Microstrip Antenna Array Research Articles

Design of Microstrip Antenna Array for Autonomous Vehicles

The utilization of Autonomous vehicles has been rapidly increasing in both civilian and military applications. This is primarily due to their exceptional communication capabilities with ground clients, as well as their inherent properties such as adaptability, mobility, and flexibility. To effectively monitor and control the deployment of Autonomous vehicles, a 5G wireless network can be utilized alongside other devices as user equipment (UE). Through the utilization of a highly directive microstrip patch antenna (MPA) functioning within a dedicated frequency band, the Autonomous vehicle is able to establish effective long-range communication, overcoming signal degradation and minimizing interference from other channels within a confined area. The adoption of MPA is especially advised for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) due to its characteristics such as being lightweight, cost-efficient, small in size, and having a flat structure. This study details the development and simulation of a highly directive single-band 1x2 and 1x4 antenna array designed to operate at a 5.8 GHz frequency specifically tailored for Autonomous vehicle use. To enhance directivity and ensure structural robustness, the Roger RT5880 material has been utilized as a substrate, known for its lower dielectric constant.. The results demonstrate a high gain of 9.16 dBi and 11.4 dBi for the 1x2 and 1x4 antenna arrays respectively, while maintaining a compact size. The simulated 1x4 antenna array was fabricated using the Roger RT5880 material, and this array was tested in the microwave communication's laboratory at College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University. The antenna presents good results by means of return losses (-26.672 dB) which equivalent to VSWR of 1.098.

Design of Three-Element Circular Polarization Antenna Array Based on Sequentially Rotated Feed Technique

Circularly polarized antennas are used in communications between ground stations and satellites to achieve reliable communication links. The right-hand circular polarization and left-hand circular polarization are two types of circular polarization in satellite communications, they are used to support uplink and downlink communications. Circularly polarized antennas are used also in radar system for target detection, tracking and identification. The “three-element circularly polarized microstrip array antenna” is designed to produce left-handed circular polarization, make its size compact, make its bandwidth wider than 3.7–4.2GHz and achieve high gain. Circular polarization element antenna and three-element circularly polarized microstrip array antenna are designed and simulated in software HFSS, and the circular polarization element antenna is manufactured and tested in anechoic chamber. For circular polarization element antenna and three-element circularly polarized microstrip array antenna, the study analyzed these parameters: AR, S(1,1), VSWR, bandwidth, normalized impedance, gain and realized gain, radiation efficiency. After optimized, the study get the required results of them.

Metasurface‐Loaded Twin‐Port Circularly Polarized Microstrip Array Antenna With High Gain and Isolation Features for mm‐Wave‐Based 5G Communication System

ABSTRACTIn this article, a MIMO microstrip aerial in mm‐wave regime is structured and examined. A 1 × 2 array‐based structure is designed to get directional radiation beam, which in turn provides good gain value, that is, 10.2 dBi in mm‐wave regime. The use of defected ground structure (DGS) improves the impedance matching (more than 25 dB) of the proposed radiator. Metasurface is suspended over the twin port aerial for adding two important features: (i) reduction of mutual coupling between antenna ports, that is, less than −25 dB; and (ii) conversion of the linear waves into the circular one in between 30.45 and 30.95 GHz. Experimental measurement of designed radiator confirms that designed aerial works in between 30.4 and 31.5 GHz with separation level more than 25 dB. Stable field pattern and good diversity parameter confirms its employability for mm‐wave 5G communication system.

Enhancing the performance of graphene and LCP 1x2 rectangular microstrip antenna arrays for terahertz applications using photonic band gap structures

The terahertz (THz) frequency band (0.1–10 THz) has drawn a lot of attention due to the growing demand for greater resolutions, lower latency, faster data rates, and wider bandwidth in 6 G technologies. This range provides data speeds exceeding tens of gigabits per second, large bandwidth, great spectral resolution, and non-ionizing characteristics. THz signals have potential; however they are affected by attenuation, route losses, and atmospheric conditions, necessitating the use of specialised antenna designs. This work presents a 300 GHz rectangular microstrip patch antenna with Graphene as the patch material and Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) as the substrate. Photonic band gap (PBG) substrates are used to incorporate cuboid and cylindrical air gaps in square and triangular lattices, hence improving performance. The highest performance is found with cylindrical air gaps in a triangular lattice PBG substrate, which has a bandwidth of 29.56 GHz, a return loss of –48.12 dB, a gain of 10.4 dBi, a directivity of 10.8 dBi, and a radiation efficiency of 91 %. These results establish the proposed antennas as highly effective for broadband and high-speed THz applications, particularly in 6 G systems like advanced sensing applications, ultra-fast device-to-device (D2D) communications, potential beam steering applications, and non-invasive imaging solutions.

An Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification Compatible Circular Polarized Microstrip Antenna Array

This study focuses on the development, simulation, and practical validation of a metal-only microstrip patch antenna and its array designed to increase gain. The antenna is specifically designed to meet the growing demand for reliable and efficient RFID systems in various fields, such as asset tracking, inventory management, and smart logistics. Our design utilizes a truncated patch with an air substrate to achieve high gain and circular polarization. The antenna's dimensions measure 468 × 188 × 31 mm³ and deliver impressive performance metrics, boasting a return loss |S11| of -18.21 dB and an estimated gain exceeding 10.6 dBi. These figures compare favorably with the simulated results, which indicate an |S11| of -20.8 dB and a total gain of 11.2 dBi. Our microstrip antenna array demonstrated consistent Circular Polarization quality throughout the radiation angle, with an Axial Ratio of less than 3 dB. This antenna has emerged as a compelling solution for UHF-band RFID technology to meet the demands of various real-world applications.

Modified back-line inset feed 1x4 array microstrip antenna for 5.8 GHz frequency band

Modified back-line inset feed 1x4 array microstrip antenna for 5.8 GHz frequency band

Design of A Rectangular Patch Microstrip Array Antenna with Proximity Coupled On ADS-B Receiver

One of the observation facilities available in Indonesia was Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), a surveillance technology similar to Radio Detection and Ranging for monitoring air traffic. This system only received information transmissions from aircraft, broadcast on a frequency of 1090 MHz using a monopole antenna with large dimensions, ranging from 85 centimeters to 3,5 meters, and weighing between 1,5 kilograms to 26 kilograms. As an alternative, a microstrip antenna was chosen to reduce the large size and weight of the monopole antenna. This research aimed to design a 2x1 rectangular patch microstrip array antenna with a proximity coupled feeding method at a frequency of 1090 MHz. The antenna was designed using Antenna Design Software and fabricated using Epoxy substrate material with a copper ground plane. The simulation results showed a Return Loss of -28,87 decibels, VSWR 1,07, Bandwidth 28,87 MHz, Impedance 52,4 Ω, and Gain 8,49 decibels. The measurement results showed a Return Loss of -30,87 decibels, VSWR 1,07, Bandwidth 28 MHz, Impedance 48,91 Ω, and Gain 6,4 decibels. The test results demonstrated that the antenna successfully received signals from 32 aircraft, with the longest reception distance reaching 172,5 Nautical Miles (319.4 kilometer) at a maximum altitude of 36,950 feet.

Decoupling for microstrip antenna array based on characteristic mode analysis

AbstractA new decoupling method for microstrip antenna arrays has been proposed in this paper, which is based on characteristic mode analysis. This method works by suppressing the nonworking mode that contributes the most to mutual coupling. An eight‐element microstrip antenna array is designed as the reference antenna, and for this antenna, mode suppression is achieved by etching gaps on the patch and adding metal columns between the patch and the ground. The antenna array after the mode suppression is fabricated and measured. The results show that the measured S34 after the mode suppression is below −21 dB, whereas the simulated S34 of the reference antenna array is about −15 dB. This indicated a 7–10.5 dB reduction in coupling across the band. Additionally, the measured ActiveS3 after the mode suppression is still below −11 dB. Besides, the measured and simulated normalized array patterns after the mode suppression agree well at different frequencies.

Digital Beamforming Demonstration of a Microstrip Antenna Phased Array Feeds (PAF) at 1.25 GHz

We introduce the structure of a radio astronomy phased array feeds (PAF) beamforming demonstrator. In a laboratory environment, we have demonstrated beamforming on a received 1.25 GHz sinusoidal signal and used digital weighting techniques to plot the 2D pattern of the PAF. The radio frequency part of the demonstrator includes a 4 × 4 linearly polarized microstrip antenna array, all of which is connected in series with a low-noise amplifier. The signals from the central 4 × 2 array elements are injected into a radio frequency system-on-chip digital board, which can receive eight inputs with a bandwidth of 512 MHz. Combining the principle of undersampling, the beamforming is completed at a frequency of 1.25 GHz for the offline data, and a 2D image of the beam is plotted using beam scanning technology.

Simulation and Design of Three 5G Antennas

In the context of 5G networks, this paper investigates microstrip array antennas and mobile terminal MIMO array antennas. It introduces two innovative designs and, based on these, develops and fabricates a mobile terminal antenna. The first of these designs, a 4 × 4 microstrip array antenna operating in the LTE band 42 (3.4–3.6 GHz), is researched and fabricated and an innovative approach, combining embedded and coaxial feeding methods, is proposed and employed. Measurement results indicate a bandwidth of 373 MHz (3.321–3.694 GHz), achieving a relative bandwidth of 10.7%. The antenna exhibits a high gain of 12.7 dBi, with an undistorted radiation pattern, demonstrating excellent directional characteristics. The second of these designs, a “loop-slot” MIMO antenna designed for 5G mobile devices with metal frames, is investigated. By opening slots in the metal frame and integrating them into the antenna’s feeding structure, the decoupling principle is analyzed from the perspective of characteristic mode theory. This design shares resonant modes between the loop and slot antennas, allowing for the overlapping placement of the two antenna units. Experimental results confirm an isolation level exceeding 21 dB, with significantly reduced dimensions. Finally, an eight-unit MIMO antenna is designed and fabricated for 5G mobile devices with metal frames. Continuous optimization of the “loop-slot” module layout and unit spacing leads to a compact and miniaturized antenna structure. Measurement results show an isolation level exceeding 17 dB, radiation efficiency ranging from 65.8% to 73.7%, and an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) below 0.03. Finally, an analysis of specific absorption rate (SAR) demonstrates excellent MIMO performance in terms of human body radiation exposure.

Microstrip antenna array reducing mutual coupling with split ring resonators branches and split ring resonators slots

Microstrip antenna array reducing mutual coupling with split ring resonators branches and split ring resonators slots

A Deep Learning Application for Dolph-Tschebyscheff Antenna Array Optimisation

This paper proposes a design for a Dolph-Tschebyscheff-weighted microstrip antenna array using a deep learning application. For this purpose, a multilayer perceptron and a deep learning model, both created using the same data set generated by a genetic algorithm, were compared. The antenna array population is initially generated randomly and then optimised with a genetic algorithm. The data produced by this model becomes a data set used for training in the deep learning application. The dimensions and specifications of the antenna array are obtained from this application, ensuring precision and optimisation in the design process. A new microstrip antenna array structure is employed for the proposed method, taking advantage of this design technique. The Dolph-Tschebyscheff weights are applied to achieve better characteristics for the microstrip antenna array, thus obtaining low side lobe levels, which are crucial for enhancing signal clarity and reducing interference. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the specifications of the structure. This improvement highlights the potential for integrating deep learning with traditional optimisation algorithms for advanced antenna design.

Design and Development of Dual Band Millimeter Wave Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna Array

Abstract New communication paradigms have emerged to make better use of the available wireless spectrum due to its scarcity. Millimeter wave high-frequency spectrum could offer a viable solution to the problem of spectrum scarcity. Millimeter wave devices and antennas are becoming increasingly popular and are used in a wide variety of applications and planned Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication networks. In this work, we develop a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) based antenna array and millimeter-wave feeding network with the aim of achieving optimal performance. A microstrip array antenna is developed for use at millimeter wave frequencies of 28 GHz and 38 GHz. Next, an SIW array antenna will be created. For high-frequency uses, SIW technology excels due to its low loss, easy integration and high quality factor. The two unequal longitudinal slots in a slotted SIW antenna cause the structure to resonate at 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The SIW structure is fabricated by making two parallel rows of metallic vias, carefully determined through sizes to ensure minimal internal losses. A microstrip line that transitions into a SIW feeds into the proposed layout. In this paper, the authors investigate the design and construction of an integrated waveguide antenna array for use at dual millimeter-wave frequencies.

Microstrip array antenna for precise near-field focusing

ABSTRACT An array of microstrip antennas is introduced to achieve precise near-field focusing. A precise focusing approach of synthesising weights for array excitations is employed in the proposed near-field-focused (NFF) array, consisting of 3 × 3 subarrays. The usage of this approach allows the beam angle of every subarray to point to the focal spot precisely at the working frequency of 10 GHz. By introducing this working mechanism, a good trade-off has been achieved in the performance. The design can form a small focal width, about 6.6 mm, with a small location error of the focal spot of 8%. Meanwhile, the sidelobe level and the aperture remain small. To establish the effectiveness of this approach, we have designed, simulated, and measured this work.

Radiation Properties of Two Elements Microstrip Antenna Array at Microwave Frequencies

One of the key challenges in developing radio communication systems is the creation of tiny solid-state radiation sources, particularly in the microwave and millimeter range.An antenna serves as the efficient interface between electronic circuits and the external environment, making it a crucial element in the growing trend of using high frequencies in contemporary wireless communications.The card actively contributed to the development of several subsystems for an active monolithic Phased Array Antenna, which utilizes solutions in space technology and antenna technologies operating at frequencies of around 30 GHz and 28 GHz, such as Local Multipoint Distribution (LMDS). This document primarily focuses on the study method and the two components of active patch arrays. The radiation models were computed utilizing the cavity plate model, the Simple Green model, and the rigorous commercial Electromagnetic Simulator. The active rectangular patches with the Gann diode were reconfigured and assembled into arrays in the E-plane and H-plane. The calculated and measured findings for both active arrays have proved the potential for beam scanning. All three models have accurately projected radiation levels across a wide range of steering controls. To ensure stable operation, a thin dielectric layer was positioned in front of the H plane of the array. The impact of the dielectric layer on the even and odd modes of the array has been demonstrated.

Characterization and performance enhancement of 4 × 4 microstrip antenna array in dusty atmosphere using metasurface based superstrate

The unique interaction between sand and wireless communication components in a dusty environment requires fundamental communication ideas that must be revisited from a different viewpoint. This paper introduces a 4 × 4 microstrip antenna array designed for a 24 GHz radar system, exhibiting high gain and a narrow beamwidth. A metasurface layer, employing a parasitic patch array, serves as a superstrate to enhance the array antenna’s performance and safeguard it against deterioration from direct contact with sand. The paper conducts a theoretical study on the sand model to assess the antenna’s performance in the sand environment, including an analysis of wave attenuation. The proposed antenna, loaded with the metasurface, demonstrates an impedance bandwidth from 23.08 to 24.9 GHz with a peak gain of 16.57 dBi. Evaluating its performance in various dusty atmospheres, the antenna proves effective in such environments, showing an impedance bandwidth of 23.04 to 24.73 GHz and a peak gain of 15.61 dBi. Additionally, the proposed antenna exhibits a minor phase shift in the main beam, with a half-power beamwidth of 15 degrees.

Design and Comparative Analysis of E-Shape and H-Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna for IoT Application

In this study, H-type and E-type microstrip antenna arrays with high efficiency and management are designed using Surrogate Model Assisted Differential Evolution Algorithm (SADEA) for antenna synthesis. In order to meet the increasing wireless communication requirements of the internet of things (IoT) technology it has become very important to design new antenna designs with artificial intelligence techniques to transmit electromagnetic waves between antenna elements in the most efficient way. With a view to operate in the 2.5 GHz band, which is widely used in wireless communication technologies. H-type and E-type microstrip antennas with a 2x2 structure are analyzed and finally compared. By using the SADEA method, the amplitude and the distance between the array elements are optimized. The total amplitude of the 4-element E-type and H-type microstrip antenna array is minimized to 2.45885 V and 2.14929 V, respectively, after optimization, while it is 4V for both before optimization.

Design of Microstrip Array Antenna for Vehicle Millimeter Wave Radar

The design and construction of a microstrip array antenna especially intended for vehicle millimeter-wave radar applications in the 77–81 GHz frequency range is presented in this study. This study relies on earlier research on single-patch antennas to provide a full array design that satisfies the demanding performance requirements necessary for sophisticated car radar systems. The study carefully models and analyzes the antenna array using the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) to get an azimuth angle of 90° within a 6 dB beamwidth and a pitch angle of 10° ± 1° within a 3 dB beamwidth. Achieving a gain of more than 13 dBi, keeping sidelobe levels below −15 dB, and guaranteeing isolation of more than 35 dB are all priorities in the design process. Precision and interference avoidance are crucial in high-resolution, short-range radar systems, and these factors are essential to the antenna’s operation. The array’s small form factor, along with factors like easy integration and economical production, make it an excellent choice for contemporary automobile radar applications. The research addresses the wider ramifications of this technology in vehicle safety and navigation in addition to diving into the technical issues of antenna design, such as the optimization of element spacing, array layout, and material selection. By exploring the limits of high-frequency antenna performance, this work advances the fields of autonomous cars and wireless communication technologies. The designed antenna array architecture is very adaptable, as shown by its possible applications ranging from point-to-point transmission and satellite communication to vehicle radar systems. The goal of this effort is to improve the capabilities of vehicle radar systems, which will lead to safer and more effective autonomous navigation solutions.

An In-Band Low-Radar Cross Section Microstrip Patch Antenna Based on a Phase Control Metasurface

An in-band low radar cross section (RCS) microstrip patch antenna based on a phase control metasurface is proposed. As the size of the phase control metasurface changes, it will have different phase adjustments to the incident electromagnetic wave. Two kinds of phase control metasurfaces with a 90° reflection phase difference are arranged in a checkerboard configuration and loaded above a microstrip array antenna. The metal of the microstrip array antenna can fully reflect the electromagnetic wave, so the incident wave passes through the metasurface again and forms a reflected wave with a phase difference of 180° ± 37° when passing through the phase control metasurfaces of different sizes. Thus, the microstrip array antenna can achieve in-band RCS reduction. The metamaterial forms a transmission window in the microstrip patch array antenna band to maintain the radiation performance. Finally, a reasonable agreement is obtained between the measured and simulated results.

Design of Microstrip Antenna Arrays with Rotated Elements Using Wilkinson Power Dividers for 5 G Customer Premise Equipment Applications

Microstrip antenna arrays are proposed in this paper for the customer premise equipment (CPE) applications in the frequency range 1 (FR1) of the 5th generation (5 G) mobile networks. The proposed antenna arrays consist of three FR4 substrates. Antenna elements and feeding networks are optimized separately through parameter studies and then combined to form the proposed antenna arrays. Bandwidth-enhancing parasitic elements on the top substrate are broadside coupled to the microstrip antennas in the middle substrate, which are probe-fed by the microstrip feeding network using Wilkinson power dividers realized in the bottom substrate through the ground plane and the stud supporting air layer between the lower two substrates. Two antenna arrays, with four and eight antenna elements, are proposed for different gain specifications, 10 dBi and 12 dBi, respectively. Bandwidths of 10-dB return loss for both arrays fully covered the 5 G n78 frequency band (3.3–3.8 GHz). 20 dB isolation between antenna elements can also be achieved using the proposed layouts with rotated elements. The dimensions, radiation gain, and efficiency of the proposed antenna units, four-element array, and eight-element array are 65 × 65 × 11.4, 115 × 115 × 11.4, and 115 × 215 × 11.4 mm3, 6.2, 10.5, and 13 dBi, 74%, 56%, and 50%, respectively. The proposed antenna arrays exhibit the advantages of simple, low-cost, low-profile, and high-gain characteristics, which is potentially applicable to 5 G CPE outdoor unit (ODU)-related devices.