Aroma Pattern Research Articles

Cultivar authentication of olive oil from Ionian islands using volatile compounds and chemometric analyses

Two hundred and twenty-three olive samples of different olive cultivars (Koroneiki, Asprolia, Lianolia, Ntopia, Thiaki, Mavrolia, and Others) grown in the Ionian islands (Kefalonia, Kerkyra, Leukada, and Zakynthos) were subjected to headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The aim of the study was to characterize the aroma pattern of these olive oil cultivars, and track whether specific volatile compounds could be used for olive oil cultivar authentication using chemometrics. Multivariate analysis of variance implemented on the semi-quantitative data of volatile compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, benzene derivatives, esters, hydrocarbons, ketones, and terpenoids), showed that olive cultivar had a significant impact on the volatile composition of olive oil samples. Factor analysis and linear discriminant analysis indicated those specific volatile compounds that could be related to olive oil cultivar and established statistical models for the olive oil cultivar authentication from Ionian islands, thus indicating a characteristic aroma fingerprint of these olive oils.

Combined effect of carvacrol and high hydrostatic pressure on quality attributes of chicken meat during refrigerated conditions

The application of hurdle approach using high hydrostatic processing (HHP) with bioactive compounds (BACs) to preserve meat quality is promising due to safety, improved well-being, and easier acceptance by customers compared to the use of synthetic preservatives. This study was designed to investigate the influence of natural phenolic BAC carvacrol (CARV) at 500 and 1000 ppm combined with HHP(300 and 600MPa) on the quality attributes of chicken meat after being vacuum-sealed and kept at 4 ± 0.5 °C for 28 days. The HHP showed a significantly higher pH rate (P<0.05), increased L* and b* value, decreased a* values, and reduction in water holding capacity (WHC) compared to unpressurized control meat with/without CARV. Reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) indexes was perceived in meat supplemented with CARV, and low level of HHP (300 HHP) whereas significantly increased lipid oxidation was witnessed with HHP 600 MPa. At day 28, an increase in aerobic mesophilic counts (AMCs) was observed in all meat samples. However, reductions of about 0.6, 0.8, and 1.1 log in AMCs were seen in meat treated with 600HHP-No CARV, HHP300-CARV 500 ppm, and 600HHP-CARV 1000 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, despite the overlapping aroma pattern between meat containing CARV and control groups, the electronic nose was able to discriminate control from samples subjected to HHP. The current results demonstrate that the addition of CARV improved the conservation effects of HHP with less oxidative deterioration of fresh chicken meat during chilling storage. Keywords: Bioactive compounds; High hydrostatic processing; Chicken meat; Lipid oxidation; Microbiological properties

Liquid sourdough from stone-ground soft wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour: Development and exploitation in the breadmaking process

The aim of the study was to set up a liquid sourdough obtained using stone-ground soft wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour to be exploited in breadmaking. Therefore, a Type II sourdough (dough yield = 350) was developed from a stable stone-ground wheat Type I sourdough (dough yield = 156) used as inoculum. Both sourdoughs were analyzed for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) viable counts, pH and total titratable acidity (TTA), LAB biodiversity by a combined culture-dependent and -independent approach (PCR-DGGE) and they were tested for their breadmaking ability. In addition, the chemical and rheological features and volatile organic compounds of the stone-ground soft wheat flour used in the experiment were investigated.The flour had a high protein content, good bakery properties and it also presented a rich aroma pattern characterized not only by the prevalence of green grass, flowery, and sweet aromas but also nutty, roasted and popcorn aromas.The sourdoughs I and II used in the trial were characterized by viable LAB counts, pH and TTA values typical of mature sourdoughs, i.e., approximately 9 log cfu gr-1 and mL, pH 3.9 and 10 mL 0.1 N NaOH. In addition, Levilactobacillus brevis and Companilactobacillus paralimentarius species represented the LAB stable microbiota of both sourdoughs.Both sourdoughs efficiently produce acceptable experimental breads characterized by different volatile profiles thus indicating that the type of sourdough fermentation significantly influenced the features of the final products. Overall, for the first time in the present study stone-ground wheat flour and bread have been characterized for their volatile aroma profile and sensory properties.

Gas Array Sensors based on Electronic Nose for Detection of Tuna (Euthynnus Affinis) Contaminated by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

Fish is a food ingredient that is consumed throughout the world. When fishes die, their freshness begins to decrease. The freshness of the fish can be determined by the aroma it produces. The purpose of this study is to monitor the odor of fish using a collection of gas sensors that can detect distinct odors. The sensor was tested with three kinds of samples, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tuna, and tuna that was contaminated with P. aeruginosa bacteria. During the process of collecting sensor data, all samples were placed in a vacuum so that the gas or aroma produced was not contaminated with other aromas. Eight sensors were used which were designed and implemented in an electronic nose (E-nose) device that can withstand aroma. The data collection process was carried out for 48 h, with an interval of 6 h for each data collection. Data processing was performed by using the principal component analysis and support vector machine (SVM) methods to obtain a plot score visualization and classification and to determine the aroma pattern of the fish. The results of this study indicate that the E-nose system is able to smell fish based on the hour with 95% of the cumulative variance of the main component in the classification test between fresh tuna and tuna fish contaminated with P. aeruginosa. The SVM classifier was able to classify the healthy and unhealthy fish with an accuracy of 99%. The sensors that provided the highest response are the TGS 825 and TGS 826 sensors.

Characterization of Basil Volatile Fraction and Study of Its Agronomic Variation by ASCA.

Basil is a plant known worldwide for its culinary and health attributes. It counts more than a hundred and fifty species and many more chemo-types due to its easy cross-breeds. Each species and each chemo-type have a typical aroma pattern and selecting the proper one is crucial for the food industry. Twelve basil varieties have been studied over three years (2018–2020), as have four different cuts. To characterize the aroma profile, nine typical basil flavour molecules have been selected using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled with an olfactometer (GC–MS/O). The concentrations of the nine selected molecules were measured by an ultra-fast CG e-nose and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to detect possible differences among the samples. The PCA results highlighted differences between harvesting years, mainly for 2018, whereas no observable clusters were found concerning varieties and cuts, probably due to the combined effects of the investigated factors. For this reason, the ANOVA Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) methodology was applied on a balanced a posteriori designed dataset. All the considered factors and interactions were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in explaining differences between the basil aroma profiles, with more relevant effects of variety and year.

Implementation of an electronic nose for classification of synthetic flavors

Classification and identification of synthetic flavor become routine activities in the flavor and food industry due to its application. As a modern olfactory technology, electronic nose (e-nose) has the possibility to be applied in these activities. This study aimed to evaluate an e-nose for classifying synthetic flavors. In this study, an e-nose was designed with an array of gases sensors as the main sensing component and principal component analysis (PCA) for the pattern recognition software. This research was started with preparation of the hardware, continued with preparation of sample, data collection, and analysis. There were nine samples of synthetic flavors with different aroma, namely: grapes, strawberry, mocha, pandanus, mango, jackfruit, orange, melon, and durian. The data collection process includes three stages, i.e. flushing, collecting, and purging of 2 min, 3 min, 2 min respectively. These sensor responses were then analyzed for forming aroma patterns. Four pre-treatment methods were applied for the aroma pattern formation: absolute data, normalize of absolute data, relative data, and normalize of relative data. With the PCA for evaluation, the results showed that the absolute data treatment provided the best results, indicated from the distribution of aroma patterns that were grouped according to the type of samples.

Aroma Profile, Microbial and Chemical Quality of Ensiled Green Forages Mixtures of Winter Cereals and Italian Ryegrass

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p &lt; 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

누룩별 약주의 품질특성

Yakju is a traditional Korean beverage made from rice and Nuruk. In this study, the quality characteristics of Yakju by rice Nuruk and traditional Nuruk were examined. The alcohol content (%) of Yakju with A.luchuensis was 17.10-17.60, and Yakju with A.oryzae 17.40-18.00, which showed a slightly higher alcohol content (p＜0.05). The pH, amino acidity, volatile acid, and b value in Yakju with A.oryzae were significantly higher than A.luchuensis (p＜0.001). The acidity, L, a value of Yakju with A.luchuensis was significantly higher in Yakju with A.oryzae (p＜0.001). An analysis of the electronic nose of Yakju showed that the fragrance pattern of Yakju was 92.364% for the one ingredient and 7.545% for the two ingredient. The distinction by rice Nuruk was classified by the two ingredients, and when songhak was used along with traditional Nuruk, it had an aroma pattern independent of the other Yakju. According to the results of electronic tongue analysis, Yakju with A.luchuensis was found to be sour, umami, and Yakju with A.oryzae had a salty, bitter, and sweet taste. According to the sensory evaluation, taste was the most significant among the panel (p＜0.001), and the harmony of taste was the highest with Yakju with A.luchuensis. The general Nuruk and aroma patterns of Yakju are divided largely by rice Nuruk in the manufacture of Yakju. These results are expected to be great help in the development of new products for Yakju, considering the flavor and taste of Yakju.

Analisis Kandungan Minyak Babi Pada Minyak Kanola Melalui Klasifikasi Pola Hidung Elektronik (E-Nose) Berbasis Linear Diskriminan Analysis(LDA)

The classification of the aroma pattern of pork oil and canola oil on the chemometric-based electronic nose has been classified. The electronic nose used is a series of chemical sensors combined in parallel. Sensors are made of semiconductor material that can detect changes in gas in the air. Each sample measured by an electronic nose provides output in the form of different voltages on each sensor. The data processing method used is Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) which is able to classify based on patterns. The samples used were canola oil, pork oil and a mixture of pork oil and canola oil with a percentage of 50%: 50%. The results of the classification of electronic nose patterns with samples of pork oil and canola oil show that each sample is fairly well clustered with the value of the first disk function is 99.9% and the second discriminant function value is 0.1%.

Changes in Aroma Pattern of Campbell Grapes by Treatment of Phytoncide Pads Derived from Pine Bark Using GC-MSD Electronic Nose

Changes in Aroma Pattern of Campbell Grapes by Treatment of Phytoncide Pads Derived from Pine Bark Using GC-MSD Electronic Nose

An electronic tongue as a classifier tool for assessing perfume olfactory family and storage time-period

The identification of more than three perfumes is difficult and no analytical tool can completely replace the human olfactory system for fragrance classification. Indeed, no analytical system can mimic the human fragrance perception, being the recognition of perfume aroma patterns by conventional or sensor-based analytical tools a challenging task. For the perfume sector, the possibility of applying fast, cost-effective and green analytical devices for perfume analysis would represent a huge economic revenue. Since the perfume aroma pattern will depend on the composition of the liquid phase and on the diffusion properties of their volatile components, this work aimed to apply a potentiometric electronic tongue, comprising non-specific cross-sensitive lipid polymeric membranes, combined with chemometric techniques, as a novel perfume classifier. The multisensors device allowed establishing perfumes’ unique fingerprints, which were successfully used to discriminate men from women perfumes, to identify the perfume aroma family (Citric-Aromatic, Floral, Floral-Fruity, Floral-Oriental, Floral-Woody, Woody-Oriental and Woody-Spicy) and, assessing the perfume storage time-period (≤ 9 months; 9–24 months; and, ≥ 24 months). The established linear discriminant models were based on single-run potentiometric profiles gathered by sub-sets of sensors selected using the simulated annealing algorithm, which enabled achieving correct classification rates of 93–100% (for leave-one-out cross-validation procedure). The satisfactory performance of the electronic tongue demonstrates the versatility of the proposed approach as a practical perfume preliminary classifier sensor device, which industrial application may be foreseen in a near future, contributing to a green-sustained economic growth of the perfume industry.

한국 고흥산 커피의 gas chromatograph-ion mobility spectrometer에 의한 향기 특성 분석

In this study, we investigated the aroma characteristics of Goheung coffee in Jeonnam, which was firstly tested and cultivated as a special crop in Korea, using GC-IMS electronic nose. As a result of principal component analysis of the aroma pattern detected by electronic nose, the aroma of Goheung coffee was distinguished from five foreign species of origin (Colombia, Guatemala, Ethiopia, Brazil, India). Of the volatile compounds in Korea's Goheung coffee, the nine components that showed high sensitivity were not found in other foreign coffee. The unique fragrance composition of coffee from Goheung in Korea was observed, and the fragrance components of buttery, oily, caramel-like 1-heptene, 2-methyl- and 1-propanol, which have strongly fruity and floral aroma, were strongly detected in ethiopia coffee, and strongly detected in Guatemala. Sweet and fruity components such as 2-pentanone and isopropyl tert-butyl ether and components such as amine and pyridine with negative aroma characteristics such as sour, putrid, bitter, and fishy were found to be the lowest in the five foreign coffees. From these results, the aroma characteristics of Korean Goheung coffee are expected to a good response to domestic consumers.

SPME-GC-MS & metal oxide E-Nose 18 sensors to validate the possible interactions between bio-active terpenes and egg yolk volatiles.

This study was focused on the differences between three concentrations of four safe bio-active volatile terpenes and natural compounds (trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, menthol, and vanillin) on the egg yolk volatile components. In which, Headspace Solid phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) followed by GC/MS were used for volatiles analysis, and electronic nose (E-Nose) with 18 sensors was used for the aroma pattern. In the results, a total of 111 different volatile compounds were identified by using GC/MS. Some ketones, amines, nitro and organic acid compounds such as hexanone were significantly reduced after using these compounds. On the other hand, first principal components (PC1) of trans-cinnamaldehyde (0.1%) was decreased significantly (p < .05) to -4.8 ± 0.8, compared to the control with 4.3 ± 2.1. And, it increased benzaldehyde and nonanal peaks area significantly to 46.56 ± 14.46 and 9.22 ± 4.81 MPA. In menthol (0.1%), the content of d-limonene was decreased to 4.65 ± 0.49 MPA, compared to the control with 14.16 ± 4.95 MPA. On the other hand, by E-Nose, vanillin (0.1%) PC1 was decreased significantly to -4.48 ± 0.43. Moreover, thymol (0.1%) decreased hydrocarbon sensation to 0.448 ± 0.005. And, vanillin (0.1%) decreased hydrogen sulfide and ketones sensation to 0.169 ± 0.01 and 0.344 ± 0.01, respectively. In conclusion, this study is providing novel information to understand the effects of bio-active molecules on the biological fatty media volatility. Also, it explains how terpenes can protect egg yolk media from the unacceptable odor formation which results from the degradation of its lipids and proteins.

Quality comparison of retorted Samgyetang made from white semi-broilers, commercial broilers, Korean native chickens, and old laying hens.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the quality characteristics of retorted Samgyetang (Korean ginseng chicken soup) made from white semi-broilers (WSB; Ross× Hyline white, 3 weeks old), commercial broilers (CB; Ross, 4 weeks old), Korean native chickens (KNC; Hanhyup-3-ho, 12 weeks old) and old laying hens (OLH; Hyline white, 72 weeks old) and to explore the possibility of using the carcasses of KNCs and OLHs as raw material for product diversification.MethodsRaw and cooked meat quality, fatty acid composition and consumer acceptance were analyzed.ResultsAmong the chicken breeds, OLH and KNC showed a higher shear force value than WSB and CB due to high insoluble collagen contents. However, the meat of KNC was more tender than that of OLH. The meat of OLH was characterized by the lowest moisture content and highest crude fat content. The meat of KNC was characterized by a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid than that of OLH. The meat of OLH showed the highest content of unsaturated fatty acid, particularly linoleic acid, in its thigh meat. Electronic nose readings revealed that the meat aroma pattern was clearly different across breeds. OLH had the lowest overall acceptance score, while no differences were found in flavor, texture, juiciness and appearance among WSB, CB, and KNC.ConclusionKNC shows potential as raw material for Samgyetang, while additional preprocessing methods, such as tenderization and fat removal, are required for the utilization of OLH as raw material for retorted Samgyetang.

Effect of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Monascus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Fermentation on Aroma Patterns of Semi-Dried Grass Carp

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of Monascus fermentation on the aroma pattern of semi-dried grass carp. Semi-dried fish was fermented using Monascus purpureus GDMCC3.439. The volatile flavor substances present in fresh fish, semi-dry fish and Monascus fermented semi-dried fish were compared by simultaneous distillation and extraction combined with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that alcohols, aldehydes and ketones were the main components of the flavor of the unfermented and fermented semi-dried grass crap. Monascus fermentation could significantly affect the volatile flavor substances of semi-dried grass carp. Moreover, the processing of semi-dried fish fermented by Monascus could not only effectively improve the fishy smell of fresh fish, but also make up for the defect of the pickled flavor of semi-dried fish. Eighteen of the main volatile components in semi-dried fish fermented by Monascus were identified by relative odor activity value (ROAV), as follows: 1-octene-3-ol, phenylethanol, hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, (E)-2-octenal, 3-Methyl-1-butanal, benzaldehyde, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E)-2-Decenal, phenylacetaldehyde, (E,E)-2.4-decadienal, tetradecanal, 2,3-butanone, 2,3-octanedione, alpha-pinene, 2-pentane furan.

시중 유통되는 요구르트의 품질특성 평가

Commercial yogurt can be classified as fermented milk (FM) and condensed fermented milk (CFM). A selection of commercial yogurt was collected from domestic markets and the quality characteristics were compared by analyzing total acidity, viscosity, organic acids, sugars, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and aroma pattern. Total acidity and viscosity in FM were significantly lower than those in CFM (p&lt;0.05). The major organic acid of commercial yogurt was lactic acid, the content of which was 8.15-4.72 times and 26.83-47.20 times higher than that of citric acid and acetic acid, respectively. CFM contained 1.47 times more lactic acid and 2.53 times more citric acid than FM. The total sugar content in FM was two times higher than that in CFM and the major sugars measured were sucrose, lactose, glucose, and maltose. The sucrose content was the highest in FM. CFM contained 23.65 times more CLA and 10.81 times more lipid than FM. The aroma patterns of yogurt analyzed with an electronic nose were clustered into Therefore, among commercial yogurt, CFM had higher viscosity, organic acid and CLA content, but lower sugar content than FM, which resulted in a relatively strong sour and weak sweet taste.

Comparison of meat quality, fatty acid composition and aroma volatiles of Chikso and Hanwoo beef.

ObjectiveAlthough Hanwoo has been selected as the superior commercial beef cattle breed in Korea, Chikso (Korean brindle cattle) is still recognized as a valuable breed for beef production. The aim of this study was to compare the meat quality, fatty acid composition and aroma volatiles of beef from Chikso and Hanwoo steers maintained under identical feed management, as information regarding these characteristics is still limited.MethodsA total of 19 carcasses with a quality grade of 1 were selected, and strip loin (longissimus lumborum) cuts were collected from 11 Hanwoo carcasses and 8 Chikso carcasses. Meat quality and aroma analyses were performed at day four postmortem.ResultsThough Hanwoo strip loin tended to have higher fat content (15.37%) than Chikso (12.01%), no significant differences were observed. Meat pH, water-holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force value, instrumental surface color (Commission International De L’eclairage L*, a*, b*, chroma, and hue angle) and fatty acid composition were not significantly different. Roasted Chikso beef released more intense aroma than roasted Hanwoo beef based on the total area units of identified volatiles. Among identified volatiles, the amounts of toluene, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal were higher in roasted Chikso beef than in roasted Hanwoo beef. In addition, the aroma pattern of the roasted beef from these breeds was well-discriminated by electronic nose.ConclusionNo distinct differences were found in terms of meat quality between Hanwoo and Chikso beef in this study. However, the aroma pattern and volatiles of roasted Hanwoo and Chikso beef were different according to instrumental analysis.

Rapid Monitoring of Pharmacological Volatiles of Night-Flowering Evening-Primrose According to Flower Opening or Closing by Fast Gas Chromatography/Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor (Electronic zNose).

Aroma is important in night-flowering species, as visually they can not be observed well. Thus, the analysis of the volatiles of evening-primrose is of great interest in biological fields and therapy. Furthermore, the analysis of volatiles demands rapid and simple procedure, because volatiles decompose. The aim of this study is to show the rapid monitoring of the volatiles of evening-primrose according to the flowering or closing by fast gas chromatography/surface acoustic wave GC/SAW. Moreover, calibration according to the sensor temperature of the GC/SAW was performed, achieving a high reproducibility and excellent sensitivity. GC/SAW is an effective analytical method that provides on-line measurements without pretreatment of sample. Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and dynamic headspace trapping and extraction with GC-MS were employed to confirm the identification of the volatiles of evening-primrose compared to GC/SAW. Linalool was found to be the dominant component, comprising 96.4-25.2% of the total amount, according to the opening or closing. Interestingly, the amount of indole also varied according to the opening or closing (3.0-0.0%) such as linalool. Also, while the sensitivity increased with the reduction in the sensor temperature of the GC/SAW, the reproducibility showed a tendency to decrease. The results showed that flower opening is related to the volatiles emission, which is pharmacological and plant defensive. GC/SAW can be a useful analytical method for the rapid monitoring of volatiles of evening-primrose according to the opening or closing as it provides second unit analysis, as well as simple, and aroma pattern recognition. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of cooking method and final core-temperature on cooking loss, lipid oxidation, nucleotide-related compounds and aroma volatiles of Hanwoo brisket.

ObjectiveThis study observed the effects of cooking method and final core temperature on cooking loss, lipid oxidation, aroma volatiles, nucleotide-related compounds and aroma volatiles of Hanwoo brisket (deep pectoralis).MethodsDeep pectoralis muscles (8.65% of crude fat) were obtained from three Hanwoo steer carcasses with 1+ quality grade. Samples were either oven-roasted at 180°C (dry heat) or cooked in boiling water (moist heat) to final core temperature of 70°C (medium) or 77°C (well-done).ResultsBoiling method reduced more fat but retained more moisture than did the oven roasting method (p<0.001), thus no significant differences were found on cooking loss. However, samples lost more weight as final core temperature increased (p<0.01). Further, total saturated fatty acid increased (p = 0.02) while total monounsaturated fatty acid decreased (p = 0.03) as final core temperature increased. Regardless the method used for cooking, malondialdehyde (p<0.01) and free iron contents (p<0.001) were observed higher in samples cooked to 77°C. Oven roasting retained more inosinic acid, inosine and hypoxanthine in samples than did the boiling method (p<0.001), of which the concentration decreased as final core temperature increased except for hypoxanthine. Samples cooked to 77°C using oven roasting method released more intense aroma than did the others and the aroma pattern was discriminated based on the intensity. Most of aldehydes and pyrazines were more abundant in oven-roasted samples than in boiled samples. Among identified volatiles, hexanal had the highest area unit in both boiled and oven-roasted samples, of which the abundance increased as the final core temperature increased.ConclusionThe boiling method extracted inosinic acid and rendered fat from beef brisket, whereas oven roasting intensified aroma derived from aldehydes and pyrazines and prevented the extreme loss of inosinic acid.

Influence of edible coating on postharvest physiology ana quality of honeydew melon fruit (Cucumis melo L. inodorus)

Several techniques have been developed to preserve the quality of horticultural products throughout the supply chain. Edible coatings represent a promising technology as they can improve quality and extend shelf life of fruit and vegetables by changing gases and moisture permeabilties, enhancing fruit appearance, and reducing microbial contamination.The aim of this work was to assess the effectiveness of two kinds of novel coatings on the shelf life extension of Honeydew winter melons during retail. Sixty melons were used: 24 were uncoated as control; 18 were treated with a cellulose polymer coating (F1) and 18 with a synthetic polymer (F2) coating. Upon arrival, and after 6, 9 and 13 days at 13°C, six melons/treatment were individually analyzed for internal O2, ethylene and ethane concentrations, fermentative metabolites, quality parameters, and aroma pattern. Already after six days, internal O2 levels in coated fruit fell to ~1% in F1 and ~3% in F2 melons, triggering fermentative pathways as shown by the increased productions, mainly in F1 fruit, of acetaldehyde, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and ethane. This pattern caused changes in the responses of electronic nose sensors which were able to distinguish the three treatments. Coating did not influence fruit firmness and internal ethylene concentration. F1 coating reduced soluble solids content, strongly enhanced skin glossiness, and delayed yellowing, but it was not able to prevent moisture losses. In contrast, F2 coating significantly reduced weight loss and showed a slight positive effect on fruit appearance.