Arrival Of Radiation Research Articles

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ТЕМПА ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ВНУТРИ СОЛНЕЧНОЙ ТЕПЛОВОЙ УСТАНОВКИ ДЛЯ ЗАМАРИВАНИЯ КОКОНОВ ТУТОВОГО ШЕЛКОПРЯДА

In view of reducing the consumption of fuel and energy resources required for immobilizing the pupa of live silkworm cocoons, a high-performance solar thermal device designed for killing the pupa of cocoons is being proposed in this work. This portable device can be transported by any vehicle and handled by a single operator, and it does not require any special qualifications. Application of this device enables the saving of 100% of fuel and energy resources consumed in existing conveyor-type cocoon drying aggregates at the premises destined for the primary processing of cocoons. Experiments to study temperature conditions inside a solar thermal device with loaded living cocoons were carried out in industrial settings. Measurements of the ambient temperature inside the solar thermal unit and the flux of total solar radiation incident on the horizontal surface of the solar device were made by means of proven tools. Based on the findings from experimental investigations, a mathematical model of the rate of change in the temperature of cocoons inside a solar thermal device has been developed and proposed, taking into account the thermal characteristics of its enclosing elements, the arrival of solar radiation, and changes in ambient temperature. This mathematical model will enable the development of a solar thermal device for a similar purpose for the required temperatures inside the device.

BUILDING HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEM BASED ON HYBRID SOLAR COLLECTORS

Increasing the efficiency of solar heat supply systems is one of the important problems of solar energy. The research presented in this article is aimed at improving the efficiency of hybrid solar collectors without a transparent coating for building heating systems. One of the key challenges in the field of solar energy is the development of new technologies to ensure high collection of solar energy and to integrate it into traditional heating and hot water systems. The study shows that hybrid solar collectors with the placement of heat carrier circulation circuit tubes above the heat absorber can increase the thermal efficiency factor with a certain change in the angle of inclination and the density of solar radiation. A nomogram was also developed that determines the dependence of this coefficient on the angles of arrival of solar radiation and its density.

Early diagnosis of cucumber plants resistance to low light

Relevance. When growing cucumbers in a greenhouse not equipped with additional lighting, especially in winter, there is a shortage of solar energy. To obtain high yields of cucumber at this time, it is necessary to select the most resistant to low light hybrids. The selection of genotypes resistant to this trait is a very important stage in the selection of cucumber for winter-spring turnover.The purpose of the study: search for an easy-to-use method for early diagnosis of cucumber resistance to insufficient illumination.Methods. The research was carried out at the variety testing site in the Gavrish Breeding Center (Krymsk city) of the Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Crop Breeding, in winter-spring turnover conditions, in greenhouses not equipped with artificial lighting. Seedlings were planted in a permanent place in the greenhouse during the period of the lowest arrival of solar radiation in the year on December 21. The measurement of the height of the main stem was carried out on 31 days after planting the plants in a permanent place.Results. Measuring the height of the main stem before fruiting showed a significant variation of this trait in different cucumber hybrids. Further study of the correlation of the height of the main stem and yield revealed their high dependence. This fact suggests that a fairly simple measurable parameter has been found for evaluating different cucumber genotypes on the basis of resistance to low light. Regression analysis made it possible to divide the variability of the studied genotypes by yield into a dependent part of the height of the main stem and an additional one, which makes up to 30% of the yield increase. Further analysis of the high-yielding group has a high breeding value.

Tomato hybrids recommended for growing in photoculture conditions

Relevance. The most important influence on the yield, the timing of growing vegetables in greenhouses and the cost of the resulting crop, in addition to the arrival of solar radiation, is exerted by the presence of a system of artificial lighting in greenhouses and its capacity.It is no exaggeration to say that today artificial lighting in greenhouses is more effective than natural lighting. So, to obtain one kilogram of vegetables using artificial lighting, it is necessary to spend 4.5-5.0 thousand J/cm2, and in the case of natural lighting: 5.0-6.5 thousand J/cm2. This is due to the fact that when using artificial lighting in the greenhouse, we create the most comfortable growing conditions for the plants. Of course, every culture, every hybrid requires its own illumination parameters, so you should not try to formulate what the ideal artificial lighting will be. Proper lighting means getting the maximum yield from your crops at the lowest cost. An increase in the productivity of plants when grown under photoculture conditions occurs not only due to an increase in the lighting power per unit area of greenhouses, but also due to correctly selected hybrids. The cultivated hybrid is one of the most important criteria for both increasing its productivity and improving the quality of the fruit. But not all tomato hybrids recommended by breeding companies for growing under artificial lighting are ideal for such conditions.Methods. The methods used in agronomic science were used. The information base of the research was made up of reference materials from specialized publications on the subject under study (catalogs of breeding companies); materials received from participants in the greenhouse vegetable market (breeding companies, greenhouse plants); own research, articles and reviews in specialized journals.Results. Correctly selected tomato hybrids provide a significant increase in productivity in greenhouses, an improvement in fruit quality and a balanced cultivation technology under these conditions. An assortment of recommended tomato hybrids for growing in photoculture conditions is presented, an analysis of their advantages and disadvantages is made, and the main requirements for hybrids for these conditions are formulated.

Thermal performance and efficiency of extruded absorber solar collector

Thermal characteristics of a solar collector are presented in the article. A collector with extruded profiles is considered as the solar collector studied model, which allows increasing the efficiency of heat transfer and reducing heat loss to the environment. The calculation showed that with the intensity of solar radiation from 450 W/m2 or more, the efficiency of using solar energy of the collector is more than 50%. The heat-storage medium heating degree in it should not be more than 30-35 °C to obtain the maximum heat output of the collector with extruded profiles. The coefficient of heat removal from the collector with a change in the arrival of solar radiation and with a change in the temperature of the heat-storage medium in the collector ranges from 0.854 to 0.877.

Changes in the radiation regime and photosynthesis in the crown of an apple tree when pruning for perennial wood

The article presents data on the study of the radiation regime and photosynthesis net productivity in the crown of an apple tree in connection with the regenerative pruning of old-aged trees. The object of the research was an apple tree of the Antonovka obyknovennaya variety, a seed stock (seedlings of cultivated varieties), planted in 1987. The test plot soil is leached chernozem. Options: 1. Established pruning (control); 2. Pruning for 5-6 year-old wood; 3. Pruning for 7-8 year-old wood. The experiment was arranged inrandomized blocks of 6 accounting trees in 3 replicates. The regenerative pruning was carried out in spring 2016. Every year damaged branches were removed in the control variant, while “wolf-like” shoots were thinned in other variants. The solar output was accounted within the daytime with the 2-hour interval from the northern and southern sides of the apple tree crown in its center, as well as under the crown at a distance of 1, 2 and 3 meters from the periphery to the center of the crown. The measurements were carried out after the growth activity cessation in the fine weather in August with a universal albedometer M-69 coming with a galvanometer GSA-1. The net productivity of leaves was determined by the method of A. S. Ovsyannikov in parallel, taking into account solar radiation. It is revealed that the regenerative pruning has a considerable impact on the performance of the solar output. The greatest arrival of solar radiation is noted on the periphery of the crown. In the treatment with pruning branches for 5-6 year-old wood, this parameter was 10.5-13.5 % higher than in the control variant. Pruning branches for 7-8 year-old wood improved lighting conditions by 27.6-31.7 % compared to the control. In the lower part of the crown, the radiation regime is less favorable for the photosynthesis process relative to the central part of the crown. Regenerative pruning increased the photosynthesis productivity significantly. In the central part of the crown, the highest parameters of the net photosynthesis productivity were observed on the periphery on the southern side when pruning for 7-8 year-old wood - 7.81 g of dry basis/m2 *day.

Comparison of the Ecophysiological Parameters of Pine and Spruce in the Serebryanoborsky Experimental Forest District

Research conducted in Serebryanoborsky forestry Institute of Forestry RAS. To evaluate gas exchange, an original setup based on an infrared gas analyzer was used. The installation created at the Forestry Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences made it possible to simultaneously, round-the-clock receive daily changes in the intensity of photosynthesis and respiration of adult trunks of pine and spruce trees. It was found that the respiration of pine and spruce trunks, calculated on the surface of trunks, does not differ significantly, while the intensity of photosynthesis of spruce (when calculated on the surface area of needles) is almost two times lower than that of pine. However, we believe that when calculating the area of growth, the differences will be insignificant, since the mass of spruce needles in the stand is much greater than the mass of pine needles per unit area of growth. It was found that the intensity of photosynthesis of spruce is more affected by moisture deficiency. So, during the day, with a PVPL equal to -0.8 MPa, on a cloudy day from 9 oclock it reduces the intensity of photosynthesis, whereas in pine only after 12 hours. On cloudy days, spruce with the same water supply practically does not decrease the intensity of photosynthesis during the whole day, and differences in the light curves of photosynthesis of pine and spruce are less significant. The calculation of pine and spruce trunk respiration per day depends on the arrival of solar radiation on cloudy days, the respiration rate is two times weaker than on low-cloud days. Thus, environmental and physiological indicators reflect the state of stands. The most informative indicator is the predawn water potential of the leaf (needles). This indicator characterizes the water availability of the tree, regardless of the reason for the decrease in water availability. The daily course of photosynthesis intensity and CO2 emission from the surface of the trunks are also informative indicators of the state of trees. However, when comparing different breeds by shade tolerance, it is better to use breathing from the surface of the trunks. Приведены результаты оценки влияния окружающей среды на эколого-физиологические показатели ели обыкновенной и сосны обыкновенной. Установлено, что дыхание стволов сосны и ели при расчете за сутки зависит от поступления солнечной радиации: в пасмурные дни интенсивность дыхания в 2 раза слабее, чем в малооблачные. При недостатке влаги интенсивность фотосинтеза ели снижается в большей степени, чем у сосны.

Study of Solar Radiation and Wind Characteristics in Various Regions of Uzbekistan

The article discusses methods for monitoring solar radiation and wind characteristics and practical principles of use. The efficiency of using solar and wind energy largely depends on how accurately the design took into account specific data on the arrival of solar radiation or wind speed at the site of the intended operation of installations. The instability of the primary energy supply makes it necessary to supply the installations with accumulators, the choice of capacity of which also affects the size of the energy receivers, and therefore the technical and economic indicators.

Renewable energy development in Uzbekistan: current status, problems and solutions

The article discusses methods for monitoring solar radiation and wind characteristics and practical principles of use. The efficiency of using solar and wind energy largely depends on how accurately the design took into account specific data on the arrival of solar radiation or wind speed at the site of the intended operation of installations. The instability of the primary energy supply makes it necessary to supply the installations with accumulators, the choice of capacity of which also affects the size of the energy receivers, and therefore the technical and economic indicators.

Experimental evaluation of efficiency of algorithms for direction finding of unmanned aerial vehicles by acoustic radiation

The results of an experimental evaluation of Bartlett, Capon algorithms and cross-correlation function method effectiveness for direction finding of unmanned aerial vehicles are presented. Full-scale studies were carried out using a harmonic signal and acoustic radiation of a prototype of a propeller-driven UAV group indoors and in open space, as well as in real-world conditions of flight modes and UAV hovering. The acoustic emission spectrum of the electric propeller-motor group of modern UAVs includes narrow-band tonal and broadband noise-like components with predominant propeller radiation. The use of algorithms for determining the direction of arrival of acoustic radiation from the spatial spectrum by the methods of Bartlett and Capon involves the use of narrow-band signals. It is shown that to work with UAV acoustic radiation, the MB, MK, and cross-correlation function algorithms require some adaptation (including the use of high-pass filters). The Capon method has a significantly higher resolution than the classic Bartlett method, and a lower level of side lobes. The presence of significant reflections from local objects leads to the appearance of abnormal bearing estimates for the acoustic signal source of the propeller-driven UAV group. The results of determining the bearing of the source of acoustic radiation in a wide frequency band in open space show good agreement with the specified values of the bearing when applying the method of mutual correlation function. To increase the efficiency of the mutual correlation function algorithm when processing UAV acoustic signals, it is necessary to reduce the influence of low-frequency interference caused by anthropogenic and natural acoustic noise.

THERMAL MODE OF THE BUILDING WITH THE SYSTEM OF REFLECTORS INSTALLED FROM THE NORTHERN SIDE

The heat balance and the temperature regime of the building in the building + reflectors during the period of the minimum arrival of solar radiation (December) and the lowest outside air temperatures (January) in the conditions of Karshi are considered. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the application of the building + reflectors system.

Graviton-photon mixing

In the era of gravitational wave (GW) detection from astrophysical sources by LIGO/VIRGO, it is of great importance to take the quantum gravity effect of graviton-photon (GRAPH) mixing in the cosmic magnetic field to the next level. In this work, we study such an effect and derive for the first time perturbative solutions of the linearized equations of motions of the GRAPH mixing in an expanding universe. In our formalism we take into account all known standard dispersive and coherence breaking effects of photons such as the Faraday effect, the Cotton-Mouton (CM) effect, and the plasma effects in the cosmic magnetic field. Our formalism, applies to a cosmic magnetic field either a uniform or a slowly varying non-homogeneous field of spacetime coordinates with an arbitrary field direction. For binary systems of astrophysical sources of GWs at extragalactic distances with chirp masses $M_\text{CH}$ of a few solar masses, GW present-day frequencies $\nu_0\simeq 50-700$ Hz, and present-day cosmic magnetic field amplitudes $\bar B_0\simeq 10^{-10}-10^{-6}$ G, the power of electromagnetic radiation generated in the GRAPH mixing at present is substantial and in the range $P_\gamma\simeq 10^6-10^{15}$ (erg/s). On the other hand, the associated power flux $F_\gamma$ is quite faint depending on the source distance with respect to the Earth. Since in the GRAPH mixing the velocities of photons and gravitons are preserved and are equal, this effect is the only one known to us, whose certainty of the contemporary arrival of GWs and electromagnetic radiation at the detector is guaranteed.

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from renewable energy technologies in agricultural sectors of Uzbekistan

This paper presents the results of calculations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural sectors of the Republic of Uzbekistan within the framework of the project: “Sustainable Agriculture Development and Climate Change Mitigation”. The initial data were the characteristics of the implemented installations based on renewable energy sources for the period of 2014-2018. Most of these installations were biogas settings based on the principle of anaerobic fermentation, as well as solar water heating and photovoltaic stations. The calculations were performed according to the “AMS-III.D” and “AMS-I.J” methods by the “Global Environmental Fund” experts. The developed computer programs were applied to calculate the arrival of radiation and the duration of sunshine during the year on the territory of Uzbekistan. According to the calculations, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions was 1338840.5 tons of CO2for the indicated period during the operation of installations based on renewable energy sources. Within the framework of this project, the total potential of generating electric energy from biogas settings and solar photovoltaic stations at the amount of 10,424 MWh was estimated.

Space weather at planet Venus during the forthcoming BepiColombo flybys

The BepiColombo (BC) Mission which will be launched in 2018, will include during its Cruise Phase two flybys of Venus and five Mercury flybys. It will then enter a one Earth year orbit about Mercury (with a possible one-year extension) during which two spacecraft, one provided by ESA (MPO) and one provided by JAXA (MMO), will perform both autonomous and coordinated observations of the Hermean environment at various separations. The measurements will take place during the minimum of solar cycle 24 and the rise of solar cycle 25. At the start of the minimum of solar cycle 23, four major flares, each associated with the production of MeV particle radiation and CME activity occurred. Predictions of the HAFv.2 model of the arrival of particle radiation and a travelling shock at Venus on 6 December 2006 were verified by in-situ measurements made aboard Venus Express (VEX) by the ASPERA 4 instrument. Interplanetary scintillation observations, as well as the ENLIL 3-D MHD model when employed separately or in combination, enable the making of predictions of the solar wind density and speed at various locations in the inner heliosphere. Both methods, which outdate HAFv.2, are utilized in the present paper to predict (retrospectively) the arrival of the flare related, interplanetary propagating shock recorded at Venus on 6 December 2006 aboard VEX with a view to putting in place the facility to make very reliable space weather predictions for BC during both its Cruise Phase and when in the Hermean environment itself. The successful matching of the December 2006 predictions with in-situ signatures recorded aboard Venus Express provide confidence that the predictive methodology to be adopted will be appropriate to provide space weather predictions for BepiColombo during its Venus flybys and throughout the mission.

Interferometer angle‐of‐arrival determination using precalculated phases

AbstractA method has been developed to determine the angle of arrival (AoA) of incident radiation using precomputed lookup tables. The phase difference between two receiving antennas can be used to infer AoA as measured from the pair baseline, but there will be more than one possible solution for antenna spacings greater than or equal to half a wavelength. Larger spacings are preferable to minimize mutual coupling of elements in the receive array and to decrease the relative uncertainty in measured phase difference. We present a solution that uses all unique antenna pairs to determine probabilities for all possible azimuth and zenith values. Prior to analysis, the expected phase differences for all AoAs are calculated for each antenna pair. For a received signal, histograms of possible AoAs for each antenna pair phase difference are extracted and added to produce a two‐dimensional probability density array that will maximize at the true value of the AoA. A benefit of this method is that all possible antenna pairs are utilized rather than the restriction to specific pairs along baselines used by some interferometer algorithms. Numerical simulations indicate that performance of the suggested algorithm exceeds that of existing methods, with the benefit of additional flexibility in antenna placement. Meteor radar data have been used to test this method against existing methods, with excellent agreement between the two approaches. This method of AoA determination will allow the construction of low‐cost interferometric direction finding arrays with different layouts, including construction of difficult terrain and three‐dimensional antenna arrangements.

ECO-ENERGY POTENTIAL OF TURKMENISTAN

The paper represents the energy conversion schemes that ecoenergetics unites. This term refers to any ways to obtain clean energy that does not cause pollution of the environment. The example of Turkmenistan provides a scientifically grounded analysis of the results of calculating energy resources, reveals the reasons for the need for renewable energy sources, major tasks and trends towards the development of alternative types of energy. Moreover, the paper shows the maps of gross, technical, economic and environmental potentials. Different types of renewable energy sources are considered separately. The paper gives information on the arrival of solar radiation, and uses data on the technical potential of thermal energy and photoelectric batteries when evaluating the potential of solar energy, and shows the average monthly ambient temperature during daytime (operating time of installations). The paper represents the preliminary calculations of the payback period of wind power plants. The time of recovery and the economic effect of using a wind power plant are generally determined by including the coefficient of the regional environmental factor. In addition, the hydropower, bioenergy and geothermal potential of Turkmenistan are considered.

Feasibility study of astronaut standardized career dose limits in LEO and the outlook for BLEO

Cosmic Study Group SG 3.19/1.10 was established in February 2013 under the aegis of the International Academy of Astronautics to consider and compare the dose limits adopted by various space agencies for astronauts in Low Earth Orbit. A preliminary definition of the limits that might later be adopted by crews exploring Beyond Low Earth Orbit was, in addition, to be made. The present paper presents preliminary results of the study reported at a Symposium held in Turin by the Academy in July 2013. First, an account is provided of exposure limits assigned by various partner space agencies to those of their astronauts that work aboard the International Space Station. Then, gaps in the scientific and technical information required to safely implement human missions beyond the shielding provided by the geomagnetic field (to the Moon, Mars and beyond) are identified. Among many recommendations for actions to mitigate the health risks potentially posed to personnel Beyond Low Earth Orbit is the development of a preliminary concept for a Human Space Awareness System to: provide for crewed missions the means of prompt onboard detection of the ambient arrival of hazardous particles; develop a strategy for the implementation of onboard responses to hazardous radiation levels; support modeling/model validation that would enable reliable predictions to be made of the arrival of hazardous radiation at a distant spacecraft; provide for the timely transmission of particle alerts to a distant crewed vehicle at an emergency frequency using suitably located support spacecraft. Implementation of the various recommendations of the study can be realized based on a two pronged strategy whereby Space Agencies/Space Companies/Private Entrepreneurial Organizations etc. address the mastering of required key technologies (e.g. fast transportation; customized spacecraft design) while the International Academy of Astronautics, in a role of handling global international co-operation, organizes complementary studies aimed at harnessing the strengths and facilities of emerging nations in investigating/solving related problems (e.g. advanced space radiation modeling/model validation; predicting the arrivals of Solar Energetic Particles and shocks at a distant spacecraft). Ongoing progress in pursuing these complementary parallel programs could be jointly reviewed bi-annually by the Space Agencies and the International Academy of Astronautics so as to maintain momentum and direction in globally progressing towards feasible human exploration of interplanetary space.

Mutual coupling of antennas in a meteor radar interferometer

AbstractMeteor radars have become common and important tools in the study of the climate and dynamics of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) region. These systems depend on accurate angle‐of‐arrival measurements to locate the positions of meteor trails in the atmosphere. Mutual coupling between antennas, although small, produces a measurable error in the antenna pair phase differences used to deduce the angle of arrival of incident radiation. Measurements of the scattering parameter matrix for antennas in an interferometric meteor radar array have been made and applied to the existing angle‐of‐arrival calculation algorithm. The results indicate that mutual coupling of antennas in the array produces errors in the zenith angle estimate of less than ± 0.5°. This error is primarily in the form of a gradient across the field of view of the radar, which can be removed using existing phase calibration methods. The remaining error is small but will produce small systematic variations in the height estimates for detected meteors.

The effects of atmospheric waves on the amounts of polar stratospheric clouds

Abstract. A quantitative analysis on the relationship between atmospheric waves and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the 2008 austral winter and the 2007/2008 boreal winter is made using CALIPSO, COSMIC and Aura MLS observation data and reanalysis data. A longitude-time section of the frequency of PSC occurrence in the Southern Hemisphere indicates that PSC frequency is not regionally uniform and that high PSC frequency regions propagate eastward at different speeds from the background zonal wind. These features suggest a significant influence of atmospheric waves on PSC behavior. Next, three temperature thresholds for PSC existence are calculated using HNO3 and H2O mixing ratios. Among the three, the TSTS (a threshold for super cooled ternary solution)-based estimates of PSC frequency accord best with the observations in terms of the amount, spatial and temporal variation, in particular, for the latitude ranges of 55° S–70° S and 55° N–85° N. Moreover, the effects of planetary waves, synoptic-scale waves and gravity waves on PSC areal extent are separately examined using the TSTS-based PSC estimates. The latitude range of 55° S–70° S is analyzed because the TSTS-based estimates are not consistent with observations at higher latitudes (<75° S) above 18 km, and PSCs in lower latitudes are more important to the ozone depletion because of the earlier arrival of solar radiation in spring. It is shown that nearly 100% of PSCs between 55° S and 70° S at altitudes of 16–24 km are formed by temperature modulation, which is influenced by planetary waves during winter. Although the effects of synoptic-scale waves on PSCs are limited, around an altitude of 12 km more than 60% of the total PSC areal extent is formed by synoptic-scale waves. The effects of gravity waves on PSC areal extent are not large in the latitude range of 55° S–70° S. However, at higher latitudes, gravity waves act to increase PSC areal extent at an altitude of 15 km by about 30% in September. Similar analyses are performed for the Northern Hemisphere. It is shown that almost all PSCs observed in the Northern Hemisphere are attributable to low temperature anomalies associated with planetary waves.

Dual polarization receiving antenna array for recording of ultra-wideband pulses

The results of investigation of a 4 × 4 ultra-wideband dual polarization receiving antenna array designed for investiagtion of the polarization structure of nanosecond and subnanosecond electromagnetic pulses are presented. The elements of this antenna array are the crossed dipoles whose arms are loaded with single-stage FET amplifiers. The results of measurements of the patterns, the effective length, and the wave-forms of the recorded pulses are presented for different values of the array interelement spacing and the directions of arrival of radiation.