Aromatic Cultivars Research Articles

Comparative study of volatile organic compound profiles in aromatic and non-aromatic rice cultivars using HS-GC–IMS and their correlation with sensory evaluation

Analyzing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is important in rice quality control and breeding aromatic cultivars. This study utilized HS-GC–IMS, known for its simplicity, high sensitivity, and low cost, to analyze VOCs in 59 aromatic and 6 non-aromatic rice cultivars. The aromatic intensity of each rice cultivar was determined by artificial sensory evaluation, thus the correlation between sensory evaluation scores and VOC peak volumes was explored. A total of 77 VOCs were identified, with aromatic cultivars exhibiting prevalent short-chain aliphatic aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones, while non-aromatic samples contained higher concentrations of esters, furans, terpenes, and benzene derivatives. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on VOC data effectively distinguished the two rice types, and 35 VOCs were regarded as the marker VOCs contributing to the volatile variations. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between sensory evaluation and VOC markers revealed that most of these VOCs had a positive correlation with the sensory evaluation scores, with 1-pentanol, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (D), and 1-hexanol (M) exhibiting the highest correlation coefficients. Meanwhile, most VOC markers also exhibited positive correlations with other volatiles. The results confirm the suitability of HS-GC–IMS for VOC detection and rice category discrimination.

Technological properties of aromatic Basmati rice accessions

The objective of this study was to characterize the paste profile of basmati-style aromatic rice accessions. The evaluation of the 56 rice accessions by the Mean of Distances Method yielded seven groups of rice accessions based on the evaluated parameters (elongation, apparent amylose content (AAC), aroma, and paste properties). Group 1 was represented by the control sample IRGA417, a non-aromatic cultivar with the highest AAC (22.5%). The aromatic cultivars Jasmine, Empasc 104, IAC500, and Jasmine85 constituted the third group. Group 4 consisted of 41 Basmati accessions and exhibited the highest average elongation ratio (greater than 2.0). Groups 3 and 4 exhibited comparable aroma scores (2.9 and 2.8, respectively) and retrogradation processes (final viscosity: 285.37 and 291.26 RVU, and setback: 136.84 and 166.01 RVU, respectively). Group 5 was constituted with seven Basmati accessions, while groups 6 and 7 were formed with one and two Basmati accessions, respectively. Groups 5 and 6 exhibited comparable paste properties, with peak viscosities of 186.06 and 153.1 RVU, respectively, and final viscosities of 210.27 and 236.7 RVU, respectively, which were lower than those observed in the other groups. In contrast, group 7 exhibited intermediate parameters between the control IRGA417 and groups 3 and 4. Groups 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were classified as low amylose grains, with an AAC of 12-20%. The Basmati accession (group 4) exhibited a comparable paste profile, with a notable distinction in its high elongation, aroma, and low AAC. Consequently, these cultivars may be well accepted by consumers of aromatic rice.

Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds in Aromatic Phalaenopsis Cultivars Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Phalaenopsis is a globally popular potted plant possessing a few aromatic cultivars, but analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in these cultivars is limited. Here, using nonaromatic cultivar Phal. Big Chili as a control, flower VOCs of four aromatic cultivars were investigated by headspace solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealed that 43 VOCs classified into seven categories were identified in the nonaromatic Phal. Big Chili and four aromatic cultivars. Hexyl acetate and hexan-1-ol were common VOCs in aromatic cultivars. On the basis of partial least squares discriminant analysis, the five cultivars were classified into three groups, the nonaromatic Phal. Big Chili (group 1) and the strong-aromatic Phal. Cherry Tomato (group 2) were easily distinguished from the other three aromatic cultivars (group 3). Moreover, 17 key VOCs with the different aromatic thresholds and characteristics were identified in the four aromatic cultivars, and the types and relative contents of key VOCs varied among the aromatic cultivars, resulting in different characteristics and intensities of floral fragrance in aromatic cultivars. In aromatic cultivars, the types and relative contents of key VOCs in Phal. Cherry Tomato significantly exceeded those in the other three cultivars. Eight key VOCs belonging to terpenoids, olefins, and alcohols had the highest relative contents in Phal. ‘Cherry Tomato’, which led to a strong and mixed aromatic type containing cedarwood, camphor, and mint fragrances.

Induction of Chlorophyll and Morphological Mutations through Gamma Ray in Traditional Aromatic Cultivar Tulaipanja

The induced mutation of the traditional aromatic cultivar may provide useful alternative or complement to natural variation which may be used directly in mutation breeding or as a source of germ plasm in hybridization programme. Induced mutations irradiated through gamma ray in aromatic cultivar Tulaipanja were studied for chlorophyll and other morphological characters in the M2 generation. The frequency of chlorophyll mutations was high in higher doses. Among the chlorophyll mutants studied, albina was the most frequent, followed by alboxantha, alboviridis, xantha, viridis and striata. The mutation efficiency and the mutagenic effectiveness of the mutagen is more in the lower dose. The semi-dwarf mutants were more prevalent followed by dwarf and semitall-I mutants. The number of height mutants is much more in lower dose than that of higher dose. Among the morphological mutants, a number of mutants with broom stick leaf and few mutants with grassy leaf, rolled leaf, striped leaf were obtained. Besides these, delayed flowering mutants were obtained in low frequency in both the doses while the early flowering mutants were obtained only in the lower dose. The desirable dwarf or semi-dwarf early flowering mutants may be utilized directly or for recombination breeding, whereas the high yielding lines screened may be used directly as aromatic cultivar provided if the performance in the later generation is good.

Exploring the Relationship between Trichome and Terpene Chemistry in Chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemum is a popular ornamental plant with a long history of cultivation. Both the leaf and flowerhead of Chrysanthemum are known to produce diverse secondary metabolites, particularly terpenoids. Here we aimed to determine the relationship between terpene chemistry and the trichome traits in Chrysanthemum. In our examination of three cultivars of C. morifilium and three accessions of C. indicum, all plants contained T-shaped trichomes and biseriate peltate glandular trichomes. The biseriate peltate glandular trichome contained two basal cells, two stalk cells, six secondary cells and a subcuticular space, while the non-glandular T-shaped trichome was only composed of stalk cells and elongated cells. Histochemical staining analysis indicated that the biseriate peltate glandular trichome contained terpenoids and lipid oil droplets but not the T-shaped trichome. Next, experiments were performed to determine the relationship between the accumulation and emission of the volatile terpenoids and the density of trichomes on the leaves and flowerheads in all six Chrysanthemum cultivars\\accessions. A significant correlation was identified between the monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid content and the density of glandular trichomes on the leaves, with the correlation coefficients being 0.88, 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between the volatile terpenoid content and the density of T-shaped trichomes on the leaves. In flowerheads, a significant correlation was identified between the emission rate of terpenoids and the number of glandular trichomes on the disc florets, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Interestingly, the correlation between the density of glandular trichomes and concentrations of terpenoids was insignificant. In summary, the relationship between trichomes and terpenoid chemistry in Chrysanthemum is clearly established. Such knowledge may be helpful for breeding aromatic Chrysanthemum cultivars by modulating the trichome trait.

Fertilizer Deep Placement Significantly Affected Yield, Rice Quality, 2-AP Biosynthesis and Physiological Characteristics of the Fragrant Rice Cultivars

The management of fertilizers in a context of climate change and the preservation of the environment is strongly related to the regulation and accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in fragrant rice. However, the feasibility of such management strategies in terms of enhancing the accumulation of 2AP has not yet been explored in aromatic cultivars. Here, we investigated the impact of the application of two fertilizers at three depth (surface, 5 cm and 10 cm) levels of placements to improve the aromatic rice quality, including such aspects as the 2AP content-, protein-, amylose- and yield-related traits. For this purpose, two known rice cultivars, Basmati 385 (B-385) and Yunjingyou (YJY), were grown in pots during 2019 and 2020 under fluctuating climates. The deep application of fertilizer at 10 cm significantly affected the 2AP content with such values as 127.53 μg kg−1 and 111.91 μg kg−1 obtained for Fragrant Fertilizer (FF) and Urea in B-385 cultivar, and 126.5 μg kg−1 and 114.24 μg kg−1 being observed for FF and Urea in YJY, respectively, during 2019. In addition, values of 108.41 μg kg−1 and 117.35 μg kg−1 were recorded for FF and Urea in B-385, while 125.91-μg kg−1 and 90.71-μg kg−1 were measured for FF and Urea in YJY, respectively, during 2020. Similarly, B-385 had better 2AP content and yield-related traits, as well as amylose content and cooked rice elongation, as compared to the YJY rice cultivar. The 2AP accumulation and its related biochemical parameters, and their relationships in different plant tissues at different growth stages under FF and Urea treatments, were also improved. Further, the 2AP content and the P5C activity demonstrated strong correlations during the grain filling periods in both fragrant rice cultivars. In conclusion, our findings have the potential to provide useful information to farmers and agriculture extension workers in terms of the saving of fertilizers and the improvement of rice grain quality under fluctuating climate conditions.

Moscato Cerletti, a rediscovered aromatic cultivar with oenological potential in warm and dry areas

Baron Antonio Mendola was devoted to the study of grapevine, applying ampelography and dabbling in crosses between cultivars in order to select new ones, of which Moscato Cerletti, obtained in 1869, was the most interesting. Grillo, one of the most important white cultivars in Sicily, was ascertained to be an offspring of Catarratto Comune and Zibibbo, the same parents which Mendola claimed he used to obtain Moscato Cerletti. Thus the hypothesis of synonymy between Moscato Cerletti and Grillo or the same parentage for both sets of parents needs to be verified.In the present study, historical documents were consulted and genetic analyses and ampelographic, agronomic and qualitative characterisation carried out to determine the distinctiveness of each cultivars. These were also compared with Catarratto Comune and Zibibbo in order to establish the Moscato Cerletti pedigree. Due to their different SSR profiles, Grillo and Moscato Cerletti were confirmed as two distinct cultivars; they also differed in ripening times and sugar storage ability, as well as in the aromatic grape produced by Moscato Cerletti only. The trio genotype genetic analysis confirmed that Zibibbo is a parent of Moscato Cerletti (justifying the aromatic grape), whilst the SSR profiles did not show Catarratto Comune to be a second parent.Moscato Cerletti was found to have oenological potential in the production of sparkling muscat wines due to its ability to adapt to a changing climate in warm and dry environments and in different winegrowing regions.

Concentration-dependent emission of floral scent terpenoids from diverse cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium and their wild relatives

Floral scent is an important trait that has a significant influence on the reproduction of many flowering plants and the market value of several ornamental crops. The family of Asteraceae is well known for its unique floral structure (capitulum) that consists of many florets. Although the constituents of either floral essential oils or emitted floral volatiles have been reported in many species of Asteraceae, little information is available on the mechanisms that determine floral volatile emission. In the present study, a total of 44 species/varieties of Chrysanthemum were analyzed to determine the relationship between the internal accumulation of floral terpenoids and their release as volatiles. By performing both headspace collection and organic extraction, it has been found that the emission rates of floral terpenoids are largely correlated to their internal concentrations. Particularly, the flowers of cultivated C. morifolium, when compared to their wild relatives, were found to exhibit lower emission rates that contain lowered concentrations of floral terpenoids. The differences were largely determined by six monoterpenes and five sesquiterpenes that were revealed by principal component analysis. Besides, the relationship between concentrations and emission rates of floral terpenoids as well as the sizes of capitulum was studied in detail. Separated into three different parts, disc florets were found to have a larger contribution to floral volatile emission than ray florets, whereas the phyllaries and receptacles are the main parts of volatiles accumulation. Finally, the potential biosynthetic pathway of the floral terpenoids produced in capitula of Chrysanthemum was proposed. In summary, our findings on the diversity and variations of floral terpenoids in Chrysanthemum reveal correlations between their production and emission. These findings can be useful to develop different plant breeding methods to create novel aromatic cultivars of Chrysanthemum.

Volatile and sensory profiles of different black rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars varying in milling degree

In this study, we compared the volatile and sensory profiles of various black rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars varying in milling degree. In total, 51 volatiles were identified. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) was only detected in aromatic cultivars, and the amount varied depending on the cultivar. Additionally, a nonaromatic black rice cultivar (cv. Sinnongheukchal) contained high amounts of guaiacol. Descriptive analyses revealed significant differences in 13 sensory attributes between aromatic and nonaromatic black rice samples. After milling, the intensities of most volatile compound concentrations and sensory attributes decreased. However, the intensities of the “floral,” “sweet aroma,” and “sweet taste” sensory attributes increased, regardless of the cultivar. Partial least squares regression analysis showed that 2-AP correlated with the “popcorn” sensory attribute of aromatic black rice cultivars, whereas guaiacol was related to the “smoky” sensory attribute of cooked black rice. This information aids in the selection of black rice cultivars for various purposes in the food industry. For example, Heukhyangchal can be used as sources of food additives due to its smoky and popcorn-like aroma.

Is aromatic terpenoid composition of grapes in Northwestern Iberian wine cultivars related to variation in VviDXS1 gene?

BACKGROUND: Monoterpenes and C13-norisoprenoids are key terpenoid compounds for wine aroma. The enzyme encoded by VviDXS1 participates in terpenoid biosynthesis in grapevine fruits and gain-of-function mutations in this gene lead to characteristic muscat aroma. OBJECTIVE: To assess for VviDXS1 contribution to aroma variation in Northwestern Iberian wine cultivars, we resequenced this gene in 111 cultivars and compared grape juice terpenic composition in 12 of them. METHODS: VviDXS1 was capture-targeted for resequencing with Illumina paired-end reads, SAMtools was used for variant calling and gene haplotypes were reconstructed with PHASE. Monoterpenes and C13-norisoprenoids were quantified in free and glycosidically-bound forms from grape juice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Terpenic composition discriminated between muscat, terpenic and neutral profiles across cultivars. While the terpenic profile of Loureira and Albariño white cultivars was not associated with muscat-like mutations, Albariño carries a V34L substitution in VviDXS1 that is also present in other aromatic cultivars and was not reported before. Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon red cultivars accumulated higher levels of C13-norisoprenoids, which was not associated with specific variation in VviDXS1. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from the uncharacterized substitution present in Albariño, findings suggest that terpenoid pathway-related genes other than VviDXS1 could contribute to the aromatic attributes of these cultivars.

Exploring the physicochemical and cooking properties of some Indian aromatic and non-aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

The objective of the present investigation was to assess the physicochemical and cooking properties of Indian rice cultivars grown locally by farmers. Results reported the highest hulling (80.82%) and milling (75.47%) in cultivar Badshah Bhog (BSB) while the head rice out-turns were maximum in Govind Bhog (GVB) (58.22%) and broken rice was minimum in Khushboo (KSB) (5.15%). The kernel length (6.16-7.88 mm) of KSB, Kalanamak (KLN), Sarbati (SRB) and Todal (TDL) cultivars were nearly alike to the preferred minimum acceptable standard of Basmati rice (6.6mm). The kernel and volume elongation ratio was highest in Swetganga (STG) (2.07) and TDL (4.07), respectively whereas the amylose content was highest (>20%) in all aromatic cultivars and categorized the intermediate type than evolved aromatic rice KLN and nonaromatic cultivars (SRB and TDL). Further, the studied rice cultivars had grain quality characteristics similar to the minimum acceptable standards for the breeding of basmati type cultivars which may be employed for breeding purposes and can be graded as export quality rice possessing distinct nutritional values at the global level.

Characterization and expression of Cm-AAT1 gene encoding alcohol acyl-transferase in melon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) ‘Hikapel’

Abstract. Wibowo WA, Fatkhurohman MI, Daryono BS. 2020. Characterization and expression of Cm-AAT1 gene encoding alcohol acyl-transferase in melon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) ‘Hikapel’. Biodiversitas 21: 3041-3046. Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the horticulture commodities that have high economic value and its needs increase continuously. Many new melon cultivars have been assembled to produce a higher quality melon. Melon 'Hikapel' developed by the Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology UGM has distinctive character in the form of a strong aroma. This aroma is a complex mixture of various kinds of volatile compound. One of the main determinant compounds is a volatile ester, synthesized by the alcohol acyl-transferase enzyme encoded by the Cm-AAT1 gene. Characterization of Cm-AAT1 began with isolation of melon rinds to get total RNAs. Synthesis cDNA was conducted with oligo-dT primer, followed by detection of Cm-AAT1 using specific primers. A specific band was sequenced to perform phylogenetic tree. Gene expression from 4 melon cultivars, ‘Hikapel’, ‘Hikadi’, ‘Sun Lady’, and ‘Luna’ analysis was performed using relative quantitative Real-Time PCR. The results of this study showed that Cm-AAT1 owned not only by aromatic cultivars ‘Hikapel’ and ‘Hikadi’, but also owned by non-aromatic cultivars ‘Sun Lady’ and ‘Luna’. Phylogenetic analysis shows a high similarity between Cm-AAT1 on 'Hikapel' and 'Hikadi'. Gene expression analysis on 'Hikapel' increases as the process of fruit ripening during the storage period and it is in contrast to 'Hikadi' at decrease when the fruit began to enter the decay process on day 7th. Expression of Cm-AAT1 on ‘Hikapel’ was higher than ‘Hikadi’ at the peak of fruit maturity.

Differential regulation of genes associated with aroma production in indica rice cultivars during grain developmental stages

The method of grain-filling during seed developmental process in rice is a complex process with the metabolite, hormone and aroma levels changing almost each day after pollination. The present study focused on transcript profiling of genes related to aroma production in the grains of four aromatic rice cultivars, viz., Gobindobhog, Kalonunia, Tulaipanji and Radhunipagal against the non-aromatic cultivar IR-64, collected at the intervals of 10 days after pollination (DAP), 20 DAP and 30 DAP. The BADH2 expression was significantly high in IR-64 grains, while the genes like P5CS and OAT were highly expressed in the aromatic cultivars. The P5C-producing genes (P5CS, PDH and OAT), along with TPI and DAO were found to be mostly increasing with seed maturity in Gobindobhog and Radhunipagal, all the aroma concerning genes, except P5CS exhibited lower expression in Tulaipanji at maturity. Although SPDS and SPMS expressions were recorded to be down regulated at maturity in all the aromatic varieties, the lowest expression was registered in Tulaipanji at 30 DAP developmental stage. The principal component analyses indicated towards close relations amongst the aroma related genes like TPI, PDH and OAT, and between P5CS and P5CDH. The aroma content was the highest at the 30 DAP stage in all the aromatic cultivars and was almost undetected in IR-64, which could be well correlated with the genes under study. Overall, this is the first novel report highlighting the differential expression pattern of aroma producing genes in connection to aroma formation in developing grains of the examined rice varieties.

Economic Viability of Wet Season Aromatic and Non-aromatic Rice Cultivation in Dinajpur District of Bangladesh

The aromatic rice has cultural and economic significance in Bangladesh. This study assessed the relative economic viability (profitability and risk) of aromatic and non-aromatic wet season (WS) rice varieties. The farm-level data for this study was collected through face to face interview from Dinajpur. An enterprise, partial and stochastic budget was developed in the study. Nearly half of the total T. Aman area in the case study villages was devoted to aromatic rice, in particular modern aromatic cultivar BRRI dhan34, mainly due to it gave notable extra benefits over local aromatic (BDT. 13,519/ha) and non-aromatic (BDT. 20,197/ha) cultivars. There was no significant difference in yield between BRRI dhan34 and local aromatic variety, namely Kataribhog. However, BRRI dhan34 was found to be the more economically viable (gave higher returns and posed less risks) option due to its higher and stable market price. The higher price, guaranteed market demand, lower fertilizer requirements, shorter growth duration and suitability of late transplanting of BRRI dhan34 are the major drivers behind its widespread popularity in the region. It was clear from this research that farmers in the case study villages are highly motivated to increase adoption of the aromatic cultivar due to its price advantage and ensured market. Therefore, the development and dissemination of the higher yield potential biotic stress tolerant aromatic variety should get priority in policy planning for higher income generation and export earnings for the country.

Physiological and biochemical alterations imposed by Fusarium fujikuroi infection in aromatic and non-aromatic rice cultivars

Bakanae is the major fungal disease of rice posing threat to rice production all over the world. In order to understand the physiological and biochemical basis of resistance, the disease free and Fusarium fujikuroi infected seedlings of two aromatic (PUSA 1121 and PUSA 1509) and two non-aromatic (PR 121 and PR 126) rice cultivars were evaluated. The seeds of rice cultivars were inoculated with the virulent isolate of F. fujikuroi. Percent disease incidence, percent field emergence, seedling length and biochemical traits of 25 days old seedlings raised from healthy (disease free) and pathogen inoculated seeds in the nursery were compared. The experimental design was RBD and data was analysed using tukey’s HSD test. The infection led to a significant decline in the chlorophyll content in the infected seedlings of the aromatic cultivars, whereas non-significant variation between healthy and infected seedling of non-aromatic rice cultivars was observed. Seed inoculation with the fungus resulted in significant increase in length of the infected seedlings in aromatic rice cultivars as compared to non-aromatic indicating the resistance response to the production of Gibberellic acid in non-aromatic rice cultivars. The endogenous GA enhanced significantly postinfection in the aromatic PUSA 1121 and PUSA 1509 seedlings. Post pathogenesis, the infected seedlings of aromatic cultivars retained lower level of total phenols. The depletion of phenols post infection in infected seedlings of aromatic cultivars may be due sugar depletion. Our results show that the higher total antioxidant and enzymatic activity in aromatic rice cultivars post infection could be a useful biochemical marker for screening the tolerance potential of rice cultivars against bakanae disease.

Organoleptic and grain quality traits of aromatic rice varieties as influenced by supplementation of Zn and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline

Aromatic rice fetches premium prices in world markets due to its pleasant smell and enchanting flavor. In Bangladesh, the quality of aromatic rice is much inferior than those of other rice growing countries because of lack of improved variety and judicious agronomic management. Selection of appropriate variety and supplementation zinc (Zn) and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) can improve the aroma. The present study exhibited the effects of 2-AP and Zn supplementation on yield and quality of aromatic rice. Two well-known aromatic cultivars, BRRI dhan80 and BRRI dhan34, were cultured separately in pot supplemented with 2-AP and Zn. The results showed that supplementation of 2-AP and /or Zn along with conventional practices had significant effects on organoleptic and some quality parameters studied in this study. The concentration of 2AP and Zn in rice grain increased with increasing their application rate. Additionally, grain 2-AP concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with organoleptic characters. Interactions of both these elements with the complex process of 2-AP formation remain to be explored.

Growing tall and dwarf rice cultivars in mixture for better weed management and higher yield

Growing two or more cultivars of same crop species in mixture reduces intra-specific competition for natural resources and increases competitive ability of crops against weeds and thus enhances crop yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potentiality of growing rice cultivars in mixtures for minimizing weed pressure and increasing rice yield. The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during Aman season (July-December) 2017. Two transplant Aman rice cultivars viz. Binadhan-13 (tall, late- maturing and fine grain aromatic cultivar) and BRRI dhan49 (semi-dwarf, mid-maturing and coarse grain cultivar) were grown following two spatial arrangements viz., alternate row and alternate hill, and nine different cultivar mixture (Binadhan-13:BRRI dhan49) row ratios viz., 1:0, 1:2, 2:1, 2:3, 3:2, 2:4, 4:2,1:1 and 0:1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results confirmed the positive influence of spatial arrangement and cultivar mixture ratio on rice productivity. Both the cultivars showed better growth and higher yield when grown in mixture irrespective of ratios compared to their sole culture performances. But cultivar mixture ratio showed no advantages over sole culture in suppressing weeds. Based on the total yield Binadhan-13 and BRRI dhan49 inter-planted in 1:1 row ratio following alternate hill performed the best resulting in 50% and 12% yield advantages over sole culture of Binadhan-13 and BRRI dhan49, respectively. Therefore, growing tall and dwarf rice cultivars in mixture can be adopted as a tool for increasing rice productivity.
 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(2): 133–141, June 2019

Post‐veraison restriction of phloem import into Riesling (Vitis viniferaL.) berries induces transient and stable changes to fermentation‐derived and varietal wine volatiles

Background and Aims The climate-change driven uncoupling of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry ‘sugar-ripeness’ and ‘flavour-ripeness’ necessitates an improved understanding of the sugar/flavour nexus. Methods and Results Analysis of grape metabolites and wine volatiles derived from Riesling berries of peduncle-girdled and Control bunches over the course of 30 days provided time-dependent insights into changes to grape and wine composition associated with phloem import. Girdling resulted in stable berry mass and concentration of sugar and cytokinin and in reduced concentration of amino acids. Such changes to grape composition correlated with a lasting increase in wine monoterpenoids and a transient reduction in fermentation-derived wine volatiles. Conclusions Oxidative stress and restricted amino acid import, not sugar accumulation, were identified as possible elicitors for the increased accumulation of varietal wine aroma compounds in Riesling. Significance of the Study The concentration and composition of berry amino acids and cytokinin concentration in grapes during the later stages of rapid sugar accumulation may represent potential targets for vineyard management strategies and grapevine breeding to counter climate-change driven modifications to the wine volatile profile of aromatic cultivars.

Salt acclimation differentially regulates the metabolites commonly involved in stress tolerance and aroma synthesis in indica rice cultivars

The metabolites like proline (Pro), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), methylglyoxal (MG), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine-betaine (gly-bet) and polyamines (PAs) are known to be shared between and commonly utilized in the aroma production pathway and/or osmotolerance regulation pathway during environmental stress. In the present study, the responses of four popular indigenous aromatic rice varieties, viz. Tulaipanji (TP), Radhunipagal (RP), Kalonunia (KN) and Gobindobhog (GB), to gradually increasing concentration of NaCl were studied against the non-aromatic rice cultivar (IR-64), so as to understand the channelization of the aforementioned common metabolites for aroma formation and salt stress amelioration in the selected rice cultivars. The pattern of accumulation of these metabolites supported by multidimensional scaling and determination of aroma content illustrated that all the aromatic cultivars except KN sequester the metabolites towards aroma production. Immunoblot analysis revealed high accumulation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) protein in KN, which is uncharacteristic of aroma production. The BADH2 isozymes were also differentially expressed in the stressed rice cultivars. Of all the aromatic cultivars examined, stressed KN seedlings strategically siphoned the metabolites towards protection against salt-induced injuries and exhibited lower aroma production. The present work therefore clearly illustrates the notable differences, observed during the predominant channelization of relevant metabolites associated with both fragrance and stress amelioration in rice, even at the varietal level.

Registration of ‘CLJ01’ Rice

‘CLJ01’ (Reg. No. CV‐152, PI 687326), a Clearfield (BASF) long‐grain aromatic (Jazzman) rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, was developed by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center at the H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station near Crowley, LA, and approved for release by the director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2018. CLJ01 is the first aromatic rice cultivar to be released for use with the Clearfield rice production systems. CLJ01 was derived from the cross ‘Jazzman’/08CLR004//RU0802146/3/RU1002146, made 2010 and advanced in 2014 as an F4 row selection. Preliminary testing in 2015 indicated high yield potential and favorable agronomic and grain characteristics. CLJ01 was evaluated across 27 trials in eight locations in 2016–2017. Three high‐yielding commercial Clearfield cultivars (‘CL111’, ‘CL151’, and ‘CL153’) and two commercial aromatic cultivars (‘Della‐2’ and ‘Jazzman‐2’) were included as checks. Grain yield of CLJ01 was 7.95 t ha−1 compared with 8.16 t ha−1 for CL111, 9.18 t ha−1 for CL151, 8.88 t ha−1 for CL153, 7.35 t ha−1 for Della‐2, and 6.15 t ha−1 for Jazzman‐2. The leaves, lemma, and palea are glabrous, the apiculus is has a purple color, and the grain is aromatic. CLJ01 is moderately susceptible to blast and susceptible to sheath blight, bacterial panicle blight, narrow brown leaf spot, and the physiological disorder straighthead.