Army Ration Research Articles

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ ОРГАНОВ, СНАБЖАЮЩИХ АРМИЮ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВИЕМ, В ПЕРИОД ВРЕМЕННОГО ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ)

Цель. Целью исследования является рассмотрение на основе архивных материалов и опубликованных источников вопроса организации работы органов, ответственных за снабжение армии продовольствием в условиях Первой мировой войны, в период деятельности Временного правительства (на примере одной из центральных губерний, Нижегородской) как одного из направлений работы власти, сложившейся после победы Февральской революции 1917 г. в России.Метод или методология проведения работ. Основу исследования образуют анализ и синтез материала, историко-системный метод, а также принципы научной объективности и историзма.Результаты. Автор характеризует систему работы ответственных лиц за снабжение армии продовольствием в период деятельности Временного правительства, делает акцент на обязанностях уполномоченных лиц, заключающихся главным образом в выполнении выданных нарядов в срок, что в Нижегородской губернии достигалось не всегда. Рассмотрена и охарактеризована система работы органов, основанная на поручениях и назначениях (при наличии исключений), проанализированы основные документы в деятельности: делопроизводственные бумаги и балансовые счета.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере изучения политической и экономической истории XX в. и могут быть использованы при разработке курсов по краеведению.

Effect of Substitution of Hydrogenated Oil by a Mixture of Groundnut Oil and Hydrogenated Oil

The use of a mixture of 60% groundnut oil and 40% hydrogenated oil in the peace time Army ration, has been found to maintain the serum lipids at a lower level and improve the physical efficiency of albino rats.

Kevin Barry, the Incident at Monk’s Bakery and the Making of an Irish Republican Legend

Kevin Barry remains a popular figure in Irish republican folklore, as a victim of British injustice and a martyr for Ireland. As a member of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, he had taken an active part in a surprise attack on a British army ration party at Patrick Monk’s Bakery on 20 September 1920, which resulted in the deaths of three young British soldiers and Barry’s capture. After being tried by court–martial, convicted and then executed for the murder of one of the three young soldiers, he became the subject of a propaganda campaign directed by Sinn Fein in the world press to characterize the British as brutal, merciless and uncivilized in comparison with IRA fighters like Barry, who were portrayed typically as young, courageous and gallantly devoted to their cause. Yet Barry had been captured in the civilian disguise of a guerrilla fighter rather than as a uniformed soldier, with flat–nosed ammunition in his pistol, and in circumstances where both ballistic evidence and eye–witness testimony proved his culpability beyond any doubt. While these were factors that could and should have been used to challenge Sinn Fein’s propaganda initiatives, the British failed to mount any semblance of a counter–propaganda campaign. The reasons for and the consequences of this mute response on the British side are issues explored in considering how Kevin Barry became and still remains a figure of legend among Irish nationalists.

Effect of vitamin E on the lipid peroxidation induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids vis-a-vis cholesterol in rats fed Indian army ration

Effect of vitamin E on the lipid peroxidation induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) alone and PUFA in conjuction with cholesteril was stdied in liver and erythrocyte membrane of rats fed a natural mixed diet normally consumed by the Indian military personnel. Increased consumption of PUFA or PUFA together with cholesterol (eg. lacto-ovo-vegetarians) was found to have deleterious effect on the integrity of the tissue membranes, in vitro, due to peroxidative damage caused by the significant increase in the tissue lipid peroxidation rate. This effect was found to be more pronounced in the latter case. However, an increase in the vitamin E to PUFA ratio in the diet resulted in a notable counter effect.

From soybeans to lectins: a trail of research revisited

In the spring of 1942 I was inducted into the U.S. Army after having received a BS degree in Food Technology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a degree which, in the eyes of the army, preeminently qualified me for an assignment as an instructor in the Cooks and Bakers School of the Quartermaster Carp at Fort Knox Kentucky. Most of the rest of my career in the army was spent as a mess officer in European Theater of Operations. Following my discharge from the army in 1946, I entered the Ph.D. program in Biochemistry and Nutrition at the University of Southern California. After devoting one year to intensive course work to get back on track with respect to chemistry, which by this time had become but a very hazy memory, I was afforded the opportunity of returning to active duty, the carrot on the stick being that I would be free to complete the research I needed for my Ph.D. degree. To this end, I was assigned to the Quartermaster Food and Container Institute, then located in Chicago. One of the projects the army was interested in at that time was the increased utilization of soybeans as a possible substitute for meat protein in the army ration program. Thus began my involvement with soybeans. Based on the early observation by Osborne and Mendel’, it was well known that the nutritive value of soybean protein did not support the growth of rats unless it had been subjected to heat treatment. It was generally believed at that time that the beneficial effect of heat was due to the inactivation of a trypsin inhibitor which had been previously isolated by Kunitzr from raw soybeans. The main objective of my thesis research was to elucidate the mechanism whereby the trypsin inhibitor exerted its deleterious effect on animal growth. Based on experiments in which the purified Kunitz inhibitor had been added to the diets fed to rats, it became apparent that the trypsin inhibitor did not fully account for the poor growth seen with raw soybeans3. Adding the trypsin inhibitor to heated soybeans failed to lower the growth rate of rats to the same extent as a diet containing unheated soybeans. Thus began my search for the presence of some other component in soybeans which might be responsible, at least in part, for its poor nutritive value. After receiving my Ph.D. degree and my release from the Army in 1949, I joined the staff of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Minnesota. As is the case with most fresh Ph.D.s who assume a new academic position and are pressured into showing some evidence of productivity as rapidly as possible, I chose an area of research

The Effect of Storage on the Vitamin B6 Content of a Packaged Army Ration, with a Note on the Human Requirement for the Vitamin

The Effect of Storage on the Vitamin B6 Content of a Packaged Army Ration, with a Note on the Human Requirement for the Vitamin

Caloric requirement of a soldier

Studies on daily energy expenditure and actual consumption of food of troops during collective training period have been found that the present ration scale is not adequate.5 percent cut in rations should be abolished during collective training period. Further work is required on the energy expenditure and food consumption of soldiers in summer. Similar studies should be carried out for Navy and Airforce. Adequacy of animal protein content of the existing Army ration requires investigation.

The effect of shortening stability on commercially produced army ration biscuits. II. Development of oxidation during storage

SummaryThe comparative rates of oxidation of the shortening in 22 lots of biscuits held under three different conditions of packaging at two different storage temperatures have been discussed. Relating stability tests to storage tests is practically impossible considering the numerous conditions of storage which might be encountered. Accelerated tests, however, are valuable for comparative purposes.Considering only the development of “rancidity”, a 100‐hour shortening appears to be adequate protection up to 12 months of storage at a maximum temperature of 100o F. for either Type I or Type IV Army ration biscuits when stored in either sealed cans or adequate breather‐type containers.The poor storage life of Army ration biscuits, packaged in fiberboard containers, was shown to be due primarily to the nature of the packaging material.Insofar as Army ration biscuits are concerned, the addition of N.D.G.A. to lard does not result in a significant increase in biscuit stability.

The effect of shortening stability on commercially produced army ration biscuits. I. Initial data and results of accelerated stability tests

SummaryAn experiment involving the commercial production and packaging of two types of Army ration biscuits prepared from common ingredients with nine lots of vegetable oil shortening of increasing stability values and two lots of lard as the only ingredient variables has been described, and the initial analytical data presented.Evaluation of accelerated stability tests on both shortenings and biscuit shows that: A linear relationship exists between Swift Stability (A.O.M.) and oxygen absorption (Warburg) values obtained on cottonseed oil and soybean oil shortening. Increasing the accelerated stability values of the shortening by additional hydrogenation of the vegetable oils resulted in greater accelerated stability values for the biscuits containing the corresponding shortenings. A nearly direct relationship was found between the stability of soybean oil shortenings (Swift Stability Values) with the stability of the corresponding biscuits (Rancimeter). In the case of the cottonseed oil shortenings the increase in biscuit stability was marked to about a 100‐hour accelerated stability value, but was much less pronounced above 100 hours. Addition of commercial lecithin increased the stability values of the biscuits containing cottonseed oil shortenings, but had an adverse effect on the stability of biscuits containing lard and lard plus N.D.G.A. Results obtained from examinations of biscuits packaged in fiberboard cartons, punched cans, and sealed cans and stored for two years at 70°F. and 100°F. are contained in the second paper of this series.

Dairy Products in the Army Ration

Dairy Products in the Army Ration

NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF FEEDING AN ARMY

The army ration used at present in training areas, i. e. the type A field ration, presupposes that normal food supplies are available. Its basis is a series of menus for a month, with the corresponding quantities of food required to prepare them. The menus planned must be balanced—nutritionally adequate—and cost not more than the value of the garrison ration at the time and place of issue. They must be prepared two months in advance in order that the quartermaster may have sufficient time to purchase the food. Menus may be modified by authorized persons in accordance with the supplies available or because of changes in the cost of the prescribed food at the time of issue. The menus are prepared under the direction of the corps area commander or by such post or station commanders in his corps area as he may designate. The menus themselves are usually prepared

Army ration : Dr. Merkel Nifrkll H. Jacobs, Captain, Sanitary Corps, United States Army, has studied the army ration and its balance ( Military Surgeon, 1919, xliv, G00–616)

The Acacia mangium tree contains 10% bark (v/v), of which about 20% are extractives. Extraction of this bark using a combination of water and sulfite medium can produce between 15% and 25% tannin materials (dry weight). In this work, several extraction conditions such as bark size, plantation site, extraction time and extraction medium were studied. The results showed that by using either hot water or a sulfite medium, a reasonable amount of tannin yield can be obtained. Bark size of less than 1-mm mesh size gave relatively high tannin yield irrespectively of the extraction medium used. Using a 600:100:2:0.5 (w/w) ratio of water:bark:sodium sulfite:sodium carbonate, and reacted at 75 °C for 3 h improved the tannin yield by at least 30%. The extracts were reasonably reactive towards formaldehyde as shown by their high Stiasny number; water extract, 60–70% and aqueous sulfite–carbonate extracts, 85–90%. The gluing results showed that the shear strength of the plywood can meet the requirements of the European Standards EN 314-1 and EN 314-2:1993. Incorporation of low molecular weight PF resin (10 parts) and PF (10 parts) improved the shear strength from 0.96 MPa to 1.43 MPa after a 72 h boiling test. This study showed that A. mangium tannin blended with commercial plywood phenol–formaldehyde resin, low molecular weight PF and paraformaldehyde as a cross-linker can be used to bond Kedondong (Canarium spp.) wood veneers suitable for both interior and exterior grade plywood.

Experiments with soy-bean meal as a substitute in the army ration : Capt. Arthur W. Dox in the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 1918 xxv, 517–519

Experiments with soy-bean meal as a substitute in the army ration : Capt. Arthur W. Dox in the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 1918 xxv, 517–519

Canned tomatoes as an antiscorbutic

In view of the fact that canned tomatoes are included in our army ration, in which they may be substituted for potatoes to the extent of 20 per cent., it seemed worth while to ascertain whether they possessed antiscorbutic properties. This appeared particularly desirable in view of our previous experiments1 which had demonstrated that the dehydrated vegetables commonly employed cannot be relied upon for furnishing this important dietary factor. From a theoretical standpoint a study of this question was of further interest, as the tomatoes have been subjected to a temperature above the boiling-point in the course of the canning process.Series of guinea pigs, five in each group, were put on a diet of hay, oats and water ad libitum and fed various amounts of strained tomatoes which had been canned almost one year previously. It was found that the addition of 5 c.c. of these tomatoes was sufficient to protect the animals from scurvy, and that larger amounts stimulated growth to a remarkable degree.In view of ...

The Army Ration

The Army Ration

THE FEDERAL SERUM INSTITUTE

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 2, Issue 18 p. 423-423 The Army Ration THE FEDERAL SERUM INSTITUTE First published: 01 October 1915 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1915.tb17106.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume2, Issue18October 1915Pages 423-423 RelatedInformation

The Best Diet for the Tropics — The Army Ration

The Best Diet for the Tropics — The Army Ration

The Army Ration.

San Juan, P. R., Dec. 27, 1899. To the Editor: —As a supplement to the article by my scientific friend, Colonel Smart, on the Army Ration (seeJournal, xxxiii, p. 1507), let me add a few practical observations gathered in Porto Rico. Duty has taken me at one time or another since the first days of the American invasion into almost every town from Ysabela, on the northwest coast, to Humacao, on the east coast and then up the military road to this capital. In the district of Guyama and southern Humacao it was part of my business to investigate the cause of deaths among the natives. Everywhere I found the main causes assigned to be anemia and phthisis. Everywhere I went I was struck by this ever-prevalent anemia. The pale, yellowish, waxy skin, the bloodless lips and swollen puffy features formed a picture never seen by me out of

The Army Ration

The Army Ration