Arrangement Tasks Research Articles

Structural Priming and the Placement of Focus-Sensitive Particles

The German focus-sensitive particle auch (‘too’) can associate with different constituents (ACs) in an utterance. In terms of position, it can precede or follow its AC. There is a strong preference for using preceding auch when the AC is the object. In three sentence fragment arrangement tasks, we investigated whether speakers are structurally primed by the context. To that end, we used context sentences as part of short dialogues with different particles: nur (‘only’), kein(e)(‘no’), both of which precede their AC, and nicht (‘not’), which follows its AC. The results show that the established preference for preceding auch is affected by the position of the particle in the context (following auch occurred more often when the context contained following nicht). Follow-up experiments rule out an explanation based on intonation (Experiment 2) or on the underlying syntactic structure (Experiment 3). We found clear surface structural priming effects for function words with effect sizes similar to those found in studies of structural priming for content words. Furthermore, the findings for sentences used in isolation can be extended to sentences that are part of short dialogues.

Behaviorally-relevant features of observed actions dominate cortical representational geometry in natural vision.

We effortlessly extract behaviorally relevant information from dynamic visual input in order to understand the actions of others. In the current study, we develop and test a number of models to better understand the neural representational geometries supporting action understanding. Using fMRI, we measured brain activity as participants viewed a diverse set of 90 different video clips depicting social and nonsocial actions in real-world contexts. We developed five behavioral models using arrangement tasks: two models reflecting behavioral judgments of the purpose (transitivity) and the social content (sociality) of the actions depicted in the video stimuli; and three models reflecting behavioral judgments of the visual content (people, objects, and scene) depicted in still frames of the stimuli. We evaluated how well these models predict neural representational geometry and tested them against semantic models based on verb and nonverb embeddings and visual models based on gaze and motion energy. Our results revealed that behavioral judgments of similarity better reflect neural representational geometry than semantic or visual models throughout much of cortex. The sociality and transitivity models in particular captured a large portion of unique variance throughout the action observation network, extending into regions not typically associated with action perception, like ventral temporal cortex. Overall, our findings expand the action observation network and indicate that the social content and purpose of observed actions are predominant in cortical representation.

Automation of Seating Plan for Examinations using Round-Robin Policy

Abstract: This paper introduces a Python-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) application designed to automate the seating arrangement process for examinations, specifically catering to the needs of examination departments. Leveraging the openpyxl and pandas libraries for Excel file manipulation and creating Dataframes the application aims to replace the laborious manual process traditionally employed by colleges. The main objective is to reduce the time and effort invested by examination departments in seating arrangement tasks. The user-friendly GUI simplifies data input, while the application's algorithm automates seating assignments, ensuring that no two students writing same exam can’t sit in same bench in optimal manner using excel and python . Results demonstrate a significant reduction in time spent on seating arrangement, with outputs including detailed room-wise seating sheets and comprehensive summaries listing roll numbers by regulation and branch. This innovative approach not only streamlines examination management but also enhances accuracy and efficiency.From this GUI we can add, edit and delete the halls in which the exams are being conducted.Further we input the excel sheet in which the roll numbers of students were there as per their branch and regulation as input and genrates formatted excel sheets that generate seating arrangement .Formatting the font and size of rows and columns and wrapping the columns when required are done automatically

장애인 고용기회 확대 및 적합 직업 추천에 관한 연구: 직무적성검사(JAT-P)를 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to collect data about the opinions of workers with disabilities in ways of expanding their employment opportunities, investigating their employment retention strategies, and recommending their proper occupational groups, utilizing the battery of Job Aptitude Test-Personal(JAT-P). To fulfill the purpose of this study, a total of 200 PWD participated in this study, taking the individual questionnaire and the online JAT-P. After the administration of the study tools, data was analyzed to compare the recommended job groups in terms of disability types and to see their employment strategies and their influencing employment retention factors, focusing on the exploration of their ability-interest and aptitude-interest results. The study indicated that over 50% of PWD have been working in the areas of assembly, office work, cleaning, and arrangement tasks, and they reported a ‘previous work experience’ as a critical factor in employment achievement, also reporting satisfaction with their current work conditions and self-reported work performance abilities. No significant differences were found between disability types and their occupations, but reasonable occupations in terms of the matching between ability-interest and aptitude-interest were recommended, along with the suggestions of required government policies and organizational co-works.

Shelf space allocation problem with horizontal shelf division

The retailers are interested in different profit maximization approaches, which help them to perform daily shelf arrangement tasks, improve customers’ satisfaction and avoid out of stocks on the shelves. Most of the retail literature proposes basic models which don’t reflect complicated merchandising rules. The aim of the paper is to develop a shelf space allocation model which investigates vertical shelf levels, horizontal shelf division into segments, and product item allocation rules such as cappings and nestings. A genetic algorithm has been developed to implement the model. The efficiency was estimated with the help of CPLEX solver. The computational experiments show that the proposed approach allows getting the results of sufficient quality for different problem sizes in a short running time without requiring large computing resources. GA and CPLEX found statistically the same profitable solution within the same computational time. However, GA found a better solution in situations where the commercial solver can’t perform calculations during the increased computational time and stopped after a couple of minutes. This proves the reason for GA implementation for shelf space allocation problems.

Playing Reading, Using Hands: Which Activities are Linked to Number-Space Processing in Preschool Children?

Abstract Literate subjects from Western cultures form spatial-numerical associations (SNA) in left-to-right direction, which follows their reading habits. In preliterate children, sources of SNA directionality are more disputable. One possibility is that SNA follows children's early knowledge about text orientation. It could also reflect ipsilateral/contralateral tendencies in manual task execution. Furthermore, SNA's characteristics could differ depending on the evaluation method used. In this study, we test SNA in preliterate preschoolers using object counting, finger counting, and numerosity arrangement tasks. We examined the relations of SNA to children's directional reading knowledge and their manual response tendencies. Left-to-right SNA was pronounced for object counting, disappeared for the numerosity task, and was reversed for finger counting. In all tasks, left-to-right SNA dominated in children who responded contralaterally with their hand. Reading knowledge was partially related to numerosity-based SNA, but not to other SNAs. Based on these findings, we discuss developmental characteristics of different forms of number-space associations.

Impaired reasoning and problem-solving in individuals with language impairment due to aphasia or language delay.

The precise nature of the relationship between language and thought is an intriguing and challenging area of inquiry for scientists across many disciplines. In the realm of neuropsychology, research has investigated the inter-dependence of language and thought by testing individuals with compromised language abilities and observing whether performance in other cognitive domains is diminished. One group of such individuals is patients with aphasia who have an impairment in speech and language arising from a brain injury, such as a stroke. Our previous research has shown that the degree of language impairment in these individuals is strongly associated with the degree of impairment on complex reasoning tasks, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) and Raven’s Matrices. In the current study, we present new data from a large group of individuals with aphasia that show a dissociation in performance between putatively non-verbal tasks on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) that require differing degrees of reasoning (Picture Completion vs. Picture Arrangement tasks). We also present an update and replication of our previous findings with the WCST showing that individuals with the most profound core language deficits (i.e., impaired comprehension and disordered language output) are particularly impaired on problem-solving tasks. In the second part of the paper, we present findings from a neurologically intact individual known as “Chelsea” who was not exposed to language due to an unaddressed hearing loss that was present since birth. At the age of 32, she was fitted with hearing aids and exposed to spoken and signed language for the first time, but she was only able to acquire a limited language capacity. Chelsea was tested on a series of standardized neuropsychological measures, including reasoning and problem-solving tasks. She was able to perform well on a number of visuospatial tasks but was disproportionately impaired on tasks that required reasoning, such as Raven’s Matrices and the WAIS Picture Arrangement task. Together, these findings suggest that language supports complex reasoning, possibly due to the facilitative role of verbal working memory and inner speech in higher mental processes.

꽃꽂이 작업의 관절가동범위와 근육활성도 측정 및 상지기능 향상을 위한 적용사례

본 연구는 신체재활을 위해 다양한 꽃꽂이 작업들을 이용하기 위해서 꽃꽂이 작업 시 주로 사용되는 작업들을 분류하고, 각 작업 수행 시 사용되는 상지의 관절가동범위와 근육 활성도를 측정하였다. 또한 꽃꽂이 작업 시 상지의 관절 가동범위와 근육활성도 측정결과를 근거로 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상을 위한 꽃꽂이 프로그램을 개발하여, 실제 임상현장에서 적용하여 그 효과를 조사하였다. 상지 움직임을 정량적으로 분석하기 위해 주요한 꽃꽂이 작업을 분류한 다음, 작업 분석을 토대로 8가지 꽃꽂이 기본 작업(자르기 1, 굵은 줄기; 자르기 2, 가는 줄기; 꽂기 1, 긴 줄기; 꽂기 2, 짧은 줄기; 말기; 관엽 이용; 휘기 1, 굵은 줄기; 휘기 2, 가는 줄기; 감기, 절화용 와이어 이용)을 재분류하였다. 강원도 소재 대학의 8명의 남학생(평균 연령 <TEX>$24.1{\pm}2.5$</TEX>세)들이 8가지 꽃꽂이 작업을 수행하는 동안 삼차원 실시간 동작 분석 시스템과 근 전도 측정기를 이용하여 상지의 관절가동범위와 각 근육부위별 활성도를 각각 측정하였다. 이 측정결과를 토대로 상지기능 향상을 위한 꽃꽃이 프로그램을 개발하여, 서울시 소재 재활병원에 입원한 뇌졸중 환자들을 대상으로 실시하였다. 참여대상자들의 의사에 따라 4명은 원예치료군에 나머지 4명은 작업치료군에 배정되었다. 원예치료는 1일 2회(총 33회기)로 실시되었으며, 프로그램 전과 후에 뇌졸중 환자들의 상지기능 평가를 위해서 관절가동범위와 장악력 및 전반적인 상지기능평가가 수행되었다. 꽃꽂이 작업 수행 시 어깨관절은 자르기 1 작업에서 관절가동범위의 변화가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났고, 팔꿈치 관절은 감기 작업에서, 손목부위 관절은 휘기 1 작업에서 가장 큰 관절가동 범위를 나타냈다(P < 0.001). 수행된 꽃꽂이 작업에 따라 상지 근육의 부위별 근육 활성도는 다양한 변화를 보였으며, 한 가지 작업에 대해 여러 부위의 근육들이 동시에 사용되었다(P < 0.001). 또한 같은 방법으로 수행하는 작업일지라도 재료의 굵기나 길이에 따라 관절가동범위와 근수축의 차이가 나타났다(P < 0.001). 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상을 위해 실시된 꽃꽂이 작업을 이용한 원예치료 프로그램은 뇌졸중 환자들의 상지(어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목관절)의 가동범위와 장악력 및 전반적인 상지 기능에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 꽃꽂이의 주요 작업을 이용하여 특정 신체부위의 기능향상이 필요한 대상자의 재활치료를 위한 프로그램 개발에 유용한 기초자료를 제시하였다. 추가적으로 실제 재활환자의 상태에 따라 효율적인 맞춤형 원예치료 프로그램을 개발하여 그 효과를 규명하는 연구가 필요할 것이다. The objectives of this study were to measure the range of motion for joints and muscle activation of upper limb for flower arrangement tasks for physical rehabilitation and to test horticultural therapy programs using flower arrangement tasks for improving upper limb function of the patients with stroke. Major flower arrangement tasks were classified with eight tasks (cutting 1, thick stem; cutting 2, thin stem; fixing 1, long stem; fixing 2, short stem; rolling a leaf; bending 1, thick stem; bending 2, thin stem; and winding, using a wire) based on the occupational analysis. When eight male university students (mean age <TEX>$24.1{\pm}2.5$</TEX> years) conducted the eight flower arrangement tasks, range of motion for joints and muscle activation of upper limb were measured by a 3D motion analyzer and electromyography, respectively. Based on the results of the range of motion and muscle activation of upper limb, horticultural therapy programs using flower arrangement tasks (total 33 sessions) for improving upper limb function of the patients with stroke was conducted at a rehabilitation hospital, Seoul, South Korea and then the range of motion, grip strength, and upper limb function of the patients were tested. Among the eight flower arrangement tasks, cutting 1, winding, and bending 1 induced the highest value for the range of motion in joints of shoulder, elbow, and wrist, respectively (P < 0.001). In terms of muscle activation, eight flower arrangement tasks performed in this study showed various patterns of muscle activation and several muscles were simultaneously used for each task (P < 0.001). In addition, thickness and length of the materials used in a task had a prominent effect on the range of motion for joints and muscle activation of upper limb (P < 0.001). The stroke patients had positive effects for their range of motion of upper limb (shoulder, forearm, and elbow), grip strength, and overall upper limb function through the horticultural therapy program. Thus, this study suggested that flower arrangement tasks would be a potential horticultural activity for physical rehabilitation program. It would be interesting to apply a customized horticultural therapy program using flower arrangement tasks according to the symptoms of patient for physical rehabilitation.

Provoked arrangement symptoms in obsessive–compulsive disorder using a virtual environment: A preliminary report

The current study aims to explore the effectiveness of virtual environment (VE) in producing anxiety variations to arrangement in order to treat obsessive–compulsive disorder. Twenty-four participants completed and performed the virtual arrangement tasks three times with three-day intervals. The results showed that the levels of participants’ anxiety decreased significantly from the first to the last day, but the levels of decrement were different depending on the type of tasks: the time limit task was most effective among the three tasks in evoking arrangement anxiety. Also, only the Symmetry, Ordering, and Arrangement Questionnaire (SOAQ) revealed significant positive correlations with anxieties. These VE profiles can serve as an adjunct for better diagnosis and treatment for people with arranging compulsion symptoms.

Human Neurobehavioral Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Styrene: A Meta-Analysis

Many reports in the literature suggest that long-term exposure to styrene may exert a variety of effects on the nervous system, including increased choice reaction time and decreased performance of color discrimination and color arrangement tasks. Sufficient information exists to perform a meta-analysis of these observations quantifying the relationships between exposure (estimated from biomarkers) and effects on two measures of central nervous system function: reaction time and color vision. To perform the meta-analysis, we pooled data into a single database for each end point. End-point data were transformed to a common metric of effect magnitude (percentage of baseline). We estimated styrene concentration from biomarkers of exposure and fitted linear least-squares equations to the pooled data to produce dose–effect relationships. Statistically significant relationships were demonstrated between cumulative styrene exposure and increased choice reaction time as well as increased color confusion index. Eight work-years of exposure to 20 ppm styrene was estimated to produce a 6.5% increase in choice reaction time, which has been shown to significantly increase the probability of automobile accidents. The same exposure history was predicted to increase the color confusion index as much as 1.7 additional years of age in men.

Spatial problem solving and functional relations

Three experiments investigated the role of object knowledge on participants' ability to solve a spatial arrangement problem. The task was to rearrange six real-world three-dimensional objects so that their relative locations agreed with a given set of rules. The aim of the experiments was to tease out the relative extent to which object association, orientation, and object-specific functional relations affect performance on arrangement tasks. When the problem was presented vertically (objects arranged in piles), participants solved functional canonical versions of the problem significantly quicker than functional non-canonical versions both between (Experiments 1a and 2), and within subjects (Experiment 3). When the arrangement problem was presented horizontally (objects arranged flat in two rows), no significant differences in solution times were found between conditions (Experiments 1b and 2). Overall the results provide evidence for the importance of object-specific functional relations as a predictor of the solution time of spatial arrangement problems, although some differences were noted between single and multiple presentation of problems when specific rules within problems were rotated. The importance of functional information in memory as a constraint on the building of mental models and problem spaces is discussed.

Disappearance of unilateral spatial neglect following a simple instruction

OBJECTIVESTo clarify the reason why patients with left unilateral spatial neglect fail to copy the left side of a daisy like flower, not continuing to draw petals all around.METHODSA flower...

Assessing understanding by means of venn diagrams

The recent past in science education research has seen a substantial growth in concern for the processes of science learning and for the nature and assessment of student under- standing of concepts. These concerns have led to considerable discussion about methods of assessing the relations students perceive between concepts. Early work in this area used word association tests (e.g., Johnson, 1964, 1969; Preece, 1976; Shavelson, 1972; Shavelson & Stanton, 1975; Thro, 1978). Subsequent development of the word association task has also given information about the propositional links between concepts that are held by students (Gunstone, 1980a). More recently, concept maps or concept arrangement tasks have been employed (e.g., Champagne, Klopfer, DeSena, & Squires, 1981; Novak, 1981; Stewart, Van Kirk & Rowell, 1979). We discuss in this paper another form of task that can be used

Automated space planning

This paper both reviews current procedures and introduces new ones for the automated generation of two-dimensional arrangements. General properties of the task and some sufficiency conditions for dealing with it are identified. The treatment of these properties in existing programs are reviewed. The task is also organized into its component decision rules. One exemplification of these rules is described which utilizes the sufficiency conditions and is implemented in the General Space Planner (GSP) program in operation at Carnegie-Mellon University [3], [4]. The performance of GSP in solving a set of spatial arrangement tasks is described and some future extensions outlined. A secondary purpose of this paper is to more fully introduce this problem domain to the artificial intelligence literature . Not only is it on interesting problem class now only the province of humans, but it has wide application. Throughout the presentation, both the commonalities and disparities of this task domain with other AI tasks are explicated.

The mystery of the “negative equative” construction

These experiments compare the difficulty of arranging items according to negative equative instructions like “A is not as x as B” (where A and B are object names and x is an adjective) to the difficulty of syllogisms with analogous premises. The difficulty of arrangement tasks corresponds to the difficulty of reasoning tasks, supporting our earlier notion that S s' strategy in reasoning is to imagine arranging items according to instructions given in the premises. Different types of results were obtained for different adjectives. We proposed that this was because S s' mental operations in decoding negative equatives vary with the adjective.