Artificial Components Research Articles

Impact of the La2NiO4+δ Oxygen Content on the Synaptic Properties of the TiN/La2NiO4+δ/Pt Memristive Devices

AbstractThe rapid development of brain‐inspired computing requires new artificial components and architectures for its hardware implementation. In this regard, memristive devices emerged as potential candidates for artificial synapses because of their ability to emulate the plasticity of the biological synapses. In this work, the synaptic behavior of the TiN/La2NiO4+δ/Pt memristive devices based on thermally annealed La2NiO4+δ films is thoroughly investigated. Using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), it is shown that post‐deposition annealing using inert (Ar) or oxidizing (O2) atmospheres affects the interstitial oxygen content (δ) in the La2NiO4+δ films. Electrical characterization shows that both devices exhibit long‐term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD) and spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP). At the same time, the Ar annealed TiN/La2NiO4+δ/Pt device demonstrates filamentary‐like behavior, fast switching, and low energy consumption. On the other hand, the O2 annealed TiN/La2NiO4+δ/Pt devices are forming‐free, exhibiting interfacial‐like resistive switching with slower kinetics. Finally, the simulation tools show that spiking neural network (SNN) architectures with weight updates based on the experimental data achieve high inference accuracy in the digit recognition task, which proves the potential of TiN/La2NiO4+δ/Pt devices for artificial synapse applications.

Image of the solid-state rotary motion encoded in the dielectric response

The future development of advanced molecular systems with controlled rotation requires the development of an effective methodology for assessing the rotational performance of artificial machine components. We identified two patterns of the dielectric behavior for polar rotators in a static non-polar framework of sizable crystal showing relations between the spectral and molecular-level features of solid-state rotary motion. Various functionalization of phenylene rotors with a fluorine atom(s) changed rotational performance from high to low with rotational barriers ranging from 6.06 to 11.84 kcal mol-1. The meta-F-substitution favored rotator-rotator contacts allowing for the implementation of fast rotary motion. Contrary, the presence of rotator-stator contacts inhibited independent rotator dynamics leading to opposite spectral behavior in terms of temperature evolution of loss peak amplitude. Our observations, supported by an analysis based on an asymmetric double well-potential model, show that easily noticeable spectral differences encoded some molecular-level information important for the implementation of rotary motion.

Ultra-high areal capacity, ultra-long life, dendrite-free sodium metal anode enabled by antimony-based Na-ion conducting artificial SEI layers

Sodium metal (Na) is a promising anode material for Na metal batteries and solid-state sodium batteries, because of its high theoretical capacity, favorable electrochemical potential, and cost effectiveness. Nevertheless, practical applications of sodium metal anode are hindered by uncontrolled dendrite growth owing to chemical instability of the heterogeneous solid electrolyte interphase layer. In this work, we proposed a simple interface modification strategy employing several antimony-based Na-ion conducting solid electrolyte complexes as protective artificial SEI layer over Na metal. The Na-ion conducting interphases are robust and highly Na-ion conductive to attain uniform sodium ion flux with a small overpotential. Importantly, Na anode with antimony sulfide based solid electrolyte SEI layers exhibited the high-rate performance (10 mA cm−2) along with a remarkable capacity of 30 mAh cm−2, and life span of ∼ 1100 h. We observe that replacing the conventional artificial SEI layers, employing alloy type interface with Na-ion conducting solid electrolyte as artificial SEI components will improve the mechanical robustness at high current and high-capacity conditions. The sodium metal batteries employing modified metal anodes and high voltage Na1.2Mn0.8O1.5F0.5 cathode, exhibited excellent stability and high efficiency at 1C rate. Furthermore, the modified metal anodes are well-compatible with Na3SbS4 solid-state electrolyte, and the symmetrical solid-state battery exhibited a stable interface. Our strategy holds significant promise and has the potential for widespread application in theadvancement of high-energy sodium metal batteries and solid-state sodium batteries.

A comprehensive analysis of Urban Ecosystem Services and their Valuation – a Case Study on Barasat City, India

Abstract The urban environment blends natural and artificial components, influenced by factors like culture, behavior, politics, economics, and social structures. Ecosystem services, beneficial to humans, are valued based on the cost of replication. Given urban expansion, studying urban ecosystems is increasingly crucial. This research assesses ecosystem service value (ESV) changes at a regional level from 1989 to 2020 in Barasat, West Bengal, within Kolkata’s urban area. The ESV variations are examined with the value coefficients and land use data. Barasat, an ancient town, is chosen as a case study. Land cover changes are analyzed using 1989, 2001, 2014, and 2020 imagery classified into six categories: built-up areas, water bodies, vegetation, bare soil, homesteads with plantations, and agricultural land. Nine ecosystem services are identified, with calculations made for each ecosystem’s surface area and total service value in 1989 and 2020. Barasat’s urban growth trend has transformed ecosystems into urban areas, reducing service values over time. This study underscores the importance of locally generated urban ecosystem services for city life and calls for attention in urban and environmental management practices.

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare 5.0: Strengthening Practices for Medicos

Abstract: From the beginning, the Healthcare sector stood a pioneer for the development of Artificial Intelligence technology. Numerous research and discussion have been conducted till today based on the idea of Artificial Intelligence. This is because of the nature of the amenities and the susceptibility of ample portion of consumers. In the present study, a blended approach both qualitative and quantitative has been applied to determine the constituents of Artificial Intelligence for healthcare industry and analysis is conducted to find its effect on value formation along with market performance. By analysis of the patient perspective, it revealed the ways in which different Artificial Intelligence components contribute to healthcare organizations and provide improved patient-centered health care.

Conformal Neuromorphic Bioelectronics for Sense Digitalization.

Sense digitalization, the process of transforming sensory experiences into digital data, is an emerging research frontier that links the physical world with human perception and interaction. Inspired by the adaptability, fault tolerance, robustness, and energy efficiency ofbiological senses, this field drives the development of numerous innovative digitalization techniques. Neuromorphic bioelectronics, characterized by biomimetic adaptability, stand out for their seamless bidirectional interactions with biological entities through stimulus-response and feedback loops, incorporating bio-neuromorphic intelligence for information exchange. This review illustrates recent progress in sensory digitalization, encompassing not only the digital representation of physical sensations such as touch, light, and temperature, correlating to tactile, visual, and thermal perceptions, but also the detection of biochemical stimuli such as gases, ions, and neurotransmitters, mirroring olfactory, gustatory, and neural processes. It thoroughly examines the material design, device manufacturing, and system integration, offering detailed insights. However, the field faces significant challenges, including the development of new device/system paradigms, forging genuine connections with biological systems, ensuring compatibility with the semiconductor industry and overcoming the absence of standardization. Future ambition includes realization of biocompatible neural prosthetics, exoskeletons, soft humanoid robots, and cybernetic devices that integrate smoothly with both biological tissues and artificial components.

Formulation and Evaluation of Shampoo Powder

Available shampoo that is marketed as synthetic has artificial components that harm the skin, irritate the scalp, and damage hair follicles. Customers now pick herbal goods over synthetic ones because they are aware of the harmful impact that synthetic products can have on their skin, hair, and eyes. Herbal products are less likely to cause side effects than synthetic ones. Herbal shampoos are made with herbs and are part of the cosmetic preparation line. They are intended to remove excess oil, grime, and dandruff from the scalp and hair. The primary goal of this study is to create and assess a polyherbal shampoo with ingredients derived from natural sources. Hibiscus flowers (Hibiscus rosea), Neem leaves (Azadirachtaindica), Shikakai fruit (Acacia concinna), Amla (Emblicaofficinalis), Reetha (Sapindusmukorossi),) are among the herbs used in the shampoo preparation process

General principles for the formation of city public spaces

City public spaces act as a holistic concept that cannot be dismembered and is a systemic structure that exists in the flow of time and carries traces of history, politics, culture, economic development and technological progress. In general, this structure is stable, but always changing in detail, and its growth and shape are only partially under control. This process of city formation has no final result, it is absolutely continuous. Given the constant development of open public space and its complex multifaceted structure, there is a need to derive general principles of its formation and development. This determines the relevance of the issue under study in this article. City public spaces - all undeveloped space surrounding the city; dismembered separate built-up areas; space that is part of a single building massif. Urban open spaces are diverse - they differ in size, configuration, ratio of natural and artificial components, type of functions, and role in shaping the city's image. Existing theoretical studies in this area provide an understanding of the importance of formulating general principles for the formation of open public spaces in cities for their further organization. Thus, the article summarizes the general principles of their development - the principle of "multifunctionality", the principle of "inclusiveness", the principle of "comfort", the principle of "hierarchy", the principle of "contextuality", the principle of "public openness". The relevance of using these principles for the organization of open public spaces in cities is shown, and recommendations for improving the quality of these spaces are provided. The influence of the above principles on the characteristics and properties of open public spaces of cities on their physical, functional and social content is revealed.

Cyber risk assessment of cyber-enabled autonomous cargo vessel

The increasing interest in autonomous ships within the maritime industry is driven by the pursuit of revenue optimization, operational efficiency, safety improvement and going greener. However, the industry’s increasing reliance on emerging technologies for the development of autonomous ships extends the attack surface, leaving the underlying ship systems vulnerable to potential exploitation by malicious actors. In response to these emerging challenges, this research extends an existing cyber risk assessment approach called FMECA-ATT&CK based on failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA), and the MITRE ATT&CK framework. As a part of our work, we have expanded the FMECA-ATT&CK approach to assessing cyber risks related to systems with artificial intelligence components in cyber-enabled autonomous ships (e.g. autonomous engine monitoring and control). This new capability was developed using the information and semantics encoded in the MITRE ATLAS framework. FMECA-ATT&CK has been adopted due to its comprehensive and adaptable nature and its promising venue for supporting continuous cyber risk assessment. It helps evaluate the cyber risks associated with the complex and state-of-the-art operational technologies on board autonomous ships. The cyber risk assessment approach assists cybersecurity experts in aligning mitigation strategies for the cyber defence of autonomous ships. It also contributes towards advancing overall cybersecurity in the maritime industry and ensures the safe and secure sailing of autonomous ships. Our key findings after applying the proposed approach against a model of an autonomous cargo ship is the identification of the Navigation Situation Awareness System (NSAS) of the ship as being at the highest risk followed by the Autonomous Engine Monitoring and Control (AEMC) system. Additionally, we identified 3 high, 48 medium, and 5776 low risks across 29 components.

Resilience and Sustainability Through Green Infrastructure

This research explores the pivotal role of green infrastructure in fostering urban resilience and sustainability based on a critical analysis of study findings from best practices. The literature review integrates ecological, social, and economic aspects to clarify its importance. Defined as a network of natural and artificial components, Green infrastructure is subject to several interpretations, as this study explores. Green infrastructures are becoming more critical in developing smart cities in our modern era. Through psychological relaxation and stress relief, social cohesion, physical activity support, and a reduction in exposure to air pollution, noise, and extreme heat, urban green space such as parks, playgrounds, and residential greenery can improve mental and physical health and lower morbidity and mortality rates among urban residents. The conceptual framework's development plans focus on community involvement and smooth integration with current urban structures. The conclusion emphasizes how green infrastructure may change cities for the better. It provides a road map for overcoming challenges and embracing a future in which urbanization and nature coexist to create resilient and sustainable urban cities.

Logical Platforms for Mobile Application in Decision Support Systems Based on Color Information Processing

Logical Platforms for Mobile Application in Decision Support Systems Based on Color Information Processing

Beyond von Neumann Architecture: Brain‐Inspired Artificial Neuromorphic Devices and Integrated Computing

AbstractBrain‐inspired parallel computing is increasingly considered a solution to overcome memory bottlenecks, driven by the surge in data volume. Extensive research has focused on developing memristor arrays, energy‐efficient computing strategies, and varied operational mechanisms for synaptic devices to enable this. However, to realize truly biologically plausible neuromorphic computing, it is essential to consider temporal and spatial aspects of input signals, particularly for systems based on the leaky integrate‐and‐fire model. This review highlights the significance of neuromorphic computing and outlines the fundamental components of hardware‐based neural networks. Traditionally, neuromorphic computing has relied on two‐terminal devices such as artificial synapses. However, these suffer from significant drawbacks, such as current leakage and the lack of a third terminal for precise synaptic weight adjustment. As alternatives, three‐terminal synaptic devices, including memtransistors, ferroelectric, floating‐gate, and charge‐trapped synaptic devices, as well as optoelectronic options, are explored. For an accurate replication of biological neural networks, it is vital to integrate artificial neurons and synapses, implement neurobiological functions in hardware, and develop sensory neuromorphic computing systems. This study delves into the operational mechanisms of these artificial components and discusses the integration process necessary for realizing biologically plausible neuromorphic computing, paving the way for future brain‐inspired electronic systems.

Artificial Intelligence in the CS2023 Undergraduate Computer Science Curriculum: Rationale and Challenges

Roughly every decade, the ACM and IEEE professional organizations have produced recommendations for the education of undergraduate computer science students. These guidelines are used worldwide by research universities, liberal arts colleges, and community colleges. For the latest 2023 revision of the curriculum, AAAI has collaborated with ACM and IEEE to integrate artificial intelligence more broadly into this new curriculum and to address the issues it raises for students, instructors, practitioners, policy makers, and the general public. This paper describes the development process and rationale that underlie the artificial intelligence components of the CS2023 curriculum, discusses the challenges in curriculum design for such a rapidly advancing field, and examines lessons learned during this three-year process.

Optical information hiding for different surface images.

Optical hiding often requires the selection of specific artificial optical components as carriers, which results in poor versatility of the carriers and high costs for the hiding system. To conceal secret information on different surfaces such as metal, wood, and paper, we propose an optical information hiding method. In this method, we use images of surfaces, whose grayscale histograms have the characteristic of symmetric distribution. Based on this characteristic, we first scramble the surface image, and then adjust part of the gray value of the surface image to the complementary value to embed the secret information into a scrambled surface image to generate a key image. In the extraction process, a projector is used to reproduce the scrambled surface image and the key image, which are then incoherently superimposed to extract the secret information using the human visual system. The extraction process does not require complex optical knowledge and is simple and feasible. Simulation experiments and optical experiments indicate that this method is applicable in practice and possesses good security and imperceptibility. Furthermore, we prove the reliability of this method by embedding secret information in different surface images, demonstrating the potential application of more surface images in the field of optical information hiding. Finally, we discuss the applicability of surface information images and analyze the imperceptibility of key images.

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Synaptic Transistors: Methyl-Silsesquioxanes-Based Electric Double Layer for Enhanced Synaptic Functionality and CMOS Compatibility.

Electrical double-layer (EDL) synaptic transistors based on organic materials exhibit low thermal and chemical stability and are thus incompatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes involving high-temperature operations. This paper proposes organic-inorganic hybrid synaptic transistors using methyl silsesquioxane (MSQ) as the electrolyte. MSQ, derived from the combination of inorganic silsesquioxanes and the organic methyl (-CH3) group, exhibits exceptional thermal and chemical stability, thus ensuring compatibility with CMOS processes. We fabricated Al/MSQ electrolyte/Pt capacitors, exhibiting a substantial capacitance of 1.89 µF/cm2 at 10 Hz. MSQ-based EDL synaptic transistors demonstrated various synaptic behaviors, such as excitatory post-synaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, signal pass filtering, and spike-number-dependent plasticity. Additionally, we validated synaptic functions such as information storage and synapse weight adjustment, simulating brain synaptic operations through potentiation and depression. Notably, these synaptic operations demonstrated stability over five continuous operation cycles. Lastly, we trained a multi-layer artificial deep neural network (DNN) using a handwritten Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology image dataset. The DNN achieved an impressive recognition rate of 92.28%. The prepared MSQ-based EDL synaptic transistors, with excellent thermal/chemical stability, synaptic functionality, and compatibility with CMOS processes, harbor tremendous potential as materials for next-generation artificial synapse components.

Impact of thermo-oxidative aging on the dry tribological performance and wear mechanisms of UHMWPE/ZrO2 friction pairs

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is esteemed for its superior wear resistance, making it a preferred material in various applications, including artificial joints, dental materials, and mechanical components. This study elucidates the effects of thermo-oxidative aging on the dry tribological performance and wear mechanisms of UHMWPE and zirconia (ZrO2) friction pairs using dynamic friction wear tests, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Results reveal that thermo-oxidative aging significantly compromises wear resistance and alters the degradation mechanisms of UHMWPE. The unaged UHMWPE exhibits exceptional wear resistance, indicated by minimal wear and pronounced polishing effects. Post-aging at 40 °C leads to the formation of fine scratches and rougher wear marks on UHMWPE surfaces, with the predominant wear mechanism transitioning from abrasive wear to fatigue wear as the number of cycles increases. Upon aging at 70 °C, more extensive spalling and pitting damages occur on UHMWPE, indicating more severe thermo-oxidative and wear damages that primarily exhibit fatigue wear and oxidative wear patterns. Notably, aging at 40 °C results in a friction coefficient increase to ∼0.165, whereas aging at 70 °C decreases the friction coefficient to around 0.118, indicating a complex relationship between aging temperature and tribological behavior. This research provides valuable insights into predicting and improving the durability of UHMWPE components used in orthopedic applications, thereby contributing to optimizing orthopedic implant materials for enhanced patient outcomes.

Nanorobotic artificial blood components and its therapeutic applications: A minireview.

Numerous scientific and medical domains have been revolutionized by nanotechnology, opening up unprecedented opportunities for healthcare applications. Among these developments, the creation of nanorobots for artificial blood components is a novel field of research that seeks to overcome the constraints of conventional pharmacological therapy. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the nanorobotic artificial blood components and their therapeutic uses. The article begins by outlining the core concepts of nanotechnology and nanorobotic systems, emphasizing their design and control methods. It then delves into various types of nanorobotic artificial blood components, such as oxygen transporters (artificial RBCs), clotting agents (artificial platelets), and immune modulators (artificial WBCs). It goes into detail about their properties, functioning, and capabilities, which allow them to replicate the physiological activities of actual blood components. The article also assesses the clinicaluses of artificial blood components in a variety of medical circumstances. It highlights their potential value in the management of certain blood-related diseases.

Automated Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis for Improved Clinical Decision Support.

We report on the prediction performance of artificial intelligence components embedded into a telehealth platform underlying a newly established eye screening service connecting metropolitan-based ophthalmologists to patients in remote indigenous communities in Northern Territory and Queensland. Two AI-based components embedded into the telehealth platform were evaluated on retinal images collected from 328 unique patients: an image quality alert system and a diabetic retinopathy detection system. Compared to ophthalmologists, at an individual image level, the image quality detection algorithm was correct 72% of the time, and 85% accurate at a patient level. The retinopathy detection algorithm was correct 85% accurate at an individual image level, and 87% accurate at a patient level. This evaluation provides assurances for future service models using AI to complement and support decisions of eye health assessment teams.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac muscle rings for biohybrid self-beating actuator.

Cardiac muscle, a subtype of striated muscle composing our heart, has garnered attention as a source of autonomously driven actuators due to its inherent capability for spontaneous contraction. However, conventional cardiac biohybrid robots have utilized planar (2D) cardiac tissue consisting of a thin monolayer of cardiac myotubes with a thickness of 3-5 μm, which can generate a limited contractile force per unit footprint. In this study, 3D cardiac muscle rings were proposed as robotic actuator units. These units not only exhibit higher contractile force per unit footprint compared to their 2D counterparts due to their increased height, but they can also be integrated into desired 3D configurations. We fabricated cardiac muscle rings from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), evaluated their driving characteristics, and verified the actuation effects by integrating them with artificial components. After the 10th day from culture, the cardiac muscle rings exhibited rhythmic spontaneous contraction and increased contractile force in response to stretching stimuli. Furthermore, after constructing a centimeter-sized biohybrid self-beating actuator with an antagonistic pair structure of cardiac muscle rings, the periodic antagonistic beating motion at its tail portion was confirmed. We believe that 3D cardiac muscle rings, possessing high contractile force and capable of being positioned within limited 3D space, can be used as potent biohybrid robotic actuators.

Spatiotemporal dynamics in the roosting ecology of the green toad: implications for urban planning and nature conservation

Continuously growing urbanisation and the ongoing rebuilding of urban habitats affect amphibians, the most threatened vertebrate groups. Even though the effects of urbanisation are mostly negative, some artificial components of the urban landscape may also display positive relationships with amphibian populations and therefore work in favour of their persistence in cities. Roosts provide protection from predation, desiccation and offer invertebrate prey availability; therefore, roost availability is an essential necessity of amphibian maintenance in urban areas. On the example of the European green toad Bufotes viridis, a typical urban dweller, we investigated roost-type occupancy and their distribution relative to a breeding pond during the active season (from June to October). The analysis was done with regard to the different life stages of individuals from three urban populations. Green toads used fissures situated in various man-made constructions (e.g., buildings, roads, pathways) for roosting cavities, however without any predominant pattern among toad life stages. The local architecture of the study sites mainly determined the type of occupied roosts. In adults and juveniles we recorded a gradually increased roost distance from breeding pond, while subadults were found roosting further from the water during the active season. Management measures aimed at maintaining a favourable state of green toad populations in urban environments should incorporate a complex of actions that consider general as well as the local ecological patterns of particular populations.