Arsenic In Algae Research Articles

The arsenic spreading over thallus of Saccharina latissima of different habitats of the Barents Sea

The algae Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) and bottom sediment were studied in two places of its habitat in the Zelenetskaya Bay of the Barents Sea: 1) in the zone of shipping traffic and ship parking (ZST&SP) and 2) algae plantations (AP) - the background part of the bay. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy and micro-X-ray spectral analysis, an active new formation of framboidal pyrite, iron oxides-hydroxides, and salt crystals were founded in the bottom sediment in the ZCST&SP of the bay. In the structure of the rhizoids of the thallom algae, inclusions of bottom sediment particles were revealed. The ICP MS method showed that the arsenic content in the S. latissima thallom significantly exceeds its level of presence in the bottom sediment. The maximum content of arsenic in algae from both habitats is determined in the rhizoids, and the lowest in the young part of the plate (meristem). The bottom sediment and thallom of S. latissima from the ZCST&SP contain two to three times more arsenic than the algae on the plantation.

Absorption and speciation of arsenic by microalgae under arsenic-copper Co-exposure

Combined pollutions of arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) are common in water bodies near mines, non-ferrous metal smelting and power plants. This study investigated the effect of Cu(II) on the absorption and speciation of As(V) by microalgae. We compared the absorption and speciation of arsenic by microalgae (mainly Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta) when exposed to single As(V) with that exposed to As-Cu co-exposure in laboratory. The results showed that in the case of single As(V) exposure, the inhibitory effect of As(V) on microalgae was primarily affected by the exposure time, instead of the concentration of As(V) in the water solution. Compared with single As(V) exposure, the presence of Cu(II) under As-Cu co-exposure promoted the absorption and accumulation of As(V) by algae. The combination effect of As and Cu on algae was antagonistic instead of synergistic within the tolerance range of algae to them. In the presence of Cu(II), more monomethylarsonous acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA), which are volatile organic arsenic compounds, were produced in algae compared with the control. The finding that Cu(II) can mediate the absorption and speciation processes of arsenic in algae has significance in possible bioremediation of arsenic pollution in aquatic environment.

Изучение токсичности мышьяксодержащих соединений, выделенных из бурой водоросли Saccharina japonica, на лабораторных животных

The ability of various marine organisms, especially algae and invertebrates, to accumulate arsenic in high concentrations can pose a threat to public health when consumed. It is known from the literature that inorganic arsenic compounds (arsenites and arsenates) are the most toxic, in comparison with methylated forms of the element, and especially with complex organic compounds (arsenobetain, arsenocholine, tetramethylarsonium, arsenoriboses), which are considered non-toxic for live organisms. Monitoring of safety indicators of aquatic biological resources in the main commercial basins of the Russian Federation has shown that the most common excess of total arsenic content is characteristic for algae. According to TR CU 021/2011, the total arsenic content in algae should be 5 mg / kg and the established norm without separation of organic and inorganic arsenic compounds creates a barrier to the rational use of seafood. In this regard, the justification of the norms for the content of inorganic arsenic in algae and the assessment of their toxicity is a very urgent problem. Study of the samples of commercial brown algae Saccharina (=Laminaria) japonica and its derivates with ICP-MS, HPLC–MS-ISP methods, the maximum permissible level of arsenic was found to be exceeded, but the most toxic inorganic forms made up from 6 to14 % of the total amount of arsenic in the raw material. Acute toxicity on laboratory animals (rats) was studied and the absence of toxic effects was shown when an oral suspension containing high doses of arsenic was administered. Repeated administration of the same substances to laboratory mice of the CD 1 line has shown no toxic effects even after multiple doses of arsenic isolated from algae.

Сравнительный анализ содержания тяжелых металлов, алюминия и мышьяка в бурых водорослях различного происхождения

Представлены результаты измерения содержания микроэлементов в ламинариевых и фукусовых бурых водорослях различного происхождения, дополненные литературными данными. Показано, что на концентрацию алюминия, кадмия, кобальта, хрома, меди, железа, ртути, марганца, никеля, свинца, цинка в биомассе бурых водорослей в первую очередь влияет техногенный фактор, на концентрацию стронция — географическая широта района произрастания. Для мышьяка не установлены зависимости между накоплением его в водорослях и степенью загрязнения или географическим расположением места сбора растений. Найдено, что мышьяк лучше накапливается в ламинариевых, а алюминий, железо, медь, марганец — в фукусовых бурых водорослях. В отношении кадмия, ртути, свинца, никеля, цинка, хрома, стронция различия в накоплении представителями 2 семейств сопоставимы с различиями между видами в рамках одного семейства. Сделан вывод о необходимости разработки дополнительных критериев стандартизации бурых водорослей.

Determination of inorganic arsenic in algae using bromine halogenation and on-line nonpolar solid phase extraction followed by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Accurate, stable and fast analysis of toxic inorganic arsenic (iAs) in complicated and arsenosugar-rich algae matrix is always a challenge. Herein, a novel analytical method for iAs in algae was reported, using bromine halogenation and on-line nonpolar solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS). The separation of iAs from algae was first performed by nonpolar SPE sorbent using Br- for arsenic halogenation. Algae samples were extracted with 1% perchloric acid. Then, 1.5mL extract was reduced by 1% thiourea, and simultaneously reacted (for 30min) with 50μL of 10% KBr for converting iAs to AsBr3 after adding 3.5mL of 70% HCl to 5mL. A polystyrene (PS) resin cartridge was employed to retain arsenicals, which were hydrolyzed, eluted from the PS resin with H2O, and categorized as iAs. The total iAs was quantified by HG-AFS. Under optimum conditions, the spiked recoveries of iAs in real algae samples were in the 82–96% range, and the method achieved a desirable limit of detection of 3μgkg−1. The inter-day relative standard deviations were 4.5% and 4.1% for spiked 100 and 500μgkg−1 respectively, which proved acceptable for this method. For real algae samples analysis, the highest presence of iAs was found in sargassum fusiforme, followed by kelp, seaweed and laver.

Complementarity of multidimensional HPLC-ICP-MS and electrospray MS–MS for speciation analysis of arsenic in algae

HPLC-ICP-MS using different separation mechanisms: reversed-phase, anion-exchange, cation-exchange, and size-exclusion was revisited and comprehensively evaluated using a set of 14 standards of arsenic species. An analytical protocol based on three-dimensional (size-exclusion–anion-exchange–reversed-phase) chromatography, capable of isolating individual arsenocompounds from a biological sample, and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES MS–MS), for their identification, was developed. Two minor arsinoylribosides could be detected in addition to As(V) and one major riboside in the algae ( Hizikia fusiforme) sample investigated. The other minor species isolated showed different chromatographic behavior than the standards available while the ES MS–MS fragmentation patterns indicated the presence of an arsenoylriboside moiety.

Effect of metal ions on accumulation of arsenic in marine green algae, Dunaliella sp.

AbstractTo investigate the effect of metal ions such as cobalt(II), copper(II), molybdenum(VI) and manganese(II) on the accumulation of arsenic in Dunaliella sp., the amount of arsenic accumulated in these algae was determined under coexistence of arsenic and the other metals by the hydridegeneration atomic absorption spectrometry method. Survival of Dunaliella sp. was inhibited by the addition of copper and cobalt in a solution containing arsenic. Copper and cobalt in the medium also inhibited the accumulation of arsenic in Dunaliella sp., and the amount of arsenic in the algae decreased with increase in the concentration of copper and cobalt. On the other hand, the amount of arsenic accumulated in Dunaliella sp. was found to be unaffected by manganese and molybdenum in the solution.