Aromatic Fruit Research Articles

Integrated Analysis of Metabolomics, Flavoromics, and Transcriptomics for Evaluating New Varieties of Amomum villosum Lour.

Amomum villosum Lour. (A. villosum) is the original plant of the medicinal and culinary spice Amomi Fructus (Sharen) and is an important economic crop in the Lingnan region of China. During the cultivation and production of A. villosum, prolonged reliance on single asexual reproduction has exacerbated the degradation of its varieties, leading to inconsistent yields and quality. Building upon earlier cultivar selection efforts, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of two newly bred A. villosum varieties (A11 and A12) from perspectives including plant traits, product characteristics, active ingredients, and multi-omics analysis. It was found that A12 plants display enhanced robustness, more aromatic fruits, higher yields, and elevated levels of bornyl acetate, A11 shows the advantage of a high camphor content, and the different metabolites and differentially expressed genes of the two varieties were significantly enriched in multiple metabolic pathways. Additionally, A12 contained more terpenoids and substances with aromatic odors such as sweet, fruity, floral, and green. Furthermore, a key gene (Wv_032842) regulating the acetylation of bornyl was discovered, and its significantly higher expression, in A12. In conclusion, this study has a guiding significance for the evaluation of germplasm resources and the breeding of excellent varieties of A. villosum.

Potential of Thai aromatic fruit (Artocarpus species) seed as an alternative natural starch for compact powder

This study aims to extract the starch from seeds of the Thai aromatic fruit (Artocarpus species), champedak (Artocarpus integer) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) and evaluate its potential use as a raw material to develop compact powder as substitute for talcum in powder formulations. The chemical and physical characteristics as well as the physicochemical properties of the starch were also determined. Moreover, compact powder formulations using the extracted starch as an ingredient were developed and investigated. This study found that champedak (CS) and jackfruit starch (JS) provided a maximum average granule size of 10 μm. The bell or semi-oval shape and smooth surface of the starch granules was perfectly suited to compact powder development under the cosmetic powder pressing machine, which could reduce the opportunity of fracture during the process. CS and JS presented low swelling power and solubility but high water and oil absorption capacities, which could potentially increase the absorbency of the compact powder. Finally, the developed compact powder formulations provided a smooth surface with a homogeneous and intense colour. All formulations presented a highly adhesive property and were resistant to transport and normal handling by users.

Amadurecimento de cambucis:qualidade pós-colheita e implicações na produção de compostos voláteis

Abstract Cambuci (Campomanesia phaea) is a native fruit from the Atlantic Forest, one of the richest biomes in the world. The cambuci has soft and astringent pulp, green coloration and is characterized as an aromatic fruit. This is the first study that describes the quality evolution of cambucis during their ripening. Quality parameters were evaluated at three harvesting points: weight loss, pulp firmness, skin color, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total soluble sugars, total phenolic compounds, soluble and total tannins, respiratory activity, ethylene production, and volatile compound profiling. Fruit harvested in stages 1 somewhat rounded equatorial region) and 2 (increasingly rounded equatorial region) of ripening had two additional days of postharvest life. A decrease in firmness was observed over the days, demonstrating desirable pulp softening. No increase in ethylene production associated to respiratory peaks were observed. Volatile profile changed according to ripeness, and early harvested fruit was able to produce partially volatile compounds found in ripe fruit.

Mango seedling genotyping reveals potential self-incompatibility and pollinator behavior

Mango (Mangifera indica) is tropical fruit widely cultivated and appreciated for its sweet and aromatic fruit. There is great diversity among mango cultivars for important fruit quality and agronomic traits that could be leveraged as part of a mango breeding program. Historically, most genetic improvement of this species has been the result of chance seedlings. The recent publication of multiple mango genomes and availability of genomic resources is facilitating the efficient breeding of mango, but controlled pollination of mango is challenging with only a few out of thousands of panicle-borne flowers developing into fruit. Therefore, genotyping open-pollinated seedlings could be a labor-saving method to select favorable hybrids in a breeding program. An array of 384 single-nucleotide-polymorphism markers was used to genotype 140 mango cultivars and 575 mango seedlings from eleven open-pollinated populations in a mango diversity collection. Analysis of mango cultivars confirmed hybrid parentage in many instances and identified potential paternal parents for cultivars with unknown parentage. For the seedlings analyzed, the Dixon test of Gower's genetic dissimilarity (GD) values among identified triads revealed 161 significant triads (P≤0.05), indicating high confidence for paternal identification. The remaining triads had GD values less than 0.15 (n = 323), between 0.15 and 0.2 (n = 10), or between 0.2 and 0.3 (n = 5). In total, 70% of the hybrids were paired to a single paternal parent. Analysis of selfing rates indicated ‘Tommy Atkins’ had the highest selfing rate (40.4%) and ‘Glenn’ had the lowest (1.1%). Analysis of population structure and phylogeny divided the mango germplasm into three distinct clusters. The identified paternal pollen donors were mapped within a mango diversity collection and indicated mango pollinators can affect pollination beyond adjoining trees. This strategy can be used to aid mango breeding research and has identified intriguing hybrids for future evaluation.

The Chemical Engineering Design of a Commercial Citrus Evaporator for the Production of 6,539.86 kg/hr Orange Juice Concentrate in Lagos, Nigeria, West Africa

Chemical engineers are high in importunity by industries in a wide range of sectors for the following impetus: Based on nominally defined problem statements, such as a client need or a set of experimental ramifications, chemical engineers can devise and gain a profound understanding of fundamental physical science relevant to the enigma, and harness this apprehension to excogitate a comprehensive action plan and a set of detailed specifications that, if implemented, will lead to forecasted financial dividends. In this treatise, as chemical engineers, apply our scientific and mathematical knowledge, specifically chemistry, applied mathematics, and engineering concepts, to translate experimental or conceptual ideas into value-added products in a lucrative, safe (environmentally friendly), and industry-leading manner. Citrus sinensis is the scientific name for orange, a savory and aromatic fruit from the Rutaceae family. The annual global citrus production increased dramatically over the last few decades, from around 30 million metric tonnes in the late 1960s to an estimated total of more than 105 million metric tonnes from 2000 to 2004, with oranges accounting for more than half of total global citrus production. Evaporation is a principle habituated in the processing industry to concentrate aqueous liquid streams by vaporizing the quantity of water content in a solution. The curtailment of energy consumption for evaporation reckoned on multitudinous components, such as evaporation capacity, number of effects, operation efficiency, and annual operation hours. We emphasized burgeoning efficient strategies to curtail the energy consumption of evaporators and alluded that monitoring the rate of energy dissipation guarantee the sustainability of an industrial enterprise. We betokened the heat transfer area was the indispensable criterion in the design of an evaporator and delineated correlations for estimating the size of the tube bundle. Ideally, a well-designed evaporator should be able to transfer heat adeptly at a high flow rate, have the minimum valuation of installation, operation, and maintenance, be able to bifurcate vapors from liquid concentrates, meet the conditions required by the product under treatment, produce a product of a quality required, and, if possible, be energy efficient. The peculiar grade of evaporator adopted was the 5-effect, 8-stage Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator. We embraced the genre of evaporators after investigating their benefits relative to other evaporators used in food processing. In addition, it is fundamental to institute governance to identify benchmarks for optimal distribution based on results obtained by all segments of the production chains and orange juice exporters. This input will benefit the collective national interest and is pivotal for the orange juice industry.

Allelic diversity of the <i>FaOMT</i> gene (mesifurane biosynthesis) in promising strawberry cultivars and selected forms developed at the I.V. Michurin Federal Science Center

Background. Fruit aroma is an important consumer trait of strawberry varieties. Identification of genotypes carrying the genes of the aromatic complex in fruits is an important stage in the development of new cultivars with aromatic fruits. The purpose of this study was to analyze the allelic state of the FaOMT fruit aroma gene in strawberry cultivars and selected forms developed at the I.V. Michurin Federal Science Center to identify promising genotypes for use in breeding for fruit aroma.Materials and methods. The research materials were strawberry cultivars and promising selected forms developed at the I.V. Michurin FSC using the methods of introgressive and intervarietal hybridization. Allelic state of the FaOMT gene was identified with the codominant marker FaOMT-SI/NO.Results and conclusion. The FaOMT fruit aroma gene is represented in the studied strawberry varieties and forms by three combinations of alleles: the homozygous state of the functional allele, the heterozygous combination of the alleles, and the homozygous state of the nonfunctional allele. Cvs. ‘Rubinovy kaskad’, ‘Privlekatelnaya’ and ‘Feyerverk’ are characterized by a heterozygous combination of alleles of the FaOMT gene. Cvs. ‘Lastochka’, ‘Pamyati Zubova’, ‘Flora’, ‘Yarkaya’ and ‘Urozhaynaya CGL’ are characterized by the homozygous state of the FaOMT+ allele. Selected strawberry forms 928-12, 26-5, 72-71 and 62-41 have the heterozygous genotype; hybrids 298-19-9-43 and 932-29 are characterized by the homozygous state of the FaOMT+ allele; selected forms 61-12 and 65-26 are characterized by the homozygous state of the nonfunctional FaOMT– allele. Strawberry forms promising for breeding, with the homozygous state of the functional FaOMT+ allele, were identified: cvs. ‘Lastochka’, ‘Pamyati Zubova’, ‘Flora’, ‘Yarkaya’ and ‘Urozhaynaya CGL’, and selected forms 298-19-9-43 and 932-29.

Boundaries

Boundaries Elena Croitoru (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution A countryside flâneuse in search of her deceased grandfather contemplates anchoring, wandering, and the small marks we leave on the world. How does one get to know a person who passed away? I thought about that while I flew from London to Bacau, a city close to where my now-retired parents lived for most of the summer. All I had left of my grandfather—the person I wanted to know more about—were a few monochrome photographs with scalloped edges displayed in a family album. My mother's descriptions of him were sparse because the paths to her memories closed up over the years. She called him good-natured and said he'd loved the land he'd owned and that he'd spent a lot of his life riding horses or walking—something that resonated with my childhood self. When I was three he passed away, and later his letters and notes were destroyed in a flood. ________ AFTER THE PLANE landed, a cab drove me away from Bacau's constellation of concrete tower blocks and from the bitter fumes of groaning buses, and into the land of vineyards, corn, and wheat crops. It was hot and the city was grinding itself up into dust and getting into our lungs. Once [End Page 8] we reached the quilted countryside, it seemed as though I was going back in time, to the years when my life wasn't as defined as it is now. I spent my long childhood summers doing one of two things: either reading in the cool front room of my grandparents' house, on top of a pile of itchy wool rugs hand-woven by my grandmother, or walking for kilometers on end and trying to get to the spectral blue peaks I saw in the distance. I didn't know at the time that my wish was quixotic because the Tarcau Mountains were too far away. My grandmother's friends saw me as a wild girl because I took long trips on my own. I didn't know at the time that I'd probably inherited this desire to walk from my grandfather. ________ FOR THE FIRST time in more than five years, I arrived in Măgirești, a village shaped like a fish spine with a bent tail. Time had shrunk its square, its restored medieval stone well, and its bodega, which still smelled of strong tuica, but it had not dulled the green of its hills. Located at the foot of the forested Oriental Carpathians, it is built on an intricate terrain on which God seems to have spent a lot of time. It's made up of verdant hillocks abundant in shrubs and medicinal herbs, streams that swallow paths after the springtime thaws, meadows, velvety hills studded with grazing sheep, stratified and shimmering escarpments, golden inselbergs and bottle-green ponds on which pieces of wood float like miniature boats. It's a chamomile- and hay-scented symphony of textures and colors, a facsimile of the Shangri-La and a liminal space neighboring the malachite-green mountainscapes topped with a blue sawblade horizon. The village adopts borderland characteristics. Fruit trees aren't confined to orchards, so one can find an assortment of sour cherry, green plum, Mirabelle plum, cornelian cherry, walnut, and Jonathan apple trees (bearing sharp and aromatic fruits) living together on the same hill, communicating underground through their roots, sometimes overseeing muscat grapevines. When I heard that there are more trees on earth than there are stars in the Milky Way, I thought that the count could have started in this village. ________ MY GRANDPARENTS HAD never moved away from this area. For people like them, who had experienced two world wars, living in the countryside must have seemed like a good life because they'd witnessed the destruction and bombings that people sometimes brought to one another and to their environment. My grandfather loved the land and understood that independence came from it. He strived for self-sufficiency; hence he became a merchant and accumulated hundreds of acres that included pastures, arable land, and forests. All this...

Volatile composition changes of fruits in a biopolymer-coated polyethylene active packaging: Effects of modified atmosphere and packaging-shaped bacterial community

The potential impacts of active packaging on the volatile composition of fruits during preservations largely associated with consumers’ acceptance, yet was barely investigated. In this work, a biopolymer-coated polyethylene active film was developed and its effects on qualities and volatile compositions of fruits with different respiration rates were comprehensively investigated. Underlying reasons for the effect of active packaging on volatile composition change of fruits were elucidated through revealing ternary relationship among the packaging-shaped bacterial community, modified atmosphere and volatiles. Off-flavor production was reduced and more sesquiterpenes (α-cubebene, copaene, β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, d-amorphene) were reserved for longan packaged with active film, due to its antimicrobial and moisture absorption ability, as leading contributors to the selective inhibition on spoilage bacteria genera including Zymobacter, Gluconobacter and Pantoea. Whereas volatile profile of strawberry with high respiration rate was more actively affected by the modified atmosphere induced by packaging, instead of the bacterial community, where hypoxia (<2% O2) led to the accumulation of ethyl esters (0.154–0.184 μg/g) that conferred off-flavor but decreased production of methyl (0.172–0.367 μg/g) and hexyl esters (1.26–1.89 × 10−2 μg/g) that represented typical fruity aroma. This work adds new knowledges on impacts of active packaging on the volatile profile of fruits and would provide guidance to smart design of active packaging for preservation of aromatic fruits.

Studies of Genetic and Morphological Characteristics of Indonesian Melon (Cucumis melo L. ‘Hikapel’) Germplasm

The abundance of biodiversity in Indonesia is due to variations in germplasm and the diversity of plant species. Due to the high potential and demand for melons, it is necessary to innovate the assembly of superior varieties through a plant breeding approach. Here, we report the identification of phenotypic and genotypic traits with their phenetic relationships to determine the premium characteristics of the new melon cultivar - Hikapel. Observation of morphological characters using observational studies, qualitative descriptive, and quantitative identification at two cultivation locations: (1) Prambanan, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, and (2) Pangalengan, Bandung Regency, West Java. Meanwhile, molecular character testing uses the ISSR markers UBC-807, UBC-808, UBC-810, UBC-812, and UBC-825. Morphological character data were analyzed using SPSS one-way ANOVA with LSD and Duncan tests. All data were grouped based on similarity values using cluster analysis of the multi-variate statistical package (MVSP 3.1) to determine the tested kinship relationship between the varieties. The results showed that Hikapel has several diagnostic characters as a new variety, namely: globular shape with cream-colored skin, aromatic fruit, small size, high sweetness level, and short harvest time. The stability and uniformity test results those characters of Hikapel can be maintained at various locations. This research can serve as basic data for developing melon varieties based on genomic data and aims as an initial step in the innovation of Indonesian Agriculture.

Effects of inlet temperature and carrier concentration on spray-dried 'cempedak' (Artocarpus integer) fruit powder and its reconstitution properties.

'Cempedak' (Artocarpus integer) is an aromatic fruit which is similar to jackfruit. Although it is rich in vitamin A and is consumed fresh, the fruit has a short shelf life. Hence, it can be converted through a spray-drying process, to form powder, which is more stable. Powder flow properties are important when considering storage, while its reconstitution characteristics are critical for the consumer to make juice from the product. The parameters of spray-dried 'cempedak' fruit powder under study include inlet air temperature (140-180°C) and maltodextrin (DE 10) concentrations (5-15% w/w). Response surface methodology involving 14 runs was used to assess the effects of inlet temperature and maltodextrin on the powder flow properties and reconstitution properties of the spray-dried 'cempedak' powder. Out of the tested responses, only bulk density, change in cake height ratio, and water solubility index had a high coefficient of determination value. Inlet air temperature was found to be the main parameter to affect the bulk density, caking and water solubility index, when compared to maltodextrin concentration. By setting minimization of caking and maximization of water solubility index as the main determinants, the optimal parameters of 160°C inlet temperature and 15% (w/w) maltodextrin DE10 were generated, with a desirability of 0.697. The powder produced under optimal conditions (160°C and 15% w/w maltodextrin) had a low bulk density (480.01 kg/m3), low caking properties (0.17 change in cake height ratio), and a high solubility index (88.69). This indicates that the powder is stable to be stored (without caking) and will have good reconstitution when added to water.

Effects of inlet temperature and carrier concentration on spray-dried ‘cempedak’ (Artocarpus integer) fruit powder and its reconstitution properties [pdf

BACKGROUND 'Cempedak' (Artocarpus integer) is an aromatic fruit which is similar to jackfruit. Although it is rich in vitamin A and is consumed fresh, the fruit has a short shelf life. Hence, it can be converted through a spray-drying process, to form powder, which is more stable. Powder flow properties are important when considering storage, while its reconstitution characteristics are critical for the consumer to make juice from the product. METHODS The parameters of spray-dried 'cempedak' fruit powder under study include inlet air temperature (140-180°C) and maltodextrin (DE 10) concentrations (5-15% w/w). Response surface methodology involving 14 runs was used to assess the effects of inlet temperature and maltodextrin on the powder flow properties and reconstitution properties of the spray-dried 'cempedak' powder. RESULTS Out of the tested responses, only bulk density, change in cake height ratio, and water solubility index had a high coefficient of determination value. Inlet air temperature was found to be the main parameter to affect the bulk density, caking and water solubility index, when compared to maltodextrin concentration. By setting minimization of caking and maximization of water solubility index as the main determinants, the optimal parameters of 160°C inlet temperature and 15% (w/w) maltodextrin DE10 were generated, with a desirability of 0.697. CONCLUSIONS The powder produced under optimal conditions (160°C and 15% w/w maltodextrin) had a low bulk density (480.01 kg/m3), low caking properties (0.17 change in cake height ratio), and a high solubility index (88.69). This indicates that the powder is stable to be stored (without caking) and will have good reconstitution when added to water.

Construction of a High-Density Genetic Map of Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, an Outcrossing Species, Based on Two Connected Mapping Populations.

Acca sellowiana, known as feijoa or pineapple guava, is a diploid, (2n = 2x = 22) outcrossing fruit tree species native to Uruguay and Brazil. The species stands out for its highly aromatic fruits, with nutraceutical and therapeutic value. Despite its promising agronomical value, genetic studies on this species are limited. Linkage genetic maps are valuable tools for genetic and genomic studies, and constitute essential tools in breeding programs to support the development of molecular breeding strategies. A high-density composite genetic linkage map of A. sellowiana was constructed using two genetically connected populations: H5 (TCO × BR, N = 160) and H6 (TCO × DP, N = 184). Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach was successfully applied for developing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 4,921 SNP markers were identified using the reference genome of the closely related species Eucalyptus grandis, whereas other 4,656 SNPs were discovered using a de novo pipeline. The individual H5 and H6 maps comprised 1,236 and 1,302 markers distributed over the expected 11 linkage groups, respectively. These two maps spanned a map length of 1,593 and 1,572 cM, with an average inter-marker distance of 1.29 and 1.21 cM, respectively. A large proportion of markers were common to both maps and showed a high degree of collinearity. The composite map consisted of 1,897 SNPs markers with a total map length of 1,314 cM and an average inter-marker distance of 0.69. A novel approach for the construction of composite maps where the meiosis information of individuals of two connected populations is captured in a single estimator is described. A high-density, accurate composite map based on a consensus ordering of markers provides a valuable contribution for future genetic research and breeding efforts in A. sellowiana. A novel mapping approach based on an estimation of multipopulation recombination fraction described here may be applied in the construction of dense composite genetic maps for any other outcrossing diploid species.

The \u2018Tommy Atkins\u2019 mango genome reveals candidate genes for fruit quality

BackgroundMango, Mangifera indica L., an important tropical fruit crop, is grown for its sweet and aromatic fruits. Past improvement of this species has predominantly relied on chance seedlings derived from over 1000 cultivars in the Indian sub-continent with a large variation for fruit size, yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and fruit quality among other traits. Historically, mango has been an orphan crop with very limited molecular information. Only recently have molecular and genomics-based analyses enabled the creation of linkage maps, transcriptomes, and diversity analysis of large collections. Additionally, the combined analysis of genomic and phenotypic information is poised to improve mango breeding efficiency.ResultsThis study sequenced, de novo assembled, analyzed, and annotated the genome of the monoembryonic mango cultivar ‘Tommy Atkins’. The draft genome sequence was generated using NRGene de-novo Magic on high molecular weight DNA of ‘Tommy Atkins’, supplemented by 10X Genomics long read sequencing to improve the initial assembly. A hybrid population between ‘Tommy Atkins’ x ‘Kensington Pride’ was used to generate phased haplotype chromosomes and a highly resolved phased SNP map. The final ‘Tommy Atkins’ genome assembly was a consensus sequence that included 20 pseudomolecules representing the 20 chromosomes of mango and included ~ 86% of the ~ 439 Mb haploid mango genome. Skim sequencing identified ~ 3.3 M SNPs using the ‘Tommy Atkins’ x ‘Kensington Pride’ mapping population. Repeat masking identified 26,616 genes with a median length of 3348 bp. A whole genome duplication analysis revealed an ancestral 65 MYA polyploidization event shared with Anacardium occidentale. Two regions, one on LG4 and one on LG7 containing 28 candidate genes, were associated with the commercially important fruit size characteristic in the mapping population.ConclusionsThe availability of the complete ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango genome will aid global initiatives to study mango genetics.

АНАЛИЗ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ ГИБРИДНЫХ ФОРМ ЗЕМЛЯНИКИ ПО ГЕНАМ FAOMT И FAFAD1 АРОМАТА ПЛОДОВ

An important consumer trait of strawberry fruits is their aroma. Among the most important strawberry fruit aroma compounds are γ-decalactone and mesifurane. The content of γ-decalactone in fruits is controlled by the expression of the FaFAD1 gene. The content of mesifurane in fruits is controlled by the FaOMT gene. Identification of genotypes carrying the target alleles of the aromatic complex genes is an important stage in improving the strawberry assortment and creating strawberry varieties with aromatic fruits. The purpose of the study is molecular genetic analysis of strawberry hybrid seedlings by the FaOMT and FaFAD1 genes to identify genotypes promising in breeding for fruit aroma. Promising selected and elite forms of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) created at the FSSI “I.V. Michurin FSC” were used as biological objects. To identify the allelic state FaOMT gene, the codominant molecular marker FaOMT-SI/NO was used. To identify FaFAD1 gene, the molecular marker FaFAD1 was used. Using the FaOMT-SI/NO marker, the functional allele of the FaOMT gene (FaOMT+) was identified in the following strawberry selected forms: 298-19-9-43 (FB2 F. orientalis Los., F. moschata Duch., F. × ananassa Duch.), 932-29 (F. virginiana subsp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt × ‘Feyerverk’), 928-12 (298-19-9-43 × ‘Privlekatelnaya’), 69-29 (‘Feyerverk’× ‘Bylinnaya’), 72-25, 72-71 (‘Privlekatelnaya’ × ‘Bylinnaya’) and 26-5 (‘Rubinovyy kulon’× 298-19-9-43). The FaFAD1 gene was identified in strawberry hybrids 72-25 (‘Privlekatelnaya’ × ‘Bylinnaya’), 56-8 (‘Gigantella’ × ‘Privlekatelnaya’) and 61-12 (‘Bylinnaya’ × ‘Olimpiyskaya nadezhda’). The strawberry selected form 72-25 (‘Privlekatelnaya’ × ‘Bylinnaya’) is characterized by a combination of functional alleles of both genes (FaOMT + FaFAD1). Involvement of these forms in hybridization will make it possible to intensify the process of creating new strawberry varieties with improved fruit aroma.

Anti-caking Agent Effects on the Properties of Spray-dried ‘Cempedak’ Fruit Powder

‘Cempedak’ fruit, an aromatic fruit that has a short shelf life can be converted into powder through spray-drying process. However, the spray-dried powder that was obtained had a high tendency to cake. Hence, three different anti-caking agents (calcium silicate, silicon dioxide, and calcium phosphate) were added separately at a concentration of 1.5% (w/w). It was found that calcium phosphate (1.5% w/w) yielded ‘cempedak’ fruit powder with lowest moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, and caking (change in cake height ratio), with minimal color changes in its reconstituted form and low viscosity. Different calcium phosphate concentration (0-2.00% w/w) was then applied in the production of ‘spray-dried’ powder. With increase of calcium phosphate addition from 0 to 0.66%, the moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, cake height ratio of ‘cempedak’ powder decreased, with no significant decrease with further addition. Calcium phosphate (0.66 % w/w) yielded powder with the best properties: lowest moisture content (4.65%), water activity (0.18), hygroscopicity (22.0), and change in cake height ratio (0.17). In addition, there was a minimal change in color of its reconstituted powder, with a slight change in viscosity.

Effects of different drying methods on the physicochemical and antioxidant content of “cempedak” ( Artocarpus Integer L.) powder

“Cempedak” is an aromatic fruit, which can be converted into powder with a longer shelf life. The effects of different drying methods (spray-drying, freeze-drying, convection oven-drying, and vacuum-drying) on “cempedak” powders produced were evaluated in their physicochemical properties (moisture content, water activity, wettability, flowability, water solubility index, hygroscopicity, and degree of caking). In addition, the color and antioxidant content (carotenoid and DPPH scavenging activity) of “cempedak” powder were determined as well. The process yield of convection oven-dried “cempedak” powders is higher (62.98%) as compared to spray-dried powder (25.08%). On the contrary, the total color change for freeze-dried powder is lesser (12.31) compared to other drying methods. The scavenging activity of freeze-dried powder had the greatest antioxidant effect, which is 52.12% at 50 μg/ml, while the carotenoid content of freeze-dried powder is 15.83 mg/g. Freeze-drying can produce higher quality “cempedak” powder as compared to spray-drying, convection oven-drying, and vacuum-drying. Practical applications “Cempedak” is an aromatic fruit that is rich in vitamin A. However, due to the short harvesting season, it can be converted into powder for better stability and longer product shelf life. With the different drying methods available, the powder produced defers in its physicochemical properties. This research compares the “cempedak” powders produced with spray-dryer, freeze-dryer, convection oven, and vacuum oven. With the understanding of the different quality of powders obtained, the food industry will be benefited as to which production method to choose for their powder with the desirable specification. The powder can be used as a functional ingredient.

Optimization of spray-drying parameters for the production of ‘Cempedak’ (Artocarpus integer) fruit powder

‘Cempedak’ (Artocarpus integer) is an aromatic fruit that looks similar to jackfruit. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the spray-drying process to produce ‘cempedak’ fruit powder, with inlet air temperature (140–180 °C) and maltodextrin (DE 10) concentrations (5–15% w/w) as independent variables. Statistical analysis revealed that these variables significantly affected process yield, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, L* value of powder and carotenoid content. Inlet air temperature had a negative correlation with all significant variables. At the same time, maltodextrin concentration was found to be positively correlated with all significant powder variables except process yield and moisture content. The recommended optimum spray-drying conditions for drying ‘cempedak’ juice were inlet air temperature and maltodextrin concentration of 160 °C and 15% (w/w), respectively. Under optimized spray-drying conditions, the yield of ‘cempedak’ powder was 60.5%, with moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity and carotenoid content of 6.07%, 0.22, 25.8 g/100 g and 1.00 mg/g, respectively.

Essential Oil Analysis and Isolation of Coumarins and Flavonol Glycosides of Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. Fruits

Background: Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. is a herbaceous perennial plant distributed in Iran, Turkey and Iraq. The aromatic aerial parts of this plant are commonly used as antiseptic, sedative, wound healing, analgesic and food additive. Methods: Column chromatography on silica gel (normal phase and RP-18) and Sephadex LH-20, along with recrystallization method were applied to isolation of the phytochemicals extracted from F. angulata fruits. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral analysis. Chemical composition of the fruits essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) methods were also analyzed using GC-MS technique. Results: Six coumarin derivatives; suberosin (1), isoimperatorin (2), imperatorin (3), bergapten (4), tamarin (5) and suberenol (6), a monoterpene glycoside; verbenone-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), together with five flavonol-3-O-glycosides; isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (narcissin) (8), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) (9), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (10), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (11), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12) were isolated from F. angulata fruits. Essential oil extraction using HD and SD methods afforded colorless oils in 4.1 and 1.8% (v/w) yields, respectively. A total of 28 compounds were identified in essential oils, of which (Z)-β-ocimene (HD; 48.97%, SD; 50.02%), α-pinene (HD; 21.32%, SD; 23.06%) and allo-ocimene (HD; 6.98%, SD; 5.61%) were the main compounds. Conclusion: This study introduces F. angulata fruits as a new source of coumarin derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. The presence of these compounds with known biological properties provides more medicinal potentials for the fruits of F. angulata. The present study also reports hydrodistillation, as an efficient method for extraction of essential oil from these aromatic fruits.

Sensory and textural properties of fermented milk with viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12 and increased calcium concentration

ABSTRACT Dairy products enriched with minerals and probiotics play an important role in the development of functional foods. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus are probiotic cultures that have documented positive effects on human health. It also provides the right amount of calcium, which ensures the proper functioning of the human body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of various calcium salts for the production of milk fermented by two probiotic monocultures. The influence of the type of added salt on fermentation dynamics, bacterial viability, as well as physicochemical and texture properties were determined. This study was intended to develop a recipe for functional probiotic milk enriched in 80 mg Ca 100 g−1 of milk. The present study clearly showed that probiotic fermented milks may be good calcium carriers. Their use led to a novel probiotic product, which requires further research in order to minimize off-taste and off-odor, e.g. by adding aromatic fruit pulp. The fortification of milk with six calcium salts affected fermentation dynamics and the viability of Bifidobacterium Bb-12 and Lb. rhamnosus. All fermented milk met the minimum therapeutic criteria for 21 days of storage (>7 log cfu g−1). Along with the extension of storage time, decreased color brightness L* was observed in all fermented milk, and the range of changes depended on the type of calcium salts and the type of bacteria. Syneresis was most limited by fortification with calcium citrate. However, the addition of calcium lactate adversely affected the hardness of the acid gel. In the opinion of consumers, the use of probiotic monoculture significantly affected off-taste, fermentation odor and off-odor, and the type of calcium salts used significantly affected milky-creamy taste, sour taste, and off-odor.

Seasonal changes in white strawberry: Effect on aroma, phenolic compounds and its biological activity

BACKGROUND: The native Chilean white strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. chiloensis) is a semi-domesticated crop that has a characteristic aroma and flavor and a low production in southern Chile. However, edaphoclimatic conditions can influence on fruit quality attributes and its health benefits. Establishing a link between seasonal changes and aroma or biological activity require detailed research in exploring bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE: The present work assessed how seasonal and local changes varied the content of bioactive compounds and therefore change their aromatic quality and the response of biological activity. METHODS: White Strawberry from two seasons and two locations were investigated; FCC1, FCC2 (Fragaria chiloensis from Contulmo, 2017 and 2018 season, respectively), FCP1, FCP2 (F. chiloensis from Purén, 2017 and 2018 season, respectively). Measurement of changes on volatile compounds were studied by SPME/GC-MS. Analyses of variations on phenolic compounds were investigated by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn with total polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity by using DPPH• and ORAC assays by spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods. The relationship between different concentrations of compounds and in vitro biological activity including inhibitory tests for α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase were analyzed. RESULTS: In the fruit extracts, 38 volatiles and 27 phenolic compounds were identified detecting differences among the samples, being affected by climatic conditions and location. The total content of ellagic acid and its derivatives was 6.54 mg 100 g–1 FW for FCC1, showing statistical differences with respect to the rest strawberries. Nonetheless, the antioxidant capacity tests revealed high antioxidant capacity for all samples, being FCP2 the significantly highest activity (3314μmol Trolox 100 g–1 FW by DPPH• assay) compared to the rest of locations and seasons. Additional inhibitory tests α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase showed statistically differences due to seasonal and location changes where was observed higher ellagic acid derivates content and bioactivity. The Chilean white strawberry extracts were effective inhibitors of α-glucosidase (non-competitive) and acetylcholinesterase (competitive) activities, respectively, presenting FCC1 the most potent inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS: A higher ellagic acid content in Chilean white strawberry, affected by seasonal and location changes, influenced on the biological activity potential. Therefore, the relatively high antioxidant capacity, phytochemical composition and biological activity potential, of these aromatic fruits, offer a great opportunity for the rural developments, however it will be necessary to implement good practices that would guarantee batch-to-batch replicability for quality and composition of these foods for the future.