Army Applications Research Articles

Geospatial Weather Affected Terrain Conditions and Hazards (GeoWATCH) description and evaluation

Accurately estimating soil moisture at fine resolutions – scales approaching a few meters – has been a target of a broad community involved in soil moisture research and application development, from agriculture support, improving land-atmosphere interaction in weather and climate prediction, and hydrologic modeling, to a variety of military applications. The US Army interest in high spatial-resolution soil moisture products is based on the need to better understand soil impacts on broad range of applications, including but not limited to movement and maneuver and logistics. The Geospatial Weather-Affected Terrain Conditions and Hazards (GeoWATCH) application was developed to support Army needs for high resolution soil moisture products. This paper describes the GeoWATCH application, development of the high-resolution soil moisture analysis and prediction capability, and linkages to downstream Army applications that deliver weather-informed content to support decision making. This paper also describes product evaluation and validation efforts to understand application performance.

Army Service in the All-Volunteer Era

Abstract Since the beginning of the all-volunteer era, millions of young Americans have chosen to enlist in the military. These volunteers disproportionately come from disadvantaged backgrounds, and while some aspects of military service are likely to be beneficial, exposure to violence and other elements of service could worsen outcomes. This article links the universe of army applicants between 1990 and 2011 to their federal tax records and other administrative data and uses two eligibility thresholds in the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) in a regression discontinuity design to estimate the effects of army enlistment on earnings and related outcomes. In the 19 years following application, army service increases average annual earnings by over ${\$}$4,000 at both cutoffs. However, whether service increases long-run earnings varies significantly by race. Black servicemembers experience annual gains of ${\$}$5,500 to ${\$}$15,000 11–19 years after applying while white servicemembers do not experience significant changes. By providing Black servicemembers a stable and well-paying army job and by opening doors to higher-paid postservice employment, the army significantly closes the Black-white earnings gap in our sample.

육군 내 일탈행위 인식과 그 대책으로서의 CPTED 적용

군에서 전투력을 저하시키는 큰 요인 중 하나는 일탈행위이다. 이러한 일탈행위를 근절하기 위해 민간전문상담관의 확대, 그린캠프 기능의 강화, 각종 예방교육의 증대, 강한 처벌 등 많은 노력을 기울여 왔다. 하지만 군에서 일탈행위 발생은 감소하지 않고 있어 방지대책을 검토하고 재평가하여 예방대책을 강구해야 할 필요가 있다. 이러한 배경하에 본 연구목적은 현재 육군에서 시행하고 있는 일탈행위 예방제도의 효과성 인식 정도를 확인하고, 일탈행위 예방을 위한 추가적인 방법을 제시하고자 한 다. 다만, 다양한 일탈행위 중에서 부대지휘와 전투력, 사기에 큰 영향을 미치는 자살, 폭력, 성폭력을 중심으로 연구를 수행하였다. 연구방법은 정부 관계부처와 각종 연구기관의 문헌 자료 연구와 더불어 육군 장병 524명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 통해 연구를 실시하였다. 설문조사는 2020년 5월 1일부 터 21일까지 약 3주간 실시하였으며, 불성실한 답변을 제외한 나머지 521건을 최종 분 석에 사용하였다. 분석방법은 빈도분석과 t-test, 교차분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 육군에서 시행하고 있는 일탈행위 예방대책은 효과성도 있지만 현 제도를 악용하는 현상 등이 다수 나타나고 있다고 인식하고 있었다. 둘째, 시행 중인 예 방대책에 추가한 예방대책이 필요하며, 특히 환경 분야의 개선이 필요하다는 인식을 하 고 있었다. 셋째, 환경 분야 개선방안으로 지방자치단체와 경찰에서 추진하여 지역사회 의 범죄감소 효과를 내고 있는 CPTED를 육군 내에도 도입하는 것이 효과적이라는 인 식을 하고 있었다. 이에 CPTED를 적용하는 방안에 대한 정책적 제언을 하고자 한다.

Application of Cyclomatic Complexity in Enterprise Architecture Frameworks

In this paper, an application of cyclomatic complexity to enterprise scale is proposed. Enterprise architecture frameworks are introduced as a standard way to document enterprises. A specific enterprise architecture framework is selected for the implementation of the proposed cyclomatic complexity application. A candidate implementation shows how the cyclomatic complexity of an enterprise documented in an enterprise architecture framework is estimated. Results from manual analysis of the enterprise elements comprising enterprise cyclomatic complexity are compared to results of the proposed extension, showing the two approaches are equivalent. The method is applied to U.S. Army application showing the ease of the practical use. The result is a tool for enterprise architects to easily assess the complexity of enterprises of interest.

Bicycles –chosen aspects of military and army applications

This article presents the chosen aspects related to the application of bicycles during military operations. Chosen types of bicycles manufactured in various countries were described along with their construction solutions. The article includes photographs and diagrams which graphically illustrate the presented topic.

Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Capacitors Evaluated Under Thermal and High Voltage Stress with Various Electrolytes

Research investigations into lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) for high power, moderate energy density Army applications have been evaluated under room temperature, high temperature, and high voltage conditions. The LICs were assembled as three-layered cells with an asymmetric configuration employing Faradaic pre-lithiated hard carbon anodes and non-Faradaic anion adsorption−desorption activated carbon (AC) cathodes. The LIC three-layered cells were tested for their rate capability at 1C to 10C discharge rates over the potential range of 2.2-3.8 V using various electrolytes and additives. The presence of electrolyte additives were found to be essential to the improved capacity performance and contribute to the prolonged cell cycling stability at room temperature, at high temperature, and at higher cut-off potentials.

Embedded Based Energy Efficient Handling of Big Data Using Wireless Sensor Network

The wireless sensor networks have each individual node of a network may store and deliver a massive amount of information at once or over time. In the future, massively connected, highly dynamic wireless sensor networks have such vehicle-2-vehicle communication scenarios may hold even greater information potential. This is mostly because of the increase in node complexity and data volumes will be a problem for traditional data aggregation strategies traffic-wise as well as energy efficiency. The existing system is continuously monitors the nodes status and gives information to the user. It does not have any monitoring or data storage system to save the information. This leads to the continuous energy consumption and data is not saved at the monitoring unit. This causes high power consumption and needs manual control over the system in industrial and army applications this leads to continuous waste of time and energy. To avoid this waste of time and energy consumption then we proposed the following system. In the proposed system, the big data is monitored by the server section by using ZIGBEE. The nodes communicate their sensor data to the server section through ZIGBEE which is a high power, effective communication system. This helps the server to receive data and handle large amount of data from different nodes. The collected big data is posted in web by using GPRS section and the big data handled and posted to the server.

군용차량의 주행모드에 따른 상대 노면 가혹도 분석

A military vehicle is driven at different usage modes with the army application and servicing conditions. For practical durability validation, DT(Development Test) on a new military vehicle should be run up to the durability target kilometers on test courses in the specified proving ground. Driving velocities with test courses at the endurance mode of DT are established definitely. However, OT(Operational Test) and initial endurance test of production car can't be performed only in the DT courses due to the development period limit. Therefore, this paper focuses on the method to analyze the relative road damages between the endurance test in DT and other endurance test. Road load acquisition tests on KLTV(Korean Light Tactical Vehicle) were implemented at 15 driving modes in off-road and cross-country courses of two tests. Wheel accelerations were processed through band-pass filter, and then the main frequency and maximum power of the signals were computed by PSD analysis. Finally, using the proving ground optimization based on RDS(Relative Damage Spectrum) characterization, the damage factors between off-roads of test courses were determined.

NON-INVASIVE SURVEY OF OLD PAINTINGS USING VNIR HYPERSPECTRAL SENSOR

Abstract. Hyperspectral imaging is relatively new method developed primarily for army applications with respect to detection of possible chemical weapon existence and as an efficient assistant for a geological survey. The method is based on recording spectral profile for many hundreds of narrow spectral band. The technique gives full spectral curve of explored pixel which is an unparalleled signature of pixels material. Spectral signatures can then be compared with pre-defined spectral libraries or they can be created with respect to application. A new project named "New Modern Methods of Non-invasive Survey of Historical Site Objects" started at CTU in Prague with the New Year. The project is designed for 4 years and is funded by the Ministry of Culture in the Czech Republic. It is focused on material and chemical composition, damage diagnostics, condition description of paintings, images, construction components and whole structure object analysis in cultural heritage domain. This paper shows first results of the project on painting documentation field as well as used instrument. Hyperspec VNIR by Headwall Photonics was used for this analysis. It operates in the spectral range between 400 and 1000 nm. Comparison with infrared photography is discussed. The goal of this contribution is a non-destructive deep exploration of specific paintings. Two original 17th century paintings by Flemish authors Thomas van Apshoven ("On the Road") and David Teniers the Younger ("The Interior of a Mill") were chosen for the first analysis with a kind permission of academic painter Mr. M. Martan. Both paintings oil painted on wooden panel. This combination was chosen because of the possibility of underdrawing visualization which is supposed to be the most uncomplicated painting combination for this type of analysis.

The Evaluation Criterion for Color Image Segmentation Algorithms

The Evaluation Criterion for Color Image Segmentation AlgorithmsImage segmentation is first and very important step in image analysis. The main idea of image segmentation is to simplify and change image into easier and meaningful form to analyze. Image segmentation is process, which locate objects in image. Many segmentation algorithms have been created for different applications. The algorithms are used in traffic applications, army applications, web applications, medical applications, studying and many others. In present time, do not exist restful objective methods to evaluate segmentation algorithms. This paper presents evaluation criterion based on measurement of precision of boundary segmentation. Moreover, the automatic segmentation algorithms in comparison with human segmentation results were tested. Four most used image segmentation algorithms, namely, Efficient graph based, K-means, Mean shift and Belief propagation are compared by designed criterion. The criterion computes three evaluation parameters like precision, recall and F1 and the results are presented in the tables and graphs at the end of the paper.

(Invited) Reliability-Driven SiC Power Device Development for Army Applications

The Army is incorporating more and more electronic functionality into its vehicle platforms by converting many hydraulic functions to electronic to allow better power management, performance, and fuel efficiency. Because of high operating temperature (80å-110åC coolant), reliability, and efficiency requirements for these future power electronic systems, silicon carbide (SiC) technology has been under investigation by the Army since 1992. Since a recent demonstration by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) of a 900-A power module implemented using 1200 V / 80 A SiC MOSFETs has confirmed SiC's high-temperature and high-efficiency advantage over silicon IGBT switches, the assessment of reliability and qualification of these SiC MOSFETs has become an imperative focus. Initial investigation of these large-area 80-A SiC MOSFET die shows that there is a threshold instability that is accelerated at junction temperatures of 150åC and greater and may affect long-term reliability for 10,000-15,000 hr operation. Further, initial attempt at using Si industry reliability standards to qualify these SiC MOSFETs suggests that such standards may need to be modified.

PULSE EVALUATION AND RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF 4H-SiC SGTO MODULES

Army applications require power components that are utilized in pulsed power systems to be reliable and durable, compact, have high power and energy density, and lastly, to be easily integrated into combat vehicles. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is currently investigating silicon carbide Super-gate turn-off thyristors ( SiC SGTOs) to meet the future pulsed power system requirements for the Army. ARL's methodology is to evaluate the device performance in pulsed power circuits that emulate the electrical stresses that the power devices would encounter in a pulsed power system. Each module being evaluated utilized four 0.6 cm2 SiC SGTOs. The packaging design for the module utilizes ThinPak technology. The module has reliably been pulsed over 2000 times at peak currents greater than 8 kA with a pulse width of 170 μs. The module has also been pulsed greater than 3.6 kA at a pulse width of 1 ms, corresponding to an action rate of 7000 A2s and a current density of 2.5 kA/cm2 over the cathode mesa area. This work evaluates SiC SGTO modules under various pulsed conditions. This paper includes details on device structure, module package design, and module pulsed switching and reliability.

Self-Reported Physical Activity and Preaccession Fitness Testing in U.S. Army Applicants

The Assessment of Recruit Motivation and Strength (ARMS) study evaluated a physical fitness screening test for Army applicants before basic training. This report examines applicants' self-reported physical activity as a predictor of objective fitness measured by ARMS. In 2006, the ARMS study administered a fitness test and physical activity survey to Army applicants during their medical evaluation, using multiple logistic regression for comparison. Among both men and women, "qualified" and "exceeds-body-fat" subjects who met American College of Sports Medicine adult physical activity guidelines were more likely to pass the fitness test. Overall, subjects who met physical activity recommendations, watched less television, and played on sports teams had a higher odds of passing the ARMS test after adjustment for age, race, and smoking status. This study demonstrates that self-reported physical activity was associated with physical fitness and may be used to identify those at risk of failing a preaccession fitness test.

Reliability-Driven SiC Power Device Development for Army Applications

not Available.

A Constraint Satisfaction Framework for Executing Perceptions and Actions in Diagrammatic Reasoning

Diagrammatic reasoning (DR) is pervasive in human problem solving as a powerful adjunct to symbolic reasoning based on language-like representations. The research reported in this paper is a contribution to building a general purpose DR system as an extension to a SOAR-like problem solving architecture. The work is in a framework in which DR is modeled as a process where subtasks are solved, as appropriate, either by inference from symbolic representations or by interaction with a diagram, i.e., perceiving specified information from a diagram or modifying/creating objects in a diagram in specified ways according to problem solving needs. The perceptions and actions in most DR systems built so far are hand-coded for the specific application, even when the rest of the system is built using the general architecture. The absence of a general framework for executing perceptions/actions poses as a major hindrance to using them opportunistically -- the essence of open-ended search in problem solving. Our goal is to develop a framework for executing a wide variety of specified perceptions and actions across tasks/domains without human intervention. We observe that the domain/task-specific visual perceptions/actions can be transformed into domain/task-independent spatial problems. We specify a spatial problem as a quantified constraint satisfaction problem in the real domain using an open-ended vocabulary of properties, relations and actions involving three kinds of diagrammatic objects -- points, curves, regions. Solving a spatial problem from this specification requires computing the equivalent simplified quantifier-free expression, the complexity of which is inherently doubly exponential. We represent objects as configuration of simple elements to facilitate decomposition of complex problems into simpler and similar subproblems. We show that, if the symbolic solution to a subproblem can be expressed concisely, quantifiers can be eliminated from spatial problems in low-order polynomial time using similar previously solved subproblems. This requires determining the similarity of two problems, the existence of a mapping between them computable in polynomial time, and designing a memory for storing previously solved problems so as to facilitate search. The efficacy of the idea is shown by time complexity analysis. We demonstrate the proposed approach by executing perceptions and actions involved in DR tasks in two army applications.

Association of Weight at Enlistment With Enrollment in the Army Weight Control Program and Subsequent Attrition in the Assessment of Recruit Motivation and Strength Study

The ongoing obesity epidemic has made recruiting qualified Army applicants increasingly difficult. A cohort of 10,213 Army enlisted subjects was enrolled in the Assessment of Recruit Motivation and Strength (ARMS) study from February 2005 through September 2006. Overweight recruits obtained a waiver for enlistment (n = 990) if they passed a screening physical fitness test. Recruits were evaluated for enrollment into the Army Weight Control Program (AWCP) and discharged during the 15 months following enlistment. Enrollment was higher among overweight recruits than recruits who met entrance standards (men: adjusted OR = 13.3 [95% CI: 10.3, 17.2]; women: adjusted OR = 3.6 [3.3, 3.9]). Although the discharge frequency was higher in the waiver group than in those who met standards (25.4% versus 19.9%, p < 0.001), there were only 10 (0.5% of total) discharges directly attributed to weight. Granting overweight waivers through the ARMS program increases enrollment to the AWCP but has little effect on weight-related attrition.

Evaluation of Si and SiC SGTOs for High-Action Army Applications

The U. S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been exploring silicon and silicon carbide Super gate turn-off thyristors (SGTOs) for high power pulse switching required by Army survivability and lethality applications. Silicon SGTOs (3.5 cm2) were pulsed at 5 kA with a half-sine current waveform measuring 1 ms at the base. The recovery time, or Tq, of the devices was evaluated from the point at which the main current pulse fell to zero. Using a driver designed to provide both turn-on and turn-off signals, the Tq was reduced to 10 mus. Smaller silicon carbide SGTOs (0.16 cm2) were similarly evaluated for wide-pulse performance. They were switched several times at a peak current above 300 A, with an unassisted Tq time of 30 mus. This paper provides details of the aforementioned pulse switching, as well as a description of continuing evaluations involving parallel devices and larger test beds.

Assessment of Recruit Motivation and Strength Study: Preaccession Physical Fitness Assessment Predicts Early Attrition

The Assessment of Recruit Motivation and Strength (ARMS) study was designed to pilot-test the use of a physical fitness screening tool for Army applicants before basic training. The ARMS test consists of two components, namely, a 5-minute step test and push-ups. Attrition among 7,612 recruits who underwent preaccession ARMS testing and began service between May 2004 and December 2005 was studied. ARMS test performance was found to be significantly related to risk of attrition within 180 days; the hazard ratios for failing relative to passing the ARMS test were 2.27 (95% confidence interval, 1.70-3.04) among female subjects and 1.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.64) among male subjects. The attributable risk of attrition associated with failing the ARMS test was approximately 40% among female subjects and approximately 30% among male subjects. The ARMS study is the first prospective study conducted in the U.S. Army to assess physical fitness before accession. Physical fitness and motivation to serve were shown to correlate with attrition during initial entry training.

Organizational Identity and Employer Image: Towards a Unifying Framework*

This study aims to bridge two research streams that have evolved relatively apart from each other, namely the research streams on organizational identity and on employer branding (employer image). In particular, we posit that it is crucial to examine which factors company outsiders (applicants) as well as company insiders (employees) associate with a given employer. To this end, this study uses the instrumental–symbolic framework to study factors relating to both employer image and organizational identity of the Belgian Army. Two samples are used: a sample of 258 Army applicants and a sample of 179 military employees. Results show that both instrumental and symbolic perceived image dimensions predict applicants' attraction to the Army. Conversely, symbolic perceived identity dimensions best predict employees' identification with the Army. Results further show that employees also attach importance to outsiders' assessment of the organization (construed external image). Theoretical and practical implications for managing organizational identity and image are discussed.

Advanced Active Thin Films for the Next Generation of Meso-Micro Scale Army Applications

The US Army Workshop on “Advanced Active Thin Films for the Next Generation of Meso-Micro Scale Army Applications” was held at the Hilton Sandestin Beach Golf Resort in Destin FL May 10–12 2005. This workshop was dedicated to the memory of Dr. Bruce Fink of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Dr. Fink was a strong leader, a visionary, and a proponent of novel research that supported the survivability of the soldier in the field. Dr. Fink's selfless attitude, encouragement, and unconditional support for the solider provided the motivation for organizing this topical workshop on “Advanced Active Thin Films for the Next Generation of Meso-Micro Scale Army Applications”. This workshop consisted of 35 invited oral presentations, spread over a three day duration. Each presentation was focused on a particular aspect, issue, or research facet associated with the current state-of-the-art and/or future thrust areas for active thin films technology. Approximately 120 scientists, engineers and technology applications specialists attended and participated in this workshop and this journal volume, Integrated ferroelectrics, serves to disseminate the science and engineering brought fourth in this workshop.