Artificial Electromagnetic Fields Research Articles

TO THE EXPEDIENCY OF STUDENTS' TRAINING IN ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION PROTECTION

Problem statement. Electromagnetic radiation is a combination of electric and magnetic radiation, the energy of which, when it affects a given material body, does not cause an ionisation process in it. Natural electromagnetic radiation not only guarantees the proper development of every living organism, but also affects the change of seasons and weather. Humans have disturbed the Earth's natural electromagnetic environment by including devices that emit electromagnetic energy in a wide range of frequencies. Artificial electromagnetic fields accompany us everywhere: at home, at work, on the road, and during leisure. The sanitary and hygienic state of the environment, including the electromagnetic situation in populated cities, is of great hygienic importance for ensuring proper living conditions for the population. The electromagnetic situation in cities and other settlements is created by a large number of radio and electrical equipment for economic, defence and other purposes. The purpose of the article. To conduct a systematic analysis of the impact of electromagnetic radiation from various types of electrical equipment on the environment. It is shown that electromagnetic radiation is dangerous both for the population as a whole, especially for children, and for personnel who operate powerful equipment - sources of electromagnetic radiation. Conclusion. Studies of electromagnetic radiation in the environment show that prolonged exposure to powerful electromagnetic fields can cause illness and even death. Therefore, rules for using artificial sources of electromagnetic radiation should be followed to minimise the damage to both human health and the environment. These rules are not so difficult to follow, but they are quite effective. And for labour protection and civil safety specialists, this knowledge will enable them to create safe working conditions in the workplace.

Prominently enhanced luminescence from a continuous monolayer of transition metal dichalcogenide on all-dielectric metasurfaces

Abstract 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are a new class of atomic-layer materials possessing optical and electric properties that significantly depend on the number of layers. Electronic transitions can be manipulated in artificial resonant electromagnetic (EM) fields using metasurfaces and other designed nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate prominently resonant enhancement in the photoluminescence (PL) of atomic monolayer, WS2, doped with a small quantity of Mo. The excitonic PL showed a strong enhancement effect on a higher-order magnetic resonance of all-dielectric metasurfaces consisting of periodic arrays of Si nanopellets. The PL intensity witnessed a 300-fold enhancement compared to the reference PL intensity on a flat silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer, which suggests a drastic change in the dynamics of photoexcited states. Confocal PL microscopy and the analysis revealed that the single photons were coherently emitted from the TMDC monolayer on the metasurface. Furthermore, examining the PL lifetime in the ps and ns timescales clarified two exponential components at the prominent exciton PL: a short-time component decaying in 22 ps and a long-time component lasting over 10 ns. Therefore, we can infer that the radiative components were significantly activated in the TMDC monolayer on the metasurfaces in comparison to the reference monolayer on a flat SiO2 layer.

Epikarst water detection using integrated geophysical methods

When detecting epikarst water using the self-potential method, the actual location of the anomaly center often deviates from the prospecting result due to the interference of the regional background field, which is comprised of geological noise and artificial electromagnetic fields. Ultimately, this makes it difficult to locate the detection target accurately. To address the potential offset of the anomaly center location, in this study we introduce the differential filtering method into the data processing procedure. This method has smoothing and low-pass filtering effects, facilitating the extraction of meaningful anomalies. Meanwhile, based on the anomalous features of different physical parameters, we propose an integrated method system based on differentially filtered horizontal self-potential gradient data, the composite profile method, and the high-density electrical method, which can effectively improve the accuracy of anomaly localization. This newly established method system was applied at the Xiaguantun test site in Longzhou County, Chongzuo, Guangxi Province, China, and its effectiveness and feasibility was confirmed.

PROBABILISTIC MODEL OF ION FLOW ACROSS THE MEMBRANE

It is proposed to study the qualitative impact of electromagnetic fields on the membrane of plant tissue for preservation and delivery of them fresh to the final consumer. Spherical apple fruits were exposed to the influence of electromagnetic fields on the cell membrane. Ukraine is an industrial-agrarian country with a predominance of raw material production. It is one of the leading exporters of some types of agricultural products. The large number of fertile lands of our country indicates that Ukraine should be a full-fledged exporter of agricultural goods to the countries of Europe and the world. At the same time, two main problems arise: the production of quality agricultural products by farmers and their preservation for a long time in a fresh form. It is very important that the final consumer receives the product fresh and tasty.
 The freshness of a product is preserved by freezing and keeping it at a temperature below minus 20 degrees Celsius. However, this method is not suitable when it comes to fresh fruit. Therefore, the object of research for a number of scientists was the influence of external electromagnetic fields on the process of preserving fruit and berry products. It was established that the membrane potential of the cell at the moment of physiological rest is important for the preservation of product freshness. It is at this moment that the metabolism is in balance. At the same time, the Krebs respiration cycle is used, which was discovered for animals, but was later proven in plants as well. The issue of researching the qualitative impact of electromagnetic fields on the membrane of plant tissue in order to preserve and deliver them fresh to the final consumer is very important and relevant. For example, it is possible to expose apple fruits, which have the shape of a sphere, to the influence of electromagnetic fields on the cell membrane.
 The most important factor that affects the processes of growth and development of plants is known to be light, its direction, as well as its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. However, not everyone knows that there are two more environmental factors that have received little attention so far, and that are not always taken into account when analyzing the physiology of the plant organism. These factors are the electric field of the atmosphere, as well as the electromagnetic field of the Earth. At the same time, artificial external electromagnetic fields can affect fruits, both positively and negatively. The electrophysical characteristics of these fields determine the result of this influence. These are voltages, frequency, method of modulation, exposure, etc. The methods of storing of agricultural products are presented based on the presence in the fruit storage of electromagnetic field of ultra high frequency in the range 33,5–36 GHz, which blocks the ion channels and increases the fruit shelf life by up to seven times.

Effects of Artificial Electromagnetic Fields on Bees: A Global Review.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Electromagnetic fields coming from electric and electronic devices, mobile telephony antennas, or electrical installations are continuously growing and are in direct relation with population growth. In that sense, the purpose of this investigation was to determine what are the effects of artificial electromagnetic fields on the behavior and viability of bees through a global perspective (1968-2022). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The methodology used in this research consisted of the review of literature obtained from platforms such as Scopus, EBSCO, IEEE, Wiley, Google Scholar and Taylor & Francis. <b>Results:</b> It was possible to review 36 studies on the field and to state that investigations on this topic have increased in 2019, at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.86% (in a period of 54 years). Poland and USA are the leading countries in the number and importance of investigations on this topic. Keywords were grouped on the basis of the advancement of the research (honeybee, animals, <i>Apis mellifera</i> and apoideos). <b>Conclusion:</b> The study of the effects of electromagnetic fields on bees makes it possible to understand its impact on the metabolism and viability of bees.

Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the Public Space of the Slovakian City

The main objective of our research was to map the exposure to electromagnetic smog in the frequented space of shopping centres in the city of Bratislava and to compare our results to the actual hygienic limits. The measurements of the low- and high-frequency electromagnetic fields were performed at different places in shopping centres. Our results did not exceed the Slovak current limits in any of the measurements. However, almost all of them markedly exceed new permitted limits according to EUROPAEM. Based on our results, stricter limits in many European countries and increasing evidence on possible harmfulness of long-term exposures to artificial electromagnetic fields, preventive carefulness can be recommended - to support the research in this field, to prepare professional public education and possibly to prepare the stricter Slovak exposure limits.

WiFi Related Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Promote Transposable Element Dysregulation and Genomic Instability in Drosophila melanogaster.

Exposure to artificial radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) has greatly increased in recent years, thus promoting a growing scientific and social interest in deepening the biological impact of EMFs on living organisms. The current legislation governing the exposure to RF-EMFs is based exclusively on their thermal effects, without considering the possible non-thermal adverse health effects from long term exposure to EMFs. In this study we investigated the biological non-thermal effects of low-level indoor exposure to RF-EMFs produced by WiFi wireless technologies, using Drosophila melanogaster as the model system. Flies were exposed to 2.4 GHz radiofrequency in a Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) cell device to ensure homogenous controlled fields. Signals were continuously monitored during the experiments and regulated at non thermal levels. The results of this study demonstrate that WiFi electromagnetic radiation causes extensive heterochromatin decondensation and thus a general loss of transposable elements epigenetic silencing in both germinal and neural tissues. Moreover, our findings provide evidence that WiFi related radiofrequency electromagnetic fields can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, genomic instability, and behavioural abnormalities. Finally, we demonstrate that WiFi radiation can synergize with RasV12 to drive tumor progression and invasion. All together, these data indicate that radiofrequency radiation emitted from WiFi devices could exert genotoxic effects in Drosophila and set the stage to further explore the biological effects of WiFi electromagnetic radiation on living organisms.

Low-level EMF effects on wildlife and plants: What research tells us about an ecosystem approach.

There is enough evidence to indicate we may be damaging non-human species at ecosystem and biosphere levels across all taxa from rising background levels of anthropogenic non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. The focus of this Perspective paper is on the unique physiology of non-human species, their extraordinary sensitivity to both natural and anthropogenic EMF, and the likelihood that artificial EMF in the static, extremely low frequency (ELF) and radiofrequency (RF) ranges of the non-ionizing electromagnetic spectrum are capable at very low intensities of adversely affecting both fauna and flora in all species studied. Any existing exposure standards are for humans only; wildlife is unprotected, including within the safety margins of existing guidelines, which are inappropriate for trans-species sensitivities and different non-human physiology. Mechanistic, genotoxic, and potential ecosystem effects are discussed.

Air ions: measures 1998-2019

In the context of the general assessment of electromagnetic pollution present in a given area, campaigns of measurements of the atmospheric electrical parameters were carried out for a long time with an air ions meter we have designed and realized through a not easy path: the “Ionmeter”. Each of these campaigns was originated by requests of Municipality or School or Clinics, and we caught these commitments also like an occasion for tuning, calibrating and testing the AIM-101 “Ionmeter”. The main characteristic of this device is to enjoy an advanced electronics design, such that enables it to perform measures with a very high power of resolution (HPR). The latter is necessary to study at a finer level of the air ions two fundamental parameters - concentration and mobility - as, e.g., it is demanded when one wants to quantify the correlation between emerging malaises in an indoor situation and the collapse of the small ions concentration; or, outdoor, the role of climate on human health, notoriously linked to the variations of atmospheric “spatial charge”. The collected data and the improvement acquired in the campaigns, we’ll describe in this paper, together with the correlations observed in artificial environmental electromagnetic fields, allow us to present finally the device with the highest power of resolution available today.

Effect of the electric field at 50 Hz and variable intensities on biochemical markers in the honey bee's hemolymph.

The amount of artificial electromagnetic fields of various parameters in the honey bee’s environment increases globally. So far, it had been proven that exposure to an E-field at 50 Hz can cause changes in bee’s behavior, alter the activity of proteases, and enzymatic antioxidants. Due to the potentially harmful effect of this factor on honey bees, we decided to investigate the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the concentration of albumin and creatinine in bee’s hemolymph after exposure to 50 Hz E-field. Honey bee workers were placed in wooden cages (200 × 150 × 70 mm) and exposed to the 50 Hz E-field with the intensity of <1, 5.0, 11.5, 23.0, or 34.5 kV/m for 1, 3, 6, or 12h. A homogeneous 50 Hz E-field was generated in the form of a plate capacitor. Hemolymph samples for analysis were taken immediately after the end of exposure to the E-field from 100 bees from each group. According to our study, the activity of AST, ALT, and ALP in honey bees’ hemolymph decreased after exposure to 50 Hz E-field with various intensities. The decrease in AST, ALT, and ALP activity intensified with prolonged exposure time. 50 Hz E-field may cause the impairment of crucial metabolic cycles in the honey bees’ organism (such as the citric acid cycle, ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, β-oxidation). Moreover, exposure to E-Field altered the concentration of creatinine and albumin, which are important non-enzymatic antioxidants. Such changes may indicate a disturbance in protein metabolism and increased muscle activity.

Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields

Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields

A Study of 4G Radiofrequency Radiation effects on Juvenile Wistar Rats Cerebellum and Potential Attenuative Properties of Fish Oil Omega-3 Fat

Introduction: Technological devices have become a very important part of our everyday life. These electronic devices create an artificial electromagnetic field (EMF) and emit radiofrequency radiations (RFR) which have been reported to have deleterious effects on various tissues in living organisms. Fish oil is a rich source of the n-3 (also known as omega-3) fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and the coordination, precision and timing of movements, as well as in motor learning. This study investigated the effect of radiofrequency radiation on the structures of the cerebellum of adolescent Wistar rats, its effect on pre-pubertal development and the potential attenuative properties of fish oil omega-3 fat.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Forty (n=40) adolescent Wistar rats of approximately 35 days old were divided into five groups labelled A-E. A 4G RFR-emitting WI-FI device served as the RFR source. The 4G radiofrequency transmitter was installed at a distance of 0.5 meters from the base of the cage housing the experimental animals in each group. The fish oil was administered orally to the animals. Rats were sacrificed after 28 days of treatment and their brains harvested. The cerebellar tissues were excised and processed for histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical observations. Neurobehavioural studies including Barnes Maze and beam walk were carried out before sacrifice.&#x0D; Results: 4G radiofrequency radiation caused distortions in the morphology and spatial arrangement of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar tissues. It also induced neuroinflammation as marked by enhanced astrocyte reactions. Also, behavioural aberrations including negative changes in key memory parameters such as increased latency and error poke in Barnes maze assays, and increased movement parameter errors were attributable to FRR effects. Also, aberrations in neurotransmitters activities levels and vital neurochemistry enzymes were observed. The administered Omega-3 fat had an attenuative effect on the affected cortical structures, neurochemistry and selected neurobehavioural parameters.

Honey Bee Proteolytic System and Behavior Parameters under the Influence of an Electric Field at 50 Hz and Variable Intensities for a Long Exposure Time.

Simple SummaryThe amount of electromagnetic field (EMF) in the environment emitted by electrical and electronic devices, mobile phone masts, or power lines is constantly increasing. Honey bee can be exposed to the EMF in the environment, and the influence of this factor on bees is still under consideration. Studying the impact of EMF on honey bees can give valuable information about whether it poses a threat to them. The honey bee is an important pollinator, playing a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and food production. Our research showed that a 50 Hz electric field at various intensities reduced the number of occurrences of walking, contacts between individuals, and self-grooming, and increased the activity of proteases, which are involved in the immune system response.The effect of an artificial electromagnetic field on organisms is a subject of extensive public debate and growing numbers of studies. Our study aimed to show the effect of an electromagnetic field at 50 Hz and variable intensities on honey bee proteolytic systems and behavior parameters after 12 h of exposure. Newly emerged worker bees were put into cages and exposed to a 50 Hz E-field with an intensity of 5.0 kV/m, 11.5 kV/m, 23.0 kV/m, or 34.5 kV/m. After 12 h of exposure, hemolymph samples were taken for protease analysis, and the bees were recorded for behavioral analysis. Six behaviors were chosen for observation: walking, flying, self-grooming, contact between individuals, stillness, and wing movement. Bees in the control group demonstrated the highest number of all behavior occurrences, except flying, and had the lowest protease activity. Bees in the experimental groups showed a lower number of occurrences of walking, self-grooming, and contacts between individuals than the control bees and had significantly higher protease activity than the control bees (except that of alkaline proteases in the 23.0 kV/m group).

Landau levels in strained two-dimensional photonic crystals

The principal use of photonic crystals is to engineer the photonic density of states, which controls light-matter coupling. We theoretically show that strained 2D photonic crystals can generate artificial electromagnetic fields and highly degenerate Landau levels. Since photonic crystals are not described by tight-binding, we employ a multiscale expansion of the full wave equation. Using numerical simulations, we observe dispersive Landau levels which we show can be flattened by engineering a pseudoelectric field. Artificial fields yield a design principle for aperiodic nanophotonic systems.

Simulation and Experiment of Underwater Target Active Electromagnetic Detection Based on SLF/ELF artificial Source

In view of the detection performance constraints brought by the further application of demagnation and noise reduction technology to traditional sonar and magnetic anomaly detection technology, in order to explore the possibility and detection mode of active electromagnetic (EM) detection technology applied to underwater large target detection and positioning, the active EM detection method for underwater targets based on SLF/ELF artificial EM field source is established in this paper, and the active EM detection method of underwater target is modeled and simulated by Ansys Maxwell, the magnetic anomaly field induced by underwater target is calculated and analyzed. Then, the key parameters of the underwater target active EM detection system are listed based on the simulation, and a underwater target active EM detection prototype has been developed. Finally, the simulation results and prototype parameters of the active EM detection method of underwater targets are verified by the scaled ratio experiment. The results show that the parameters of prototype system designed according to the simulation results are correct and effective, and the active EM detection technology based on SLF/ELF can be applied to the underwater large target detection.

Comparative analysis of EMF monitoring campaigns in the campus area of the University of Novi Sad.

Following an increasing number of artificial electromagnetic field (EMF) sources in human surrounding, a number of research studies have been devoted to the issue of environmental EMF pollution. A particular attention has been attributed to the highly sensitive EMF zones, where people can stay for a longer period of time, which, among others, includes university campuses. Thus, the modern approach of long-term EMF monitoring has been established, carrying out cumulative field strength measurements at locations that are most visited by student population and university staff. The goal was to establish periodic and systematic EMF investigation over such highly sensitive areas, through a standardized procedure for EMF monitoring. In this paper, details about two EMF monitoring campaigns over the University of Novi Sad campus were presented, performing comparative analysis of their results. The obtained results revealed the increase (up to four times) of the cumulative field strength values, as well as the general population exposure, at specific locations. Between these two campaigns, the emergence of the new base station, as well as numerous Wi-Fi networks, was noticed in the campus. Consequently, the highest field strength values were acquired at two locations, most directly exposed to the main beams of base station's antennas, although all obtained values were at least five times lower than the minimal reference levels prescribed by the Serbian legislation. Even though such results are acceptable, the future monitoring campaigns should be planned, particularly since the installation of new EMF sources are expected in the campus of the University of Novi Sad.

Evaluation of the Efficacy on Patients Suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease of Anti-Radiation Screens and Protective Patches to Preserve them from the Effects of Artificial Electromagnetic Fields and Natural Radiation

Evaluation of the Efficacy on Patients Suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease of Anti-Radiation Screens and Protective Patches to Preserve them from the Effects of Artificial Electromagnetic Fields and Natural Radiation

Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System.

Technological advances of mankind, through the development of electrical and communication technologies, have resulted in the exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF). Technological growth is expected to continue; as such, the amount of EMF exposure will continue to increase steadily. In particular, the use-time of smart phones, that have become a necessity for modern people, is steadily increasing. Social concerns and interest in the impact on the cranial nervous system are increased when considering the area where the mobile phone is used. However, before discussing possible effects of radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on the human body, several factors must be investigated about the influence of EMFs at the level of research using in vitro or animal models. Scientific studies on the mechanism of biological effects are also required. It has been found that RF-EMF can induce changes in central nervous system nerve cells, including neuronal cell apoptosis, changes in the function of the nerve myelin and ion channels; furthermore, RF-EMF act as a stress source in living creatures. The possible biological effects of RF-EMF exposure have not yet been proven, and there are insufficient data on biological hazards to provide a clear answer to possible health risks. Therefore, it is necessary to study the biological response to RF-EMF in consideration of the comprehensive exposure with regard to the use of various devices by individuals. In this review, we summarize the possible biological effects of RF-EMF exposure.

Filtering of noisy magnetotelluric signals by SOM neural networks

This work presents a systematic study for testing the effectiveness of Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural networks in filtering magnetotelluric (MT) data affected by cultural noise. Although the MT method is widely used for geophysical investigation of the Earth’s interior, it is very sensitive to anthropogenic noise sources (e.g., power lines, electric railways, etc.), which can generate transient artificial electromagnetic fields disturbing the MT records. Thus, when not properly detected, man-made noises could lead to a distortion of the MT impedance tensors and consequently to wrong estimate of the resulting subsoil resistivity distribution. The choice to use SOM networks to filter noisy MT data comes from the expectation that the impedance tensors, estimated by Discrete Wavelet Transform analysis of MT time series, will cluster differently in presence of noise. This expectation is confirmed by the results of our extensive study on synthetic MT signals affected by temporally localized noise, which show that noisy and noise-free impedance tensor values distribute in well separate clusters. Moreover, as the SOM analysis provides a grid of weights (clusters), each one close to a particular subset of the input data, a criterion is proposed for selecting the cluster that gives the most reliable impedance tensor estimate. An application of the proposed SOM-based filtering procedure to actual MT data demonstrates its efficiency in denoising real MT signals.

Artificial gauge fields in materials and engineered systems

Artificial gauge fields are currently realized in a wide range of physical settings. This includes solid-state devices but also engineered systems, such as photonic crystals, ultracold gases and mechanical setups. It is the aim of this review to offer, for the first time, a unified view on these various forms of artificial electromagnetic fields and spin-orbit couplings for matter and light. This topical review provides a general introduction to the universal concept of engineered gauge fields, in a form which is accessible to young researchers entering the field. Moreover, this work aims to connect different communities, by revealing explicit links between the diverse forms and realizations of artificial gauge fields.