Army Rations Research Articles

Design and Development of Modular Customised Ration Storage System Silo for Service Specific Applications during Peak Winters at High Altitude Area

Conceptualisation of design and development of modular and customised ration storage system for Army rations sustainable up to -40°C was carried out. The Indian Armed Forces operate under various climatic conditions, which are inhospitable for cooking, storing fresh/perishable food products and carrying rations for their survival during an emergency. Hence, there was an ever-existent demand for a customised, user-friendly ration storage system. Considering a number of user-friendly features, a system has been designed comprising modular unit structures with insulated wall panels containing Polyurethane foam (PUF) sandwiched between metallic and composite material claddings. An insulated structure is required to maintain the temperature at high altitudes during extreme low-temperature conditions. The temperature and humidity are regulated and maintained using solar panels and humidly modulators. The modular structure with individual temperature and humidity control is suitable for the safe storage and preservation of fresh produce, fruits and vegetables, and milk and animal products. In case of perishable commodities of Defense supplies inclusive of leafy and tender vegetables, juicy fresh fruits, egg, chocolates, meat carcasses stored in silo are safe as its insulated structure ensures no freezing even upto -25° Celsius hence protects them from quality damage due to subzero temperature exposure and abuse. Therefore, the normal convention of the expected shelf life for each such commodity was extended approximately double the normal shelf life expected. An extensive design process involving CAD modelling followed by mechanical load simulation and analysis resulted in a robust and capable system. Each compartmentalised segment caters for an average one-ton material depending on the nature of the material. The system is suitable to store 3 tons of ration at a time to address the requirement of 100 individuals for 60 days in monsoon cut off and peak winter cut-off posts. Total energy consumption under fully load condition is approx. 2KW to maintain peak temperature gradient of 45-50°C.The outer surface of the structure can be camouflaged. The well-insulated structure ensures zero leakage and is sturdy to withstand a wind velocity of 60 km per hour and a standing snow load of 2 meters above it.

‘All was not well with the soldiers’ diet’: an evaluation of the effectiveness of official Australian Imperial Force food provisions, 1914–18

ABSTRACT Official army rations were calculated to maintain the soldiers of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) of 1914–1918 in good fighting trim. This article systematically investigates for the first time this provisioning, evaluating its effectiveness in sustaining the soldiers as fighting men. Three key unresolved areas of research are explored: the debate over whether army provisioning was more diverse and balanced than popular impressions, the degree to which conclusions drawn about provisioning at Gallipoli can be applied across all the campaigns of the AIF, and comparisons with British army provisioning. It concludes that AIF rations were physiologically and emotionally inadequate throughout the war.

Military corruption in war: stealing and connivance among Zimbabwean foot soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1998–2002)

ABSTRACTThis article examines the ways in which Zimbabwean foot soldiers engaged in military corrupt activities, stealing army rations from the trenches to resell in neighbouring civilian communities and Congolese soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The practice became widespread among and between senior and junior officers. However, this practice did not end with the war; rather it was carried over from the DRC war to the Zimbabwean army barracks. The article contends that the practice of stealing army rations was a deeply unprofessional practice. The article draws from life history stories of Zimbabwean former soldiers who deserted the army and are now living in South Africa.

Sacrificing for a "Just Cause": The World War I Memoir of Edward F. Paule, U.S. Engineers

ON THE EVENING OF THURSDAY, August 7,1919, an elaborate party was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Herman P. Paule of Belleville, Illinois. The occasion was the return of the three Paule sons from the battlefields of Europe. Described by a newspaper reporter as a affair throughout, the Paule yard featured lanterns, bunting, and the flags of the Allied nations, while the beautifully decorated house displayed flags, birds, and pictures of three ships, depicting those that brought the safely back to America. An elegant luncheon was served to the men in uniform and their guests, with tables and chairs at the disposal of the ladies, while the veterans ate from tin plates and sat army style, cross-legged on the floor or the ground. Dancing, singing and the exchange of war stories filled the evening until a very late hour.'Such ceremonies were common as Americans welcomed the dough- boys home after World War I, but now, as the centennial of the conflict approaches, they are distant memories. With the death of the last United States veteran of the war in 2011, Americans lost their final living link to the men and women of 1917-18. Now, only the diaries, letters, memoirs, photographs, and memorials the veterans left behind, and the recollections of their relatives, preserve the legacy of what has become a forgotten war-a conflict lost in the popular imagination between the romantic fratricide of the Civil War and the heroic efforts of the greatest generation to defeat fascism during World War II.We are fortunate, then, that U.S. Army enlisted man Edward F. Paule of Belleville not only faithfully served his country during World War I, but also penned an extensive memoir of his odyssey to make the world ----safe for democracy by helping defeat the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary.Paule's is not a stereotypical story of trench warfare, poison gas and mass slaughter, however. He extensively documented a wide range of experiences in the United States and Europe, including his enlistment, preparation in various training camps for service over there, his voyage across the U-boat infested Atlantic, and his time in England and France. In addition, Paule's memoir is unique because he was a member of an engineer regiment, a critical component of the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.). Comprising only about 12 percent of the total American army overseas, engineers played an essential role in military operations both behind and on the front lines. According to the U.S. Army's Chief of Engineers, among other duties engineers laid out and constructed field fortifications, constructed and maintained shelter (including barracks, quarters, and hospitals), and built and maintained railroads and highways.2 On occasion, engineer troops also served as infantrymen at the front.Because there is no evidence he prepared his memoir for publication, Paule wrote in an unpretentious style, with occasional humor. Any reader of Paule's account will quickly realize that his is not a romantic, whitewashed account of the war, celebrating a victory gained by heroic doughboys. Although he noted the positive aspects of his military career, Paule did not hesitate to relate the dark and dreary nature of soldier life. More importantly, he also freely criticized his superiors and the army in general for poor planning and unfair treatment. According to the strict censorship rules of the time, such sentiments were usually removed from personal letters by commanding officers. His frank narrative, composed after his return to the United States and free from censorship, preserves the memories of a citizen-soldier who was proud of his contributions to a just cause, but also admitted that life in the A.E.F. was certainly not carefree, and that the Kaisers forces were conquered only after a great deal of suffering and sacrifice.3In addition, for historians of social history and military material culture, Paule recorded important aspects of army life during this period, including living conditions, army rations, troop transportation, the duties of engineers, and military construction techniques. …

Effect of temperature abuse on frozen army rations: Part 2: Predicting microbial spoilage

Numerically simulated heat transfer model of frozen US military rations was combined with microbial kinetics to predict the microbial spoilage of the food products, during two possible temperature abuse scenarios. An army breakfast menu box containing five different food items was selected for conducting this research. One of the food item in the menu box, beefsteak, was chosen for detailed microbial study. A microbial predictive tool was used to identify and evaluate the kinetics of the most prone microorganism that can grow in a beefsteak. Numerical predictions suggested that the food items exposed to external temperatures ranging from 20°C to 40°C can be allowed to stay at those temperatures for maximum times of 28.7h to 11.9h, respectively. The food items can be allowed to stay inside the broken freezer for a maximum time of 186h, to ensure microbial safety in the case of freezer failure.

Effect of temperature abuse on frozen army rations. Part 1: Developing a heat transfer numerical model based on thermo-physical properties of food

Numerical simulation was carried out to predict the effect of external temperature conditions on thermal behavior of frozen US military rations, during storage and transportation. An army breakfast menu box containing beefsteaks, concentrated orange juice, peppers & onions, French toast, and Danishes, was selected for conducting this study. Thermo-physical properties of each food item were characterized using their composition and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Apparent heat capacity method was used to account for the latent heat of phase change during simulation of thawing and freezing. Numerically simulated results were experimentally validated using a gel-based model food system and the food items in the menu box. The average deviation between numerically predicted temperature and experimentally measured temperature for the model food system was approximately 1°C and for the targeted food items the deviation ranged from 2°C to 5°C, depending on the food item.

Porridge and peas: C. Stanton Hicks and Australian army rations

In 1942 Australian troops came back from fighting the Japanese in New Guinea exhausted and malnourished. The army rations of bully beef and biscuits were insufficiently rich in vitamins to sustain men in combat in tropical conditions. The nutritionist C. Stanton Hicks was one of a vast army of scientists who worked behind the scenes to maximize the war effort. He made it his mission to improve the army diet. He set up the Australian Army Catering Corps, invented combat ration packs and tried to introduce vitamin-rich foods into the soldiers' diet. Two of his more idiosyncratic innovations were wheat porridge and Tasmanian blue peas.

NUTRITION experiments with army rations.

NUTRITION experiments with army rations.

No Time for Fear: Voices of American Military Nurses in World War II (review)

Reviewed by: No Time for Fear: Voices of American Military Nurses in World War II Ada Romaine Davis Diane Burke Fessler. No Time for Fear: Voices of American Military Nurses in World War II. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1996. xv + 280 pp. Ill. $34.95. In this fascinating book, nurses who served in the Navy, Army, and Army Air Force during World War II describe their experiences through oral histories elicited by the author (who interviewed 130 military nurses). About 60,000 Army nurses and 14,000 Navy nurses served in all areas; more than 400 were stationed at Pearl Harbor at the time of the Japanese attack, and thousands more served in Europe, North Africa, Italy, Asia, and the Pacific. Early in 1942, 88 nurses on Bataan and Corregidor were interned in Japanese prison camps in the Philippines for almost three years; 74 survived. Nurses served in all types of transport on land, at sea, and in the air. In January 1943, Medical Air Evacuation Squadrons (MAESs) were established in North Africa, Europe, and the Pacific: C-47s flew to battle fronts with equipment and ammunition, and with flight nurses riding on top of the supplies. On landing, the seriously wounded were carried on board for the return flights. With no physician aboard, nurses were responsible for starting intravenous fluids, giving injections of tetanus toxoid and morphine, watching for hemorrhage and shock, splinting fractured limbs, and attending to physical and emotional needs. One nurse with the 825th MAES flew twelve million miles in fifteen months in C-54s between Casablanca or Karachi and the United States, often with 75 severely wounded aboard. Hospital ships were fitted for 600 but often carried 800 wounded. [End Page 743] Hospital trains were used where planes and ships could not go. Mobile hospitals followed the troops as they advanced, often staying only a few days in one place. Surgical teams worked steadily to repair battle wounds, then dismantled, moved on, set up the tents again, and began operating within hours. Surgery went on day and night, with nurses administering anesthesia. Personnel lived in tents that often had rivers of water running through them, no heat, and little fresh drinking water. They received only basic Army rations for food. Personal supplies were always short; toilets were trenches outside, sometimes covered by canvas. But no matter how primitive the conditions, nurses used available materials to make their units brighter and more comfortable, spent time with the dying, and soothed the frightened wounded, for whom they could not do enough. Photographs of hospital ships, planes, physicians, and the nurses themselves give life to the accounts in this volume. Senator Daniel Inouye, wounded in Italy, was cared for by an Army nurse in Leghorn, of whom he said: “I wish I could remember her name—I’ll never forget her face—but . . . as far as I was concerned she was the best damn nurse in the United States Army. In a single moment she had made me see the job that lay ahead of me, and in all the weeks that followed she found a thousand subtle ways to help me master it. . . . Nurses persevered and provided the highest quality of care under the most adverse conditions, often against the greatest odds” (pp. x–xi). All nurses imprisoned by the Japanese, and many others, were awarded the Bronze Star and promoted. Other medals presented to nurses were the Distinguished Flying Cross, Presidential Citation, the Air Medal, and the Purple Heart. This book, one of two published in 1996, 1 shows perhaps a renewed interest in the work of nurses in this and other wars, and highlights their outstanding bravery, dedication to duty, and tireless work in the face of enemy fire, under the most deplorable conditions. Through it all, they remained cheerful, optimistic, and calm; they instilled hope in every wounded serviceman, along with the will to endure pain and to face death with courage. Ada Romaine Davis Johns Hopkins University Footnotes 1. The other is Barbara Brooks Tomblin, G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996). Copyright © 1997 The Johns Hopkins University Press

Nursing on the australian trail

Sharks, crocodiles, spitting spiders and army rations were just some of the health hazards encountered by Accident and Emergency Staff Nurse Linda Mutti on her recent trip to the Australian island of Badu with Operation Raleigh.

Experimentation with Dried Yeast for Use in Army Rations

Experimentation with Dried Yeast for Use in Army Rations

Field Testing of Army Rations

ARTICLESField Testing of Army RationsWilliam Bennett BeanWilliam Bennett BeanPublished Online:01 Dec 1948https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1948.1.6.448MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 1Issue 6December 1948Pages 448-457 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1948.1.6.448PubMed18894953History Published online 1 December 1948 Published in print 1 December 1948 Metrics

Heightened Thiamine and Gholine Requirements in Tropical Heat

Keys1 recently dismissed our findings of heightened thiamine and choline requirements in tropical heat with the brief statement that they were unconvincing. The only basis given for his conclusion was his own study of human subjects exposed to high temperatures for only one week or less. In this brief interval of heat exposure, he failed to find any improvement in work performance with accessory vitamin administration (with men on regular army rations).Reference to the published literature would have shown that no deficiency effects should have been expected in so short a period. Rat growth and food consumption rates begin to show the influence of vitamin deficiency only during the second (or some subsequent) week. This was plainly stated and made clear in the data presented in our paper on heightened thiamine need in the heat.2 Others3 have shown that the metabolic adaptation to change in environmental temperature begins in the second week of exposure and is largely accomplished by the end of the third w...

Army Rations

Army Rations

Vitamin Supplementation of U. S. Army Rations in Relation to Fatigue and the Ability to do Muscular Work

Vitamin Supplementation of U. S. Army Rations in Relation to Fatigue and the Ability to do Muscular Work

The analysis of sausages, meat pastes, and army rations

The analysis of sausages, meat pastes, and army rations

The New Food Orders

THE reduction of the available supply of certain articles of diet, especially of meat, flour, sugar, and potatoes, has had the effect of changing to some extent the point of view with regard to economy in diet. While until recently economy in all things was desirable, it has now become necessary to exercise, in addition, special economy in the case of the four things mentioned above. This is due partly to deficiency in means of transport, but, in the case of potatoes, chiefly to bad crops. It must also be remembered that the large proportion of the population serving in the Army or Navy require more than they had in their previous occupations. For these reasons, it has been recommended by some that those who are well-to-do should endeavour to utilise the more costly articles of food, leaving a greater supply of the less costly, but restricted, articles for those who cannot afford the former. With regard to the Army rations, there is some reason to suppose that the allowance of 16 oz. of meat per day is unnecessarily large, at all events for men in the trenches; perhaps it may be the cause of certain diseas§s which are apt to occur, such as trench nephritis. This affection seems to have some relation to diet. The meat allowance might, with advantage, and probably with appreciation by the men, be exchanged for an equal energy-value in carbohydrate.

CONCENTRATED FOOD AND ARMY RATIONS.

CONCENTRATED FOOD AND ARMY RATIONS.