Arrangement In Complete Randomized Design Research Articles

Wheat Straw Biochar Increases Potassium Concentration, Root Density, and Yield of Faba Bean in a Sandy Loam Soil

ABSTRACTA greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of different irrigation levels (100%, 75%, and 50% of water requirement) and wheat straw biochar levels (0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 3.75%, and 5% w/w) on faba bean yield, water productivity, root length density, and different ions concentration in soil solution, using a factorial arrangement in complete randomized design with three replications. Results showed that application of high level of biochar (5% w/w) destroyed the plants before they reached maturity. The maximum yield was obtained in 1.25% w/w biochar under full irrigation, while the maximum water productivity was obtained in 2.5% w/w biochar and 50% of water requirement. Further, the root length density in soil top layer (0–8 cm) was significantly more than those in 8–16 cm, due to holding more water content in top layer and no drainage from the pots. Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions’ concentrations in soil solution were significantly increased by increasing biochar levels; however, the rate of increase in potassium was higher than other ions due to high potassium concentration in biochar in comparison with the soil. In conclusion, application of biochar in the level of 1.25% w/w is suggested as a suitable agent to decrease water consumption and improving the crop performance.

Influence of Cooking Methods and Temperature on Essential Amino Acid Score of Breakfast Sausage

ObjectivesIn meat and its product such as breakfast sausage, the essential amino acids which are organic acids that are integral components of proteins and which cannot be synthesized in the human organism are made available in well balanced proportions and concentrations. These essential amino acids could however be affected by amount of heat applied during cooking and the adopted methods of cooking. This study was designed to assess the best cooking method and temperature for breakfast sausageMaterials and MethodsBreakfast sausage subjected to three cooking methods: boiling, grilling and frying; and three cooking temperature: 80, 90, and 100°C were prepared using standard procedures with the same sausage recipe. Beef 65%, Lard 20%, Soybean binder 3.5% green spices 2.19%, dry spices 1.5%, ice water 4.5%, salt 2%, sugar 1%, Sodium nitrite 0.01%, and phosphate 0.3%. Amino acid score was determined using Spectrophotometric determination for amino acids using ninhydrin chemical reaction. Ninhydrin combines with amino acids to form colored complexes, the intensity of whose colors depend on the amount of amino acid present according to Moore and Stein (1954) modified by Schroeder et al.(1990). Statistical design employed was factorial arrangement in complete randomized design with 6 replicate per treatments. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS (2010; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). The means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test of the same procedure.ResultsThe essential amino acid score as affected by cooking methods and temperature was significantly (p < 0.05) different. It was observed that there was decrease in the essential amino acid score as cooking temperature increased in both grilled and fried breakfast sausage but the reversed was boiled sausage, Histidine was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in grilled breakfast sausage at 80°C and lower in boiled breakfast sausage at 80°C when compared to other cooking methods and temperatures. Similar trend was observed for isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, alanine, tryptophan, valine, leucine, and cysteine amino acids. The interaction effect of cooking methods and temperatures on breakfast sausage was neither linear (R2 = 0.00) nor quadractic (R2 = 0.006).ConclusionIn conclusion, grilling at 80°C was observed to be the best cooking method and temperature for breakfast sausage in term of its essential amino acid score and can therefore be recommended for its production.