Yanlong relative to the MR. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, Simpson’s diversity index all decreased from the MR to the DZ in the following sequence: MR < PZ < EZ < SZ < DZ. Analysis of similarities and similarity percentage analysis confirmed that fish communities differed significantly among zones and Coilia ectenes, Carassius auratus, Pseudobrama simony, Hemiculter leucisculus, and Hemiculter bleekeri were the major differentiating species. Mantel’s test and redundancy analysis revealed that water depth, aquatic vegetation coverage, and phytoplankton concentrations were the major factors determining the spatial distribution of fishes when moving from the MR to the DZ of Lake Yanlong. Stocking piscivorous fish can be used as an effective measure to control the abundance of prolific small-bodied fishes in Lake Yanlong. The details backing these findings are important for understanding how the community composition of fishes among habitat types in Lake Yanlong influence water quality, and to develop suitable biomanipulation strategies for the management of fish resources and maintaining proper function of these artificial water supply lakes.

DEPENDABLE DISCHARGE OF MOLEK IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT RELATED TO THE PARTICIPATION PERSPECTIVE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT

The natural or artificial water supply into soil with the aim of giving the moisture that is necessary for crop growth is called irrigation. An irrigation structure is the water structure system from upstream to downstream that consists of the weir (intake gate), the channel, and the division box. The weir has the function of raising the water level by opening and closing the gate that controls water flow into the channel; the division box divides the water to fulfill the need for water of the crop in the paddy. Irrigation is very important for supplying water for agriculture. Irrigation management generally only includes the participation perspective or qualitative condition; however in this research, the dependable discharge is analyzed mainly for its quantitative support of irrigation management. To fulfill the need for water for agriculture, the irrigation water has to be proportionally given; otherwise, the crop growth will be disrupted, and this will have implications for agricultural production. For this reason, this research is intended to investigate and analyze the dependable discharge as to the water availability and crop water needed for the agriculture production yield in the Molek S irrigation area, Jatigui Village, Sumber Pucung District, Malang Regency, Indonesia, which is related to the participation perspective in managing the Secondary S Molek irrigation management. For an area of 160 ha, the paddy utilizes irrigation water from the Molek main channel, which is sourced from the weir at Blobo. The results of the analysis can give an illustration of the potency of the water supply that can be carried out continuously without falling to the ratio of the lowest mean crop water requirement of 60.44%; the ratio of the highest mean crop water requirement is 69.85%.

Responses of Urban Wetland to Climate Change and Human Activities in Beijing: A Case Study of Hanshiqiao Wetland

Hydrological connectivity is an essential indicator of wetland pattern and functional stability. The reduction of connectivity usually means the degradation of wetland ecological function, internal energy flow, and nutrient cycle disturbance. Taking Hanshiqiao wetland as a case, we used Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) with the Connectivity Index (IIC, Integral Index of Connectivity; PC, Probability of Connectivity) to analyze the change in hydrological connectivity of Hanshiqiao Wetland from both spatial and temporal aspects. The results showed that the hydrological connectivity of Hanshiqiao Wetland significantly improved with the implementation of the wetland restoration project. According to the changes in MSPA function types, the spatial morphological evolution of Hanshiqiao Wetland can be divided into two stages: the recovery stage and the stable stage. In the restoration stage, the area of the core wetland gradually increased, and many croplands and islet wetlands were transformed into the core wetland. The area of the core wetland recovered from 33 hm2 in 2005 to 119 hm2 in 2020. However, during the stable period, the landscape pattern of Hanshiqiao Wetland did not change significantly, and the hydrological connectivity of the wetland was mainly affected by water resource supply. In general, during the restoration period of Hanshiqiao Wetland, the changes in core wetlands played a leading role in the hydrological connectivity of Hanshiqiao Wetland. In the stable period, the main factors affecting the hydrological connectivity of Hanshiqiao Wetland are upstream recharge water, land-use change, and climate change. However, with climate warming and population surge, upstream water supply gradually decreases, and Hanshiqiao Wetland faces an increasingly severe water resource crisis. Therefore, to maintain the hydrological connectivity of Hanshiqiao Wetland, it is necessary to increase the artificial ecological water supply. The combined MSPA model and grey relational analysis method can better reveal the evolution characteristics and driving mechanism of wetland hydrological connectivity, which can provide a methodological reference for other wetland-related research.

The Effect Of Various Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Of the Pitcher To Water Content In Sandy Loam Soil

Pitcher Irrigation is one of the artificial water supply techniques to overcome the lack of soil water content. The Pitcher Irrigation can save water so it is suitable for use on dry land. The research purposes was to determine the effect of various hydraulic conductivity of the picther on changes in soil water content around the pichter through program simulation. The methods used are direct measurement methods in the field and simulation methods. The measurement and simulation results are then calibrated with a solver and validated to obtain a small RMSE value and R2 was high. The results showed that the hydraulic conductivity of the picther had a significant effect on the soil water content. If the higher the hydraulic conductivity of the picther, the higher the water content around this pcther. And if the hydraulic conductivity of the picther is lower, the water content around the picther be lower. From the results of model validation, it can be said that the simulation program in this study is feasible to use because the value obtained R2 is 56.1%.

Water Recharge of Jinan Karst Springs, Shandong, China

As the main scavenge port of groundwater in the karst water system, most of the karst springs affected by human activities experienced discharge attenuation phenomenon in the north of China. Whilst artificial replenishment measures have been taken to keep water spewing, the results are not ideal in many karst springs. This is mainly because of poor understanding about the recharging water sources. This paper used the Jinan Spring region as an example to discuss about different spring water supply sources. Based on a wide range of methods (e.g., dynamic observation of spring water level, real-time monitoring of water temperature and electrical conductivity (EC), tracer test, and frequency analysis), this study obtained several findings. First, the maximum karst-fractured water proportion that Cambrian Zhangxia Formation contribute to the Zhenzhu Spring is 57–59%, and the Heihu Spring only recharges 25–31%. Second, the proportion of fracture-karst water to the Heihu Spring from the Fengshan Formation to the Sanshanzi Formation of the Ordovician is 69–75%, while the proportion of the Tanxi spring is 15–17%. Third, the Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring mainly receive karst-fractured water from the Cambrian Zhangxia Formation and fracture-karst water from the Cambrian Fengshan Formation to the Ordovician Sanshanzi Formation. The supply sources of the Zhenzhu Spring and Tanxi Spring are more diverse, including karst-fractured water of the Cambrian Zhangxia Formation and fracture-karst water of the Cambrian Fengshan Formation to the Ordovician Sanshanzi Formation, as well as a small amount of pore water and fissure water, artificial recharge water supply. Fourth, the frequency analysis of spring water temperature indicated that the Zhenzhu Spring and Tanxi Spring are mainly in deep circulation, while the Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring are predominantly in shallow circulation. The differences in the sources of the four largest spring groups suggest that the karst water movement in Jinan has heterogeneous characteristics. The determination of the mixing ratio of the sources of spring water supplies provides a scientific basis for the protection of spring water, and the implementation of artificial recharge projects.

Non-invasive prospection techniques and direct push sensing as high-resolution validation tools in wetland geoarchaeology – Artificial water supply at a Carolingian canal in South Germany?

The prospection of (geo-)archaeological sites yield important knowledge about the concept and the utilisation of pre-historical and historical infrastructure. The satisfactory conduction of classical prospection methods like archaeological excavations or geoarchaeological vibra-coring might be challenging in the case of large sites or difficult underground conditions. This is particularly problematic in wetlands featuring a high groundwater table and high compaction rates of organic layers.In this study, we provide an alternative and non- to minimal-invasive exploration approach to discover hydro-engineering structures for artificial water supply in the surrounding of a Carolingian summit canal in South Germany. The Early Medieval Fossa Carolina was intended 792/793 CE to bridge the Central European watershed between Rhine-Main and Danube catchments. As the canal was constructed as a summit canal, an artificial water supply at the highest levels seemed very likely or even obligatory. In order to explore these obligatory hydro-engineering features, we use a wide range of on-site and off-site tools in a spatial hierarchical way. Our approach includes the large-scale SQUID magnetic survey and the sighting of historical maps. Furthermore, we integrate high-resolution direct push colour logs, and subsequent vibra-coring for small-scale stratigraphical verification and sedimentological analyses.The SQUID magnetic survey and related depth models discover two pronounced linear anomalies that might represent potential artificial water inlets in the North-Eastern and Northern Sections of the canal. I) In the North-Eastern Section, direct push colour logs, vibra-coring and 14C dating provide no evidence for a Carolingian hydro-engineering feature but reveal a natural lenticular structure of Early Holocene age. II) The linear magnetic anomaly in the Northern Section can be excluded with high probability as a hydro-engineering structure as well. Here, direct push colour logs, vibra-coring, 14C dating and the comparison with a historic map reveal evidence for a historic gravel road. Thus, we have nicely verified the magnetic information but have no prove for an artificial Carolingian water inlet from the Swabian Rezat River that contradicts with assumptions of former studies.

Possibilities of safe yield increase in the Wydrzany well field (Uznam Island, Poland) by surface water from a drainage system

Abstract In parallel with intensified development of the Polish part of Uznam Island, there is an increase in the demand for drinking water in this area. This island ranks among areas with low water resources, which at the present time are allocated. In order to create the prospect of increased groundwater resources, a concept has been developed that allows for the recovery of part of the freshwater from drainage systems which discharge into the waters of Szczecin Lagoon or the River Świna. The present article discusses the secondary use of water from drainage systems for supply of the Wydrzany resource area. The notion of using water from the White Bridge pumping station was considered the most promising. The catchment area of the polder is 880 ha, 280 ha of which are located on Polish territory. The White Bridge pumping station transfers water from the polder, which it leads to the Peat Channel which, in turn, drains water gravitationally into Szczecin Lagoon. Here, results of simulations aimed at the use of drainage water to improve upon groundwater resources in the “Wydrzany” intake are discussed. On the basis of these simulations of artificial water supply to the intake, an increase of available resources by up to 50 per cent may be expected.

Key Elements of Technology Package Influencing Annual Tea Production of Small Tea Growers (STGS): Insight from Biswanath District of India

Though the tea sector of Assam is primarily dominated by the estate sector comprising of large tea gardens, the relevance of small scale tea plantation can never be denied as nearly 30% of the state’s tea production is contributed by Small Tea Growers (STGs). In fact the quality of green tea leaves produced by the Small Tea Growers (STGs) has outclassed that of the tea leaves produced by the estate sector. Since tea plantation is a technology intensive practice, the growers are bound to adopt certain technology components like artificial fertiliser, artificial pesticide, HYV clone, artificial water supply facility, etc. All these elements constitute a technology package which helps the tea growers to reap greater benefit in tea cultivation. This study is a humble attempt to investigate the marginal impact of each element of the technology package adopted by the Small Tea Growers (STGs) on their annual green tea leave production. Moreover it also tries to figure out the jeopardised effect of the technology package used in tea cultivation on environment and health.

Restoring and Re-Restoring the Cheonggyecheon: Nature, Technology, and History in Seoul, South Korea

Abstract The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project (2003–5) was an ambitious urban initiative to restore a 5.8-kilometer stream in central Seoul by demolishing elevated highways and peeling back the decades-old concrete pavement. A massive civil engineering project in itself, the restoration work caused heated debates on whether it brought back “an environmentally friendly civic jewel” or resulted in a humongous “fish tank” with an artificial water supply and meticulously engineered vista. This article examines the design, implementation, and critique of the restoration project by taking an envirotechnical position that restoration is fundamentally about negotiating nature, technology, and history. First, the designers and engineers struggled to determine how much nature and how much technology should constitute the new Cheonggyecheon so that it could recover its original state. Second, planners and officials deliberated which parts of the city’s past the restoration should reference and display. It turned out that a distant, dynastic era was brought back while a recent, contested history of rushed industrialization was pushed away, both physically and symbolically. Even as the critics of the restoration project pushed for a new “re-restoration” project, the central dilemma of finding the right reference for restoration remained unresolved. The Cheonggyecheon project shows that restoration is a never-ending effort that mobilizes what is available at the moment in the repository of nature, technology, and history.

Infiltration experiments: Realization and evaluation

Drainage channels are artificial multi-functional elements in a landscape, which have their own specific functions. Although they are primarily used for the drainage of water, they can also even be used for an opposite function, i.e. the artificial water supply of specific regions. This article presents an evaluation of infiltration experiments in drainage channels in the southeastern part of Slovakia. These experiments served for the collection of input data for numerical modeling, especially the determination of the soil type and hydraulic conductivity. The methodology of experimental works in the field as well as some basic information about their evaluation is included.

Variations in the sequences of daily rainfall across Nigeria

The study compared the sequences of daily rainfall over coastal southern and semi-arid northern Nigeria. Daily rainfall occurrences for 41 years (1971–2011) over four meteorological stations in Lagos, Rivers, Borno, and Katsina were analyzed using frequency analysis and Markov chain model. Findings indicate that the coastal area had a predominance of 2–4-day wet spells while the semi-arid area showed a wet spell distribution that is geometric in nature with 1-day spell predominance. The dry spell behavior was nearly the opposite of the wet spell occurrence. The coastal region showed a dry spell of 1–4-day spell predominance while the semi-arid region showed a predominance of higher dry spells of 2–6 days. Accumulation of the amount of rainfall in each spell also showed that much rainfall from the coastal area was obtained from rains of spells of 3 days and above while the semi-arid had more of its rain from spells of 1–3 days. The mean annual rainfall was 1423.75 mm (Lagos), 2173.56 mm (Rivers), 517.50 mm (Katsina), and 578.34 mm (Borno). The wettest month was June (274.08 mm) in Lagos, September (378.18 mm) in Rivers, and August in Katsina and Borno (172.98 and 184.81 mm, respectively). The driest months were January for Lagos and Rivers (15.77 and 18.96 mm, respectively) and November–February for Katsina and Borno (0–0.06 mm). This showed that the coastal areas had nearly three times the volume of rain in the semi-arid area. The study further showed that onset of rain for the coastal area was March/April while the cessation of rainy season was October/November. On the other hand, the onset of rainy season in the semi-arid area was May/June and cessation of rainy season was September. Findings portend drier days for the semi-arid area due to dry spell persistence and hence, the consequent challenges of providing artificial water supply for agriculture and other purposes especially from October to May.

실시간가뭄지수를 이용한 2015년 한반도 가뭄 분석

본 연구에서는 실시간 가뭄지수(RDI)를 이용하여 2015년 한반도에 발생한 가뭄사상의 시공간적 진행과정을 살펴보았다. RDI는 인위적인 용수공급시스템이 갖추어지지 않은 지역을 대상으로 실제 가뭄상황을 판단할 수 있는 가뭄지수이며 RDI을 산출하기 위해 전국 60개 관측소의 일 강수량과 164개 시/군의 용수 수요량을 이용하였다. 연구 결과, 강원도에서 시작하여 한 달 만에 중부의 대부분 지역에 가뭄이 확산됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 6월 25~27일의 강수로 인하여 대부분 가뭄 지역이 해갈되는 것으로 나타났지만, 그 정도의 강수량으로는 강릉과 같이 심한 가뭄이 들었던 지역의 경우에는 정상상태로 되돌리기에는 부족하였음을 확인할 수 있었으며 또한 적중률 90.4%와 오경보율 9.6%로 매우 좋은 정확도를 보임을 살펴볼 수 있음에 따라 RDI는 실질적인 가뭄모니터링에 적합한 가뭄지수임을 살펴 볼 수 있었다. In this study, the spatial and temporal evolution of the drought event in Korea peninsula which occurred in 2015 was analysed using Real-Time Drought Index(RDI). RDI can be applied to determine actual drought conditions at an area where artificial water supply systems was not equipped. To calculate RDI, daily precipitation data from 60 observations and water demand of 164 basic local government regions were used. As a result, the 2015 drought event began in Gangwon-do province, and has spread to most parts of the central provinces in one month. Due to June 25-27th rainfall event, the drought was analyzed to disappear in most areas. However, in municipalities encountered a severe drought including Gangneung, it has confirmed that such amount of rainfall was insufficient to turn to back into normal state. In addition to this, according to hit rate 90.4% and false alarm rate 9.6%, RDI is an adequate drought index to monitor drought.

AR5 RCP 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 우리나라 미래가뭄전망

본 연구에서는 AR5 RCP 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 우리나라 미래가뭄의 시공간적인 분포가 전망된다. 기후변화에 따른 영향을 보다 명확하게 살펴보기 위하여 인위적인 용수공급시스템이 갖춰져 있지 않은 지역을 대상으로 미래가뭄상황이 분석된다. 미래기후정보는 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 남한상세 1-km 해상도의 강수자료가 이용되며, 현재 대비 미래의 연평균 가뭄사상의 개수, 평균 가뭄지속 기간, 평균 가뭄심도가 비교된다. 연평균 미래 가뭄사상의 개수는 대부분 지역에서 현재의 수준을 유지하나, 연평균 미래 가뭄사상의 평균 지속기간 및 평균 가뭄심도는 대체적으로 중부지방에서 증가될 것으로 예측되었다. In this study, spatio-temporal behavior of future drought in South Korea under AR5 RCP climate change scenarios is projected. In order to investigate more explicitly the effect of climate change, future drought conditions for the region where artificial water supply systems are not well equipped are analyzed. Using South Korea-detailed 1-km resolution daily precipitation data provided by Korea Meteorological Administration as future climate information, annual mean numbers, mean drought event duration, and mean drought event severity of present and future drought events are compared, respectively. As a result, while the annual mean numbers of future drought events are not expected to be increased in most regions, the mean drought event duration and severity are predicted to be increased in the central region.

Ancient water supply systems in Israel

Aqueducts are part of ancient artificial water supply systems conveying water, usually by gravity, from a water source to a water demand site. The water source could be a spring, a river or a reservoir and others. Conductance was mainly based on small amounts and the flow rate of the conveying system was usually relatively low. Many historical remains of such conveying systems still exist in Israel, some of which dating thousands of years ago. The main conclusions which can be drawn from studying these ancient systems are: 1) water was conducted from water rich areas to large cities; 2) to cross deep rivers, these systems applied some of the principles still used today such as gravity flow and construction of siphons; 3) storage was and is a useful tool to supply water permanently.

A sustainable vegetable supply chain using plant factories in Taiwanese markets: A Nash–Cournot model

Sustainable plant factory systems are able to provide steady and high-quality plants to markets while using less labor, water, nutrition, and pesticides. A plant factory is a controlled environment for plant production systems with artificial light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, water supply, and cultivation solution. This paper focuses on the entry and competition of a plant factory supply chain in vegetable markets, using a Nash–Cournot model to simulate this competition. The Lagrangian multiplier method is used to derive KKT optimality conditions for the model. Combining the optimality conditions yields a linear complementarity problem (LCP), which is solved by GAMS and PATH. A case study of the plant factory supply chain in nine Taiwanese vegetable markets is presented. The research simulates the impact of the location of plant factories, number of firms, and different market demands. The results show that total production and profits of the plant factory supply chain increase as transportation costs decrease. In addition, the producer surplus, consumer surplus, and total surplus of the plant factory supply chain in Taiwanese markets improve when factories are located close to the markets. A sensitivity analysis is conducted which shows the impact of market share and production cost on the plant factory supply chain. While the case study focuses on the Taiwanese agricultural commodity production, the methodology and analysis procedures have generalizability to similar plant production industry problems in other contexts.

자연용수공급지역에서 가뭄상황판단을 위한 실시간가뭄지수

Drought occurs more frequently in non-urban area where artificial water supply systems are not well equipped than in urban area where artificial water supply systems are well equipped, and occurs the first in such non-urban communities. In this study a drought index which can be applied to determine actual drought conditions on a daily basis at a region where artificial water supply systems are not well equipped is proposed. The proposed drought index is calculated on a basic local government basis using the standard precipitation index, the real-time available amount of water supply and water demand. It is applied at 164 basic local government regions during the period from 1980 to 2012. As a result, it is shown that the index can reproduce well major historical drought events. Hence, the drought index proposed in this study is expected to be well applied for determining real-time drought conditions in communities where artificial water supply systems are not well equipped.

Ecohydrological Responses to Diversion of Groundwater: Case Study of a Deep-Rock Repository for Spent Nuclear Fuel in Sweden

Planning and license applications concerning groundwater diversion in areas containing water-dependent or water-favored habitats must take into account both hydrological effects and associated ecological consequences. There is at present no established methodology to assess such ecohydrological responses. Thus, this paper describes a new stepwise methodology to assess ecohydrological responses to groundwater diversion from, e.g., water-drained pits, shafts, tunnels, and caverns in rock below the groundwater table. The methodology is illustrated using the planned deep-rock repository for spent nuclear fuel at Forsmark in central Sweden as a case study, offering access to a unique hydrological and ecological dataset. The case study demonstrates that results of ecohydrological assessments can provide useful inputs to planning of monitoring programs and mitigation measures in infrastructure projects. As a result of the assessment, artificial water supply to wetlands is planned in order to preserve biological diversity, nature values, and vulnerable species.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-013-0404-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.