Artificial Gastrointestinal Juice Research Articles

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion and bioavailability of lithium from processed lithiated and nonlithiated white Agaricus bisporus mushrooms.

In order to avoid side effects of lithium doses in some patients, some commonly cultivated mushroom species including A.bisporus have been successfully lithiated, with the potential to provide more acceptable sources of Li. This study assessed the in vitro release (potential bioaccessibility) and possible intake of Li using the action of artificial gastrointestinal juices on lithiated and nonlithiated (control) button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) that were subjected to certain modes of culinary processing. In the in vitro release study, mushrooms were processed using a number of routinely used domestic treatments including rehydrating dried mushrooms, blanching and blanching followed by pickling of fresh or frozen mushrooms. The in vitro digestion procedure used artificial gastrointestinal juices in a two-stage methodology that was adapted from 'The Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe' method. The Li concentrations were determined using an inductively coupled argon plasma-dynamic reactive cell-mass spectrometer. Lithium was found to be more bioaccessible from caps of lithiated mushrooms compared with nonlithiated. Releases from the caps and stipes of blanched or blanched and then pickled mushrooms through gastric digestion ranged from 32 ± 2 to 50 ± 1% relative to the dried product and was lower for gastrointestinal digestion, which ranged from 16 ± 1 to 20 ± 1%. Losses of Li sustained through blanching or blanching followed by pickling of fresh mushrooms (41-87% wet weight) combined with limited accessibility during gastrointestinal release (16-55%) result in much lower bioavailability of the dose from lithiated products. A 300-g meal would provide <5% of the Li (6mg) required for potential preventative treatments, such as reducing suicide rates and lowering dementia risk.

Latilactobacillus curvatus FFZZH5L isolated from pickled cowpea enhanced antioxidant activity in Caenorhabditis elegans by upregulating the level of glutathione S-transferase.

Latilactobacillus curvatus is a potential probiotic that possesses beneficial health properties and fermentation traits; however, the extent of understanding of the antioxidant activities of L. curvatus is limited. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of a new L. curvatus FFZZH5L strain. The strain exhibits broad tolerance to acids, bases and salts and demonstrated good adaption to the gastrointestinal environment, with a survival rate of 45% after 24 h of treatment in artificial gastrointestinal juice. Moreover, L. curvatus FFZZH5L exhibits inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, with a self-aggregation rate of 34.8% and a co-aggregation rate of 82.2%. In vitro, the DPPH radical scavenging ability and GSH-px enzyme activity of L. curvatus FFZZH5L reach 64.27% and 15.95 U mL-1, respectively. Treatment of C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L in vivo significantly extended the organism's lifespan. Furthermore, the activity of SOD, GSH-px and T-AOC was increased by 33.6%, 43.4% and 58.3%, respectively. Feeding C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L decreased the MDA, lipofuscin and ROS levels by 9%-36.4%. L. curvatus FFZZH5L effectively protected C. elegans against juglone-induced oxidative stress damage and led to a significant increase in the organism's survival under heat stress. The RT-qPCR analysis suggests that feeding C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L upregulates the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes including glutathione S-transferase 4 (gst-4), gst-1, gst-10, sod-3, sod-5, and sod-10 in C. elegans. Our investigation confirms the probiotic and antioxidant properties of L. curvatus, indicating its potential application in functional foods and the pharmaceutical industry.

Effect of maifan stone on the growth of probiotics and regulation of gut microbiota.

Maifan stone is a kind of mineral medicine in Chinese medicine, which has good adsorption, dissolution, mineralization and biological activity. It has an excellent therapeutic effect on livestock, poultry and aquatic animals suffering from intestinal diseases. This study explored the effect of Maifan stone on the growth ability of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (L. rhamnosus GG) and the effect of Maifan stone-L. rhamnosus GG-fermented product on the intestinal inflammation and gut microbiota. We find that Maifan stone can adsorb L. rhamnosus GG to form a carrier bacteria. Maifan stone has the characteristics of acid tolerance and bile salt tolerance and can also improve the activity of L. rhamnosus GG in artificial gastrointestinal juice. The fermented product can reduce the degree of diarrhoea and colon pathology in rats to a certain extent and significantly improve intestinal inflammatory factors and gut microbiota. This study improves the application effect of L. rhamnosus GG in the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea animals and provides a scientific basis for the rational development of Maifan stone resources.

The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum attenuates UV-induced skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression.

The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is traditionally used for treating multiple diseases, including cancer. This study examined skin cancer preventive activity of a commercial product containing spore and fruiting body in 30:8 ratio (GLSF). Extracts of GLSF and spore component (GLS) were prepared using artificial gastrointestinal juice and examined on JB6 cells. GLSF and GLS dose-dependently inhibited epidermal growth factor-induced JB6 transformation at non-toxic concentrations. SKH-1 mice which were fed with diets containing GLSF (1.25%), GLS (0.99%) or the fruiting body (GLF) (0.26%) were exposed to chronic low-dose ultraviolet (UV) radiation to assess their effects on skin carcinogenesis. GLSF, but not GLS or GLF, reduced skin tumor incidence and multiplicity. In non-tumor skin tissues of mice, GLSF attenuated UV-induced epidermal thickening, expression of Ki-67, COX-2 and NF-κB, while in tumor tissues, GLSF increased expression of CD8 and Granzyme B. To examine the effects of GLSF on UV-induced immunosuppression, mice which were fed with GLSF were evaluated for the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). GLSF significantly reversed UV-mediated suppression of DNFB-induced CHS by increasing CD8+ and decreasing CD4+ and FoxP3+ T-cells in mouse ears. Therefore, GLSF prevents skin cancer probably via attenuating UV-induced immunosuppression.

Fungi with potential probiotic properties isolated from Fuzhuan brick tea

Several of the fungal species associated with Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) are considered as potential probiotics, but few studies have investigated the probiotic properties of these fungi. Here, we isolated 18 fungal strains from two types of FBT and identified these strains based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragment sequence similarity to reference strains (sequence similarity > 98%). Of the 18 strains, 10 tolerated simulated human digestive conditions for sufficient periods in vitro: pH 2-3, 0.3%-0.5% (m/V) bile salts, and artificial gastrointestinal juices. We then measured the antimicrobial activity of the remaining 10 strains against 5 enteropathogenic bacteria and tested the bacteriostatic effects of the thalli and fermentation broth extracts. Of the 6 strains with strong bacteriostatic effects, we eliminated Eurotium cristatum S-9 due to its low hydrophobicity of (26.12 ± 0.35)%. Finally, 2 exhibited good adhesion abilities to human cells (> 100%). Notably, 2 strains can survive in vivo, because they can be isolated from C57BL/6 mice feces. Thus, 2 strains, Aspergillus cristatus H-1 and A. cristatus H-5, are herein identified as promising candidate probiotic strains. It may be put forward a novel research focus on evaluating potential probiotic fungi from FBT.

Characterization of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria isolated from human colostrum

Breast milk is the main source of nutrition for infants; it contains considerable microflora that can be transmitted to the infant endogenously or by breastfeeding, and it plays an important role in the maturation and development of the immune system. In this study, we isolated and identified lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from human colostrum, and screened 2 strains with probiotic potential. The LAB isolated from 40 human colostrum samples belonged to 5 genera: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus. We also isolated Propionibacterium and Actinomyces. We identified a total of 197 strains of LAB derived from human colostrum based on their morphology and 16S rRNA sequence, among them 8 strains of Bifidobacterium and 10 strains of Lactobacillus, including 3 Bifidobacterium species and 4 Lactobacillus species. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of strains with good probiotic characteristics were evaluated. The tolerances of some of the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains to gastrointestinal fluid and bile salts were evaluated in vitro, using the probiotic strains Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as controls. Among them, B. lactis Probio-M8 and L. rhamnosus Probio-M9 showed survival rates of 97.25 and 78.33% after digestion for 11 h in artificial gastrointestinal juice, and they exhibited growth delays of 0.95 and 1.87 h, respectively, in 0.3% bile salts. These two strains have the potential for application as probiotics and will facilitate functional studies of probiotics in breast milk and the development of human milk-derived probiotics.

Effect of Cys, GSH, and pH on Mercury Release from Tibetan Medicine Zuotai, β-HgS, and α-HgS in Artificial Gastrointestinal Juices.

Zuotai, also named as "gTso thal", a known Tibetan medicinal mixture containing insoluble cubic crystal mercuric sulfide (β-HgS), has been used to treat diseases with long history. The mercury release ratio from Zuotai in gastrointestinal environment is one determinant factor for its bioavailability and biological effect. However, the information is still scarce now. Therefore, the study was designed to investigate the effect of sulfhydryl biomolecules [L-cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH)] and pH on mercury dissociation from Zuotai, β-HgS, and hexagonalcrystalmercuric sulfide(α-HgS) in artificial gastrointestinal juices or pure water with a 1:100 solid-liquid ratio. And, the digestion and peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract were simulated in vitro. The results showed the following trend for the mercury release ratio of Zuotai, artificial gastric juice>artificial intestinal juice>pure water, whereas the trend for β-HgS and α-HgS was as follows, artificial intestinal fluid>artificial gastric fluid>pure water. The mercury release ratios of Zuotai, β-HgS, and α-HgS significantly increased in artificial intestinal juice containing L-Cys or GSH compared to those without sulfhydryl biomolecules in the juice. However, in contrast to the results observed for β-HgS and α-HgS, the mercury release ratio of Zuotai was reduced remarkably in pure water and artificial gastric juice with Cys or GSH. And, we found that strong acidic or strong alkaline environments promoted the dissociation of mercury from Zuotai, β-HgS, and α-HgS. Taken together, current findings may contribute to other studies regarding clinical safety and bioavailability of the traditional drug Zuotai containing β-HgS.

Study on Degradation of Radix Isatidis Polypeptide in Artificial Gastrointestinal Environment

Radix Isatidis is a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of influenza and inflammation in China. In this paper, in order to study the degradation situation of Radix Isatidis polypeptide in artificial gastrointestinal environment, the SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) method was used to detect the degradation of Radix Isatidis polypeptide in artificial intestinal juice and gastric juice, and it showed that Radix Isatidis peptides could be degradated to different degrees. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was used to determine the change of peptides degradation, and it indicated that free amino acid levels did not change significantly. The result after degradation was also detected by BCA method, and it showed that there were still a large number of polypeptides in the liquid. From this experiment we can come to this conclusion that Radix Isatidis polypeptides in artificial gastrointestinal juice mostly degraded into a series of different molecular weight peptides.

In vitro metabolism of flucetosulfuron by artificial gastrointestinal juices

To investigate the metabolism of pesticides by gastrointestinal (GI) juices, artificial GI juices were incubated with threo- and erythro-isomers of flucetosulfuron. The metabolites produced in each reaction mixture of artificial GI juices were unambiguously identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Flucetosulfuron was observed to be stable in saliva. However, in the intestinal juices, approximately 18% of flucetosulfuron was degraded, producing N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbomoyl)-2-(2-fluoro-1-hydroxypropyl)pyrimidine-3-sulfonamid (M1). In artificial gastric juices, about 85% of flucetosulfuron was rapidly degraded, producing the metabolites 2-(2-fluoro-1-hydroxypropyl) pyridine-3-sulfonamide (M2), 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-amine (M3), and 2-fluoro-1-(3-sulfamoylpyridin-2-yl)propyl 2-methoxyacetate (M4). These results indicate that the sulfonylurea bridge and ester bond of flucetosulfuron are hydrolyzed in artificial GI juices. No significant differences were noted in the degradation patterns between the two isomers of flucetosulfuron in the artificial GI juices that were tested. Considering the rapid degradation of flucetosulfuron in vitro by artificial GI juices, it is likely that there would be no significant absorption of flucetosulfuron from the GI tract into the blood stream after oral administration.

Effect of microencapsulation methods on the survival of freeze-dried Bifidobacterium bifidum

Six kinds of Bifidobacterium bifidum microcapsules were prepared by extrusion methods, emulsion methods and coacervation methods. Effects of preparation methods on the survival of encapsulated B. bifidum were examined. Results showed that microcapsules prepared by emulsion method with alginate and chitosan exhibited the best protection for B. bifidum. The diameter was 10–20 µm, encapsulation efficiency was 90.36% and the live cell amount was 3.01 × 109 cfu/g after freeze-drying. Encapsulated cells exhibited significantly higher resistance to artificial gastrointestinal juice and the cell numbers were above 109 cfu/g after exposure to simulated gastric (pH 1.2) and bile salt (1%, w/v). Cell numbers of microencapsulated B. bifidum was 8.61 × 108 cfu/g after storage at 37°C, relative humidity 60%–65% for 3 months. Results indicated microcapsules prepared with alginate and chitosan by emulsion method could successfully protect B. bifidum against adverse conditions and it might be useful in the delivery of probiotic cultures as a functional food.

Impact of inulin and okara on Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 viability in a fermented soy product and probiotic survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions

The effect of inulin and/or okara flour on Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 viability in a fermented soy product (FSP) and on probiotic survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions were investigated throughout 28 days of storage at 4 °C. Employing a 22 design, four FSP trials were produced from soymilk fermented with ABT-4 culture (La-5, Bb-12, and Streptococcus thermophilus): FSP (control); FSP-I (with inulin, 3 g/100 mL of soymilk); FSP-O (with okara, 5 g/100 mL); FSP-IO (with inulin + okara, ratio 3:5 g/100 mL). Probiotic viabilities ranged from 8 to 9 log cfu/g during the 28 days of storage, and inulin and/or okara flour did not affect the viability of La-5 and Bb-12. Bb-12 resistance to the artificial gastrointestinal juices was higher than for La-5, since the Bb-12 and La-5 populations decreased approximately 0.6 log cfu/g and 3.8 log cfu/g, respectively, throughout storage period. Even though the protective effect of inulin and/or okara flour on probiotic microorganisms was not significant, when compared to a fresh culture, the FSP matrix improved Bb-12 survival on day 1 of storage and may be considered a good vehicle for Bb-12 and could play an important role in probiotic protection against gastrointestinal juices.

In vitro assessment of probiotic properties of Bacillus isolated from naturally fermented congee from Inner Mongolia of China

A total of thirty-three strains of Bacillus were isolated from sixteen samples of naturally fermented congee in Inner Mongolia of China and identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Probiotic properties including acid, bile tolerance and artificial gastrointestinal juice resistance as well as inhibition on pathogenic bacteria were used for screening of Bacillus. After the preliminary selection, four strains including Bacillus licheniformis IMAUB1002, Bacillus subtilis IMAUB1011, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IMAUB1014 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IMAUB1034 showed high tolerance to simulated gastric juice at pH 2.0 for 3 h with survival rate all above 92%. And then through gastrointestinal transit, survival rates of these four strains were above 90%. Furthermore, Bacillus licheniformis IMAUB1002 performed well in tolerance to bile salt (0.6%) and inhibitory activity to five food-borne pathogens among four strains of Bacillus. The results suggested that Bacillus licheniformis IMAUB1002 should be considered as a potential probiotics. Further study will be focused on evaluation of these porbiotics properties in vivo and clarification of its other functional properties so as to use it in functional foods production in future.

Evaluation of potential probiotics properties of the screened Lactobacilli isolated from home-made koumiss in Mongolia

Among thirtyLactobacillus strains, which were isolated and identified from the home-made koumiss in Mongolia,Lactobacillus helveticus MG2-1 was screened out for the best acid tolerance in artificial gastric juice at pH 3.0 after incubating for 3 h with the survival rate 96.15±4.22%. Furtherin vitro assessment revealed MG2-1 showed high tolerance to the artificial gastrointestinal juice and bile salts. Moreover, other desired probiotic properties, including the ability of sodium taurocholate deconjugation (with the amount of cholic acid liberated 2.95±0.11 μM), cholesterol removal (cholesterol removal rate 51.74±0.04%) and adhesion to Caco-2 cells (the adhesive rate 1.51±0.11%), were also observed. The results highlighted the probiotic potential of MG2-1, which deserved further investigation inin vivo studies to elucidate its health benefits.

Influence of oligosaccharides on the growth and tolerance capacity of lactobacilli to simulated stress environment

Lactobacilli should resist stress environments in industry process and gastrointestinal tract before exerting their beneficial effects. To explore the possible stabilizers in probiotic products, prebiotic oligosaccharides were investigated. We investigated the effect of four selected oligosaccharides on the survival of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum and L. acidophilus to simulated stress conditions. It was found that the tolerance of lactobacilli to simulated artificial gastrointestinal juice, heat treatment and phenol solution was obviously enhanced in fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) group. In addition, chito-oligosaccharides (COS), manno-oligosaccharides (MOS) and glucose also had positive effect compared with control group (without sugar). Prebiotic oligosaccharides, especially XOS and FOS added in medium have protection function to lactobacilli in stress environments. The protection function of oligosaccharides may correlate with the bacteria growth, which was stimulated by these oligosaccharides. Prebiotic oligosaccharides may be used as stabilizers in probiotic products.

Flavouring Group Evaluation 5, Revision 1 (FGE.05Rev1):Esters of branched‐ and straight‐chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and of one secondary alcohol, and branched‐ and straight‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids from chemical groups 1, 2, and 5 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) ‐ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with

Flavouring Group Evaluation 5, Revision 1 (FGE.05Rev1):Esters of branched‐ and straight‐chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and of one secondary alcohol, and branched‐ and straight‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids from chemical groups 1, 2, and 5 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) ‐ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with

Properties of pectin gel bead modified with pectin hydrolysate and chitosan

AbstractA calcium‐induced pectin gel bead (PB) containing pectin hydrolysate and/or chitosan (CS) was prepared, after which the relationship between erosion of the PB and drug release from the PB in artificial gastrointestinal juice was investigated. The PB gradually disintegrated in gastric fluid, and the rate of erosion of the PB was changed by modification of the gel matrix. The amount of calcium ion used to make the PB had little effect on drug release; however, adding CS to the PB markedly suppressed drug release in intestinal fluid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:46–50, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20029

The hydrolysis of flavouring esters by artificial gastrointestinal juices and rat tissue preparations

The rates of hydrolysis of sixteen esters used as constituents of artificial flavours have been determined in artificial gastrointestinal juices and in fresh preparations of rat liver and small intestine. The artificial gastrointestinal juices exhibited a limited ability to hydrolyse the esters and of which methyl anthranilate was virtually unaffected. On the other hand, rat liver and small intestinal preparations were found readily to hydrolyse the esters to their component acids and alcohols. These findings showing large differences between the results obtained from the two methods suggest that use of tissue preparations is likely to produce data more relevant to the toxicological assessment of esters.

Epoxy resin beads as a pharmaceutical dosage form I: Method of preparation

The preparation of various epoxy resins containing acidic and basic curing agents was investigated. These resins were prepared in bead and bulk forms. The effects of the types of curing agents and their concentrations on the solubility of the resins artificial gastrointestinal juices have been studied. The addition basic and acidic curing agents in the resins was observed to influence their solubility in acidic and alkaline buffer, respectively. The method of preparation of these resins into bead forms was developed in the presence of drugs.