Artificial Tanks Research Articles

Improving Fish Quality and Yield: An Automated Monitoring System for Intensive Aquaculture

The growing interest in the fish farming industry is driven by the depletion of natural fish stocks in the market. However, intensive aquaculture systems, which involve raising fish in artificial tanks and cages, can lead to challenges such as low-quality fish and increased mortality rates, depending on the species being cultivated. To address these issues and maximize yield, this paper proposes a fish quality monitoring system with automatic correction. The system focuses on monitoring and maintaining critical water quality parameters essential for fish growth, including temperature, water level, and pH level. The system comprises an Arduino connected to sensors and a web-based application for data collection and monitoring. Correction devices such as an aquarium heater, a valve, and a water pump are integrated into the system to maintain these parameters at optimal levels for fish development. To assess the system's efficiency and reliability, two fish monitoring setups were compared: one using the proposed controlled system and the other using a traditional setup. Results indicate that the controlled system increased efficiency, reduced stress on fish farmers, decreased fish mortality rates, and improved product quality compared to the traditional setup.

High-density farming of striped snakehead Channa striata (bloch, 1793) in artificial tanks

High-density farming of striped snakehead Channa striata (bloch, 1793) in artificial tanks

Determination of Cyanide Concentration Levels in Surface Water and Soil from Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining Villages at Chunya, Mbeya - Tanzania

This study aimed to determine levels of cyanide (CN) pollution in the soil and surface water at selected mining sites of Mbeya region. A total of (n = 124) samples were collected and analyzed by spectrophotometry. The cyanide levels of soil-based samples and water-based samples at Mwasenga, and Ifumbo mining sites were above the permissible limits. This was due to poor disposal of tailing from the gold processing plants and mismanagement of wastewater. On the other hand, the Cyanide was within the allowable limit for both soil and water at Godima, Itewe, Ashishira and Nyatula mining sites. This was attributed by proper management of wastewater by using artificial tanks, ponds and trenches. Also, it was observed that there is a mobility of cyanide from the processing mining site, if the tailings and wastewater are not well managed. The concentration of cyanide in the soil and water samples of about 2 mg/L was observed at distance of more than 70 m from the processing plant at Mwasenga, the situation is even worse at Ifumbo, where the cyanide concentration in soil and water were about 25 and 8 mg/L respectively, at a distance of more than 50 m from processing plant

Acid waters in tank bromeliads: Causes and potential consequences.

The consequences of acidity for plant performance are profound, yet the prevalence and causes of low pH in bromeliad tank water are unknown despite its functional relevance to key members of many neotropical plant communities. We investigated tank water pH for eight bromeliad species in the field and for the widely occurring Guzmania monostachia in varying light. We compared pH changes over time between plant and artificial tanks containing a solution combined from several plants. Aquaporin transcripts were measured for field plants at two levels of pH. We investigated relationships between pH, leaf hydraulic conductance, and CO2 concentration in greenhouse plants and tested proton pump activity using a stimulator and inhibitor. Mean tank water pH for the eight species was 4.7 ± 0.06 and was lower for G. monostachia in higher light. The pH of the solution in artificial tanks, unlike in plants, did not decrease over time. Aquaporin transcription was higher for plants with lower pH, but leaf hydraulic conductance did not differ, suggesting that the pH did not influence water uptake. Tank pH and CO2 concentration were inversely related. Fusicoccin enhanced a decrease in tank pH, whereas orthovanadate did not. Guzmania monostachia acidified its tank water via leaf proton pumps, which appeared responsive to light. Low pH increased aquaporin transcripts but did not influence leaf hydraulic conductance, hence may be more relevant to nutrient uptake.

Parapoynx diminutalis Snellen, 1880 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): A pest of submerged aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle

Parapoynx diminutalis was observed in Hydrilla verticillata (a weed) in artificial tanks at Kerala Agricultural University. The incidence was so severe that the entire biomass of hydrilla was eaten away by the larvae which pupated in water. Pupal case was made of stem pieces of hydrilla, thus curtailing the growth and multiplication of the weed was suppressed in a period of one month indicating that this is a potential biocontrol agent for the weed.

Biodiversity Patterns of Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Natural and Artificial Lentic Waters on an Oceanic Island

The Azorean islands have been historically affected by human activities, mainly due to the combined effects of habitat degradation and fragmentation, and the introduction of exotic species. We here aim to analyze the role of environmental characteristics and spatial descriptors in supporting regional biodiversity of macroinvertebrates by considering natural ponds and artificial tanks. After the monthly variation of macroinvertebrate assemblages was assessed in three temporary and two permanent ponds in the Azorean island of Terceira during a complete inundation-desiccation annual cycle, the assemblage differences of 12 ponds (three temporary and nine permanent ponds) and 8 closely-located artificial tanks were analyzed across a range of landscape disturbances. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were found to differ according to hydroperiod and sampled months. Although the former explained the highest variance, macroinvertebrate differentiation by hydroperiod was also dependent on the study month. Our results also revealed a consistent monthly pattern of species replacement. However, the contribution of nestedness to the macroinvertebrate β-diversity was notable when temporary ponds were close to desiccation, probably indicating a deterministic loss of species due to the impoverished water conditions of the ponds facing desiccation. When the macroinvertebrate assemblages were analyzed in relation to physico-chemical variations and spatial descriptors, the artificial tanks were not clearly segregated from the natural ponds, and only differentiated by pH differences. In contrast, those natural ponds exhibiting high concentrations of total phosphorous (likely signs of anthropization) also discriminated the ordination of ponds in a distance-based redundancy analysis, and showed impoverished assemblages in comparison with well-preserved ponds. The macroinvertebrate assemblages of the natural ponds showed a significant spatial pattern, but this spatial influence was not significant when tanks and ponds were considered together. Our results suggest that tanks may act as possible reservoirs of biodiversity during the desiccation period of temporary ponds, but are unable to establish successful populations. These fishless permanent tanks can complement the conservation of a biodiversity that is largely maintained by the pristine high-altitude natural ponds. The establishment of a guideline for conservation management that also considers the artificial tanks is necessary to benefit the local and regional Azorean macroinvertebrate diversity.

Climate Change Consternations of Intensive Aquaculture

Theexpansion of aquaculture in both horizontal and vertical dimensionsis attributed to the rise in current fish production. It is one of the fastest growing areas of food production in the world [1]. Intensive aquaculture aids in theintensiveproduction of seafood for human consumption. Increased interest in the production of commercial species ensures uninterrupted supply of rich sources of protein fromfinfish, shellfish, and othertypes of seafoodand production of industrialbioactive compounds.Aqua-culturists must have a thorough knowledge about the modernised techniques to maintain the optimum water quality, feed, disease control measures, and stocking densities because intensive aquaculture depends on several modern technologies to produce targeted culture organisms in artificial tanks at very high densities [2].

Sodium Taurocholate as Novel Additive: A Right Choice for Ornamental Fish Feed

The rearing of ornamental fishes is a common custom among the many people due to their coloration. Though many ornamental fishes are colorful in nature, when it comes to artificial tanks, they lose their bright coloration than that of wild. Despite many pigments are being a part of the ornamental feed for many years, the capacity of animals to acquire coloration depends on the increase in the digestion, absorption and metabolism of them. Supplementing pigments in the diet doesn’t mean fish can be attained coloration and it depends on the presence of some dietary factors. The addition of such factors in the diet would influence the utilization of pigments in the animals. Sodium taurocholate is a novel additive which promotes the utilization of dietary carotenoids to the fish discussed in this article.

Ecological Comparison between Three Artificial Refuges and the Natural Habitat for Devils Hole Pupfish

Abstract Attempts to maintain refuge populations of Devils Hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis in artificial tanks have achieved limited success. Previous studies have documented changes in morphological, behavioral, and genetic characteristics of refuge populations, which suggest that environmental conditions (and thus selective pressures) differ from those found in Devils Hole (DH). Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics were compared among the three Devils Hole pupfish refuges (Hoover Dam, School Springs, and Point of Rocks) and between each refuge and DH. In contrast to the thermally constant environment in DH (∼33°C), mean refuge temperatures were cooler and fluctuated on a weekly and seasonal basis. On two occasions, extreme temperature fluctuations lasting several weeks (due to water supply malfunctions) were recorded at the Hoover Dam (6°C decrease) and School Springs (22°C decrease) refuges. The physical design of the refuges precludes surface runoff from entering them; thick layers of a...

Effect of Stocking Density on Growth and Survival of Sub-Adult Tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus 1758)

Three hundred and fifty-nine (359) sub-adult tench were allocated to twelve tanks to investigate the effect of stocking density on survival and growth. The experimental population consisted of two weight groups (small = 11.27-11.36 g and large = 15.38-15.44 g) and two initial stocking densities (1.4 kg/m3 and 2.5 kg/m3). The experiment lasted seven months (217 days). The total lack of deformities in the caudal peduncle in all groups and the low incidence of mortality indicate that sub-adult tench cultured in a water recirculation system perform well when stocked at a relatively high stocking density (2.5 kg/m3) and fed 1.0% of their body weight per day. By the end of the experiment, the weight of the best-performing groups increased 83-90% and confirmed the hypothesis that high densities favor the growth and survival of sub-adult tench reared in artificial tanks in a water recirculation system.

High tolerance to fluctuating salinity allows Sargassum thunbergii germlings to survive and grow in artificial habitat of full immersion in intertidal zone

In this study, a four-way factorial experimental design (three temperatures, four salinities, two frequencies and three durations of osmotic stress) was used to test the tolerance of Sargassum thunbergii germlings shortly released from fertile thalli to osmotic stress. Results showed that the growth and survival of germlings were significantly affected by salinity and duration of osmotic stress, rather than by osmotic frequency. In addition to the main effects, all two-way, three-way and four-way interactions between the four stresses on the growth were significant. Germlings showed quick growth with relative growth rate (RGR, % day −1) over 16% when cultured at 32 psu combined with 30 °C. Although growths of germlings subjected to hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic conditions were significantly inhibited, RGRs over 12% were obtained except for those at 35 °C with the RGRs below 10%. In comparison to growth, survival was more tolerant to osmotic stress. Germlings showed high survivals over 60% when exposed to most osmotic stresses, by the end of experiment. Only under extreme conditions (12 psu for 4 h or 8 h at 35 °C) were the survivals reduced to below 10%. Although the effects of osmotic stress on the growth and survival were significant, germlings exhibited quick growth and high survival under most conditions. And those extreme conditions which had great destructive effect on germlings barely exist in field. Therefore, the construction of artificial tanks is feasible for the restoration of S. thunbergii beds in the intertidal zone.

Tolerance of Sargassum thunbergii germlings to thermal, osmotic and desiccation stress

The construction of artificial seaweed beds in the intertidal zone is a challenge due to extreme levels of physical stress. In order to provide a basis for the construction using the dispersal of microscopic juveniles, a three-way factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the tolerance of Sargassum thunbergii germlings shortly released from fertile thalli to temperature, salinity and desiccation in this study. Results revealed that temperature, salinity and desiccation significantly affected the growth and survival of germlings. Germlings showed rapid growth with relative growth rate (RGR, % day −1) over 16% when cultured at 25 °C and full immersion in normal seawater. Although growths of germlings subjected to moderate conditions were significantly inhibited, RGRs over 13% were obtained. The RGRs of germlings below 10% were observed only at 35 °C and 9 h desiccation treatments. In comparison to growth, survival was less affected by physical stress. Germlings showed low mortalities below 10% under appropriate conditions (25 °C and 30 °C combined with full immersion), and below 60% under moderate conditions, by the end of experiment. However, the mortality rates increased to over 90% under extreme conditions (9 h desiccation and 35 °C combined with full immersion in salinity of 12). These results showed that S. thunbergii germlings had high tolerance to physical stresses. In addition to the main effects, both two-way and three-way interactions between temperature, salinity and desiccation were significant. Based on the magnitude of effect, desiccation was the predominant factor affecting both growth and survival. According to the results, construction of artificial tanks in natural habitat to minimize desiccation may be an effective strategy for S. thunbergii restoration using germlings.

Chemical characteristics of natural waters of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Kerala and Karnataka - their possible utility in wildlife management

The present investigation deals with the chemical characteristics/composition of the natural waters of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), located within Kerala and Karnataka States respectively. Waters of both localities differ significantly in their chemical characteristics and composition. The waters of NBR - Kerala are bereft of dissolved minerals in their per unit volume, irrespective of their sources and location. Calcium ions dominate within cations and bicarbonate within anions. Carbonate ions are conspicuously absent in all waters. In contrast to above, the waters of Karnataka have sufficient dissolved minerals in their per unit volume and magnesium ions are prominent within cations and chloride within anions in large number of water bodies. Carbonate ions are sufficiently present in majority of the waters. In both localities, the calcium and magnesium ions show a close resemblance in their concentration but sodium ions exhibit an erratic variation. The waters of NBR - Kerala are neutral to moderately alkaline in reaction (pH 7.0-8.4) but the Karnataka waters show comparatively high alkalinity (pH 7.0-9.0). The waters of NBR - Kerala have been categorized as C1S1 class and thus, found to be highly suitable for safe use either by the flora, fauna or even by the soils of the area but the waters of NBR - Karnataka, barring a few, have been categorized as C2S1 class and thus, suitable for fauna but may create problem of alkali hazards within soils and for plant species which are susceptible to sodium ions concentration. The present study pertinently suggests that to compensate the mineral deficiency especially in carnivores, the salt-licks having sufficient minerals may be placed in the entire biosphere reserve under Kerala and within Karnataka, it may be placed within those area which are not covered by artificial tanks.

Measurement of the sensitivity and directivity pattern of hydroacoustic measuring modules in artificial tanks

A method of measuring the sensitivity and directivity pattern of hydroacoustic measuring modules of considerable dimensions in artificial tanks is considered. The method is based on the use of a pseudonoise signal. The results of the mathematical modeling and practical application of the method are presented.

Distribution, ecology and conservation of the parsley frog (Pelodytes punctatus) in Italy (Amphibia, Pelodytidae)

In Italy, the parsley frog (Pelodytes punctatus) reaches the eastern limit of its distribution range along the Mediterranean coast in Liguria and in southern Piedmont. The status of the Italian populations was analysed on the basis of a complete survey of known breeding sites. Since 1993, the reproduction of P. punctatus has been observed in only 15 sites, several of which were discovered during the monitoring project. Spawning sites were mainly small temporary pools, small streams and artificial tanks in Mediterranean habitats. The number of breeding females was estimated indirectly counting egg strings both in spring and autumn, from 2000 to 2002. Populations appeared isolated and made up of an extremely low number of reproductive females (range 2-19, mean 9). In Italy. P. punctatus populations show a fragmented distribution and appear threatened mainly by the drying up of pools or habitat destruction. For each reproductive site, the conservation status was evaluated, and a general conservation strategy...

Distribution, ecology and conservation of the parsley frog (Pelodytes punctatus) in Italy (Amphibia, Pelodytidae)

In Italy, the parsley frog (Pelodytes punctatus) readies the eastern limit of its distribution range along the Mediterranean coast in Liguria and in southern Piedmont. The status of the Italian populations was analysed on the basis of a complete survey of known breeding sites. Since 1993. the reproduction of P. punctatus has been observed in only 15 sites, several of which were discovered during the monitoring project. Spawning sites were mainly small temporary pools, small streams and artificial tanks in Mediterranean habitats. The number of breeding females was estimated indirectly counting egg strings both in spring and autumn, from 2000 to 2002. Populations appeared isolated and made up of an extremely low number of reproductive females (range 2–19. mean 9). In Italy, P. punctatus populations show a fragmented distribution and appear threatened mainly by the drying up of pools or habitat destruction. For each reproductive site, the conservation status was evaluated, and a general conservation strategy was proposed. Active management of breeding sites, with the maintenance and/or creation of small temporary water bodies should be planned. The collaboration of private landowners and local administrations was requested, and in one case, active management of a relevant breeding site obtained.

A comparison between saline and freshwater wetlands on Bloodwood Station, the Paroo, Australia, with special reference to their use by waterbirds

Bloodwood Station, 130 km NW of Bourke, NSW, has a diverse array of intermittently flooded wetlands raging from salinas to fresh waters, either clear, opaque or very turbid, and from relatively large (820 ha) to quite small (<1 ha). A study during 1995 followed the filling of 22 wetlands after heavy rain in January to subsequent drying or recession, and looked at the relationship between physicochemical features, aquatic plants, zooplankton, littoral invertebrates, tadpoles, and waterbirds. Wetlands were delineated into two major groups: saline and fresh, with the latter subdivided into five types — clear fresh waters, artificial tanks, vegetated pans, turbid pans, and miscellaneous. The saline lakes developed extensive beds of macrophytes some months after filling which attracted large number of waterbirds. Later, abundant Zooplankton were feed for many Pink-eared Duck. Most of the fresh waters developed large initial populations of phyllopodous crustaceans, Zooplankton and tadpoles, but these waters attracted few waterbirds. Clearer fresh waters later grew macrophytes which attracted many waterbirds, but the turbid claypans remained unattractive to waterbirds during their existence, despite harbouring a host of invertebrates. The vegetated pans, artificial tanks and miscellaneous sites attracted only a few waterbirds, but the tanks along with the persistent clear fresh waters become important as feeding and resting sites as other wetlands dried towards the year end. Few waterbirds bred on these wetlands during 1995. However, many were important as major feeding sites and formed part of a mosaic of intermittent wetlands for Australia's inland waterbirds.

Amphibians and Reptiles of the Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico

THIS report with respect to 27 species of amphibians and reptiles on the Jornada Experimental Range and 7 additional species in Mesilla Valley, Dona Ana County, N. Mex., is based on collections and notes made by the authors as a spare-time project during 1934 and 1935. Individuals of several species were studied by the junior author from 1931 to 1933 also. Fourteen of these species have not been reported previously from this county. Thus the Dona Ana County list is increased to 9 species of amphibians and 34 of reptiles, more than are known in any other county in New Mexico. The authors' collections of specimens of Amyda emoryi and Rana tarahumarae in Mesilla Valley, a part of Rio Grande Valley, probably are the first and second records, respectively, of these two species in this state. The Jornada Experimental Range, where nearly all the authors' collections were made, has its headquarters 23 miles north of Las Cruces. It is an area of 302 square miles at the southern end of Jornada del Muerto, a plain which extends northward for more than 100 miles. Most of the Jornada range is a plain in the Lower Sonoran life zone, varying in elevation from 4,000 to 4,600 feet and without permanent water, except wells and artificial tanks. San Andres Mountains and foothills along the eastern boundary rise in the Upper Sonoran life zone to 8,000 feet, and have a few permanent springs, of which Ropes Spring is best known. The average annual rainfall is only 8.97 inches and the average annual temperature, 58.3?F., at the range headquarters. Winter nights are cold enough to cause hibernation, or inactivity, of cold-blooded vertebrates for a few months. In 1934, lizards and snakes were observed from March to November, but were most numerous during the summer. However, lizards of one common species (Uta stansburiana stejnegeri) were seen on warm days throughout the winter of 1934-35. The vegetation of the Jornada Experimental Range has been discussed fully by R. S. Campbell (1929, 1931) and others. Both semidesert-shrub and grassland types of the Lower Sonoran zone occur on the plain. Shrub vegetation and small woodland areas of pifions and junipers occur in the foothills and mountains of the Upper Sonoran zone. Early scattered collections and published records of the amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico were compiled by Van Denburgh (1924), and need not be cited here. He listed 14 species of amphibians and 74 species and subspecies of reptiles. The largest local list, one by Cockerell (1896), is of 27 species from Las Cruces and vicinity in Mesilla Valley of Rio Grande, Dona Ana County, in which county the Jornada range is also located. Eight