Articles Of Equipment Research Articles

Ending the 'Catch and Release' Game: Enhancing International Efforts to Prosecute Somali Pirates Under Universal Jurisdiction

While successful hijackings and ransoms off the coast of Somalia have recently receded, the inability of the international community to provide an effective and consistent legal deterrent to pirate activity remains. The prevailing policy of “catch and release” enables pirate activity to persist in international waters – allowing criminals to roam the seas as a constant threat to commercial shipping and with a sense of impunity. The text herein explores the weaknesses of the international legal regime in combating maritime piracy, focusing on the inability and unwillingness of states to prosecute captured pirates under universal jurisdiction.This essay highlights that one of the greatest impediments to prosecutions is a lack of legal capacity by states to charge and punish individuals for the crime of piracy. An absence of domestic legislation either criminalizing piracy or providing for the exercise of universal jurisdiction directly prohibits certain nations from bringing to justice many of the pirates captured on the high seas. This thesis also presents evidentiary issues as a crucial factor in the persistence of the “catch and release” policy. Accordingly, this text explores how the adoption of “equipment articles” could mitigate some of these issues and facilitate the prosecution of maritime piracy. Furthermore, the essay directly addresses how equipment articles and domestic legislation would be added to the current international legal framework.This text first examines the relevant international law that both defines piracy and provides for its criminalization and punishment by individual states. In order to ground the successes and failures of international prosecution efforts in their all-important context, this essay also explores the characteristics of Somali piracy, including the root causes of pirate activity and the mechanics of piracy operations. Likewise, this text surveys the conventional efforts to combat piracy in the region and the interaction between naval personnel and captured piracy suspects. Additionally, this essay focuses on the legal capability of states to arrest and prosecute pirates that are captured on the high seas.While the conclusions in this essay are specifically tailored to the pirate activity off the coast of Somalia and the unique characteristics of this incidence, wider implications for the deterrence of global maritime piracy can be gleaned from the analysis and arguments herein.

Optimization of amount of spare elements for aircraft equipment articles

A two-objective problem of optimizing the amount of spare elements for aircraft equipment articles with instantaneous restoration of their efficiency. We present examples of determining the optimal amount of replaceable elements of a workstation for an unmanned aerial vehicle operator.

Grundlagen für die rechnergestützte Aufstellungsplanung

AbstractPrinciples of Computer‐Aided Assembly Planning. The assembly planning for a chemical engineering plant defines the position of the individual machines and articles of equipment in an appropriate grid (Fig. 1). Apart from the demands of pipe routing, numerous widely differing, partly contradictory, boundary conditions influence the assembly of a plant. These include, among other factors, investment and assembly costs, ease of maintenance and operation, as well as safety and environmental protection. Thus numerous specialist areas are involved in this planning work, with the definition of the „optimum”︁ solution being based on individual studies and particularly on experience.

Begasen höherviskoser Flüssigkeiten

AbstractAeration of relatively viscous liquids. The article considers the flooding point and stirrer performance, as well as mass transfer in agitator vessels and bubble columns, in relatively viscous (aqueous glucose and glycerol solutions as well as millet broth) and non‐Newtonian liquids (aqueous CMC and PAA solutions). Numerous experimental results published in the available literature and several obtained by the author provide a basis for these considerations. All the experimental results are presented in the framework of similarity theory. Thus it also proves possible to present the kLa values in sorption characteristics. In order to achieve this aim, a representative viscosity is introduced for non‐Newtonian liquids, both in agitator vessels and in bubble columns. The comprehensive and comparative account reflects the current state of the art. Design data and dimensioning criteria are given for certain systems and working ranges. Comparison between agitator vessels and bubble columns on the basis of the design data derived permits predictions to be made regarding the suitability of various articles of equipment. Some of the results have already been reported [1].

The hygiene of slicing machines, carving knives and can-openers.

SummaryExperiments have been made in several supermarkets, shops and cafés to determine the bacterial counts on slicing machines, carving knives and can-openers after contact with various cooked and canned meats, and to find a simple, quick and effective cleaning method for such articles of equipment. The importance of personal effort in cleaning rather than a reliance on the known attributes of detergent/disinfectants is stressed. The methods available for testing the efficiency of cleaning procedures are outlined.In vitro tests have shown that the detergent/disinfectant used in the present study at a concentration of 0·75 % (w/v) was satisfactory. This concentration was the minimum inhibitory concentration for Salmonella paratyphi B, which was the most resistant of fifteen strains of bacteria studied.The design of slicing machines and can-openers is discussed in relation to safety in use and ease of cleaning. Recommendations concerning the necessity of regular and effective cleaning of food-handling equipment and storage of cooked and canned meats before and after slicing are given.

The eye in leprosy

The ocular complications of leprosy are the most serious lesions in the disease and occur in a very high percentage of cases. Leprosy is one of the great causes of blindness in the world. I would make a plea that every leprogist should have a knowledge of ophthalmology. The slit lamp with the corneal microscope and the electric ophthalmoscope are indispensable in the early diagnosis and recognition of the type of ocular leprosy and so every leprosarium should be provided with these articles of equipment and the medical officer in charge should have a knowledge of their use.

A Minimum Standard for X-ray Service in a Hospital

FIRST, I beg to call to your attention the fact that at this meeting last year I was privileged to address you on the “Fundamental Requirements of an Efficient X-ray Service in Hospitals.” At that time, feeling that we were discussing minimum requirements, I tried to put into as concrete form as possible a statement of the minimum equipment, space, organization, personnel, and recording service, together with a discussion on the interpretation of findings. It did not seem possible then, nor does it now, to attempt an ironclad itemizing of the various articles of equipment, for these will vary within certain limits according to the size of the hospital and the activity of the outpatient department. We have observed some very interesting conditions. For example, there are instances where a bequest has been given to a small hospital with the specification that it be expended on the X-ray department, with the result that the X-ray service possesses instruments altogether beyond the needs of the hospital or of...