Armorial Bearings Research Articles

Axiological Aspect of Sovereign States Armorial: Russia vs. Great Britain

The semiosphere reflects universal and culturally determined characteristics. Heraldry is one of the most complex sign systems. Alive and flexible semiotics is urgent for studies. The aim of this paper is to mark the axiological character of Russian and British sovereign state armorials with an accent on animals. Based on both Russian and British research, this paper focuses on syntactics and pragmatics of arms analyzed in a synchronic and diachronic manner. A cross-cultural comparative approach to Russian and British armorial bearings can be viewed as a novel contribution. The paper embraces structural and semantic aspects, the temporal and pragmatics sphere and Jargon du blazon. English heraldry is relevant to the European tradition, and the Russian one has political value. For both countries, it is associated with foreign influence. The system of European coats of arms is coherent with the institution of property and war, and the Russian one with inheritance. For Britain, heraldry was one of the culture-forming components, and for Russia, it was just one of the elements of culture.

Об определении дат составления чертежей Русского государства XVII–XVIII вв. на основе имеющихся на них сведений об исторических персонах и их имуществе

This article presents the methodology and results of the analysis of the definitions of the dates of compilation of cartographic materials depicting property objects based on the use of information available on them about historical figures and property objects belonging to them. A feature of the means of definitions proposed in this article (methods and sources of information) is the use of information representing the main content of cartographic materials depicting real estate objects, the dates of which are to be determined. The method of definitions is based on the use of the Big Data tool which boils down to finding in historical materials containing the dates of the facts of history that formed the totality of information depicted in the drawings. The experimental part of the study is carried out on the example of 17 drawings of the Russian state of the second half of the XVII—beginning of the XVIII centuries compiled for the territory that was formed by the beginning of the XX century in the Ruza district of the Moscow province. The Alphabetical Index of persons mentioned in the Boyar books, Russian genealogical books, Armorial bearings, reviews of historical documents, collections of letters of historical persons and some other materials were used as sources of information in which the search was carried out for historical facts containing dates of completion. The article illustrates the sequence of reasoning underlying the definitions; presents the results of the evaluation of the possibility of definition as well as the results of the analysis of the accuracy and reliability of the results obtained. The results of determining the dates of drawing up fifteen drawings are presented and the conditions necessary for the existence of the possibility of performing definitions using the means under consideration are revealed. Based on the results of the performed analysis, possible areas of application of the obtained results of definitions are outlined.

Címereslevelek a Jagelló-kori Magyarországon •

The introductory part of the study reviews the historiography of research into jagiellonian letters patent of nobility and the art historical problems of the illuminations. a similar survey was compiled sixty years earlier by dénes radocsay. since then several deeds of granting armorial bearings have cropped up, and lots of new data have been found in historical sources about once existing, now lost or latent, letters patent. the introduction is not meant to thoroughly revise dénes radocsay’s groups compiled by style critical criteria, but it touches on several questions solved or seen more clearly now. For example, the mark of an early 16th century buda illuminator’s hand is preserved not only by letters with armorial bearings, but also by three fragmentary liturgical manuscripts, and the oeuvre of the so-called bakócz monogrammist – who painted the coats of arms in the most representative letters patent in greatest numbers during louis ii’s reign – has been considerably extended.A few words about the arrangement of the data in the list. the letters patent follow in chronological order, the years of granting emphasized for better orientation.Vladislav ii’s letters patent arranged by years are followed by a few items that cannot be dated accurately. line one traditionally contains the names of the grantees, modernized – if possible – but not in phonetic transcription gaining ground lately. (i attach the original form of the name in parentheses.) then come dating, measurements, place of preservation and (when known) provenance. the most important data are followed by the list of works in which the given diploma is mentioned. it includes hand-written – 18th and 19th century – mentions, copied texts, as well as items of the modern special literature.

Astrology—Emblematics—Heraldry: On Comets, Moons and Stars in the Book of Arms by Szymon Okolski

The paper examines the presence of astrology in the heraldic work Orbis Polonus by Szymon Okolski dating from the mid-1600s. While due to a growing fascination with Neoplatonism and hermetic writings, astrology had enjoyed popularity since the Renaissance, in Okolski’s case its influence came mostly through early-modern books of emblems and compendia of symbols. It is, therefore, important not only to track down astrological motifs in the works of Alciatus, Cesare Ripa, Giulio Cesare Capaccio, Julius Wilhelm Zincgref, and Diego de Saavedra to compare them with those found in Orbis Polonus, but also to recognise the fact that emblematics had a great impact on how Okolski perceived the import of his heraldic work as such. The novelty of Okolski’s project consisted in treating armorial bearings as universal symbols and interpreting them not only in accordance with the rules of heraldry, but also through a wide range of cultural sources, trends, and traditions. In order to make the symbolic significance hidden in coats of arms more apparent, the author tried to organise the heraldic entries in a new way. Apart from the usual parts describing the coat of arms (delineatio), its origins (origo) and the family that used it (linea familiae), he introduced subchapters dealing with its symbolic meaning. He called them “considerations”, “precautions”, or “omens” depending on which aspect of the symbolic explanation he wanted to emphasise. Especially the third of these dovetails with astrology because the symbolism of the coat of arms, including motifs derived from, or related to, astrology, is presented as the best path that should be taken by a family bearing a particular coat of arms. All the while, however, these auguries are made based on symbols as such and not on careful observation of stars, planets or comets, and Okolski was not concerned with the destiny of individual people but with more general tendencies that affected the virtue of noble families, and virtue is for Okolski the foundation of nobility.

“Notorious Abuse,” “Traditious Ignorance,” and “Ambitious Incroachment” in Seventeenth-Century Dutch, English, and French Maps of North America

In consideration of Richard Daniel’s alarmed discourse found in the text accompanying his map of the English empire in America (1679), one must investigate the supposedly offending French, English, and Dutch maps of the second half of the seventeenth century for North America and, in particular, the region of the Atlantic coastline and the rhetorical devices of possession found on or in these geographical works. In addition to looking at territorial boundaries, one should also make note of armorial bearings, ships with naval ensigns, toponyms and their placement on the territory, dedicatory cartouches, legends with geographical or historical information, native scenes, and symbols for settlement. In addition to attention to possible constraints on or from the map trade, one must consider the correspondence between colonial officials and their respective governments regarding boundaries, encroachment, sovereignty, or the need for maps with a particular focus on the North American coastline. This correspondence reflects the state’s point of view, which in turn was often manifested on maps and in geographical works. Interestingly intertwined with this outspoken sense of rightful possession were the contemporary claims from some quarters that the cartographic enterprise of the late seventeenth century now embraced an empirical approach, as well as the seemingly opposing thread of the economic realities of the print trade, which often used old copper plates with little to no cartographic revision, so that long after political, economic, or military actions resulted in an “adjustment” in possession, printed maps, atlases, and other geographical works still reflected earlier circumstances.

Festett oklevelek és kódexek a késő középkori Magyarországon a művészettörténész dilemmái

In 1523 the papal legate Tommaso de Vio corroborated the statutes of the Pest Confraternity of the Virgin. The large booklet-shape diploma is representatively executed: the first page carries floral ornamentation in addition to the text. The decoration and the titulus starting the textual part, however, are archaizing, in line with the practice of the papal chancellary, instead of adopting the then widely popular modern all’antica decoration. The style of the embellishment of a diploma depended on the type of the diploma. Hungarian art historiography has long been resorting to letters patent of nobility in its efforts to date and define the place of origin of the manuscripts from the time of King Matthias and the Jagiello age. That was how the manuscripts of provost of Székesfehérvár Domokos Kálmáncsehi – including the activity of the master of the Breviary Francesco Castello (OSZK, Cod. Lat. 446) – could be located to Buda, and three ornamental manuscripts with music (OSZK, A24; Bratislava, Archív mesta, EC Lad. 6; Zagreb, MR 2) could be proven to have ties to Buda in the early 16th century. The Bakócz Gradual (Esztergom, MS I. 1a.), the Erdődy Missal (Zagreb, RK 354) and the Gradual of Máté Tolnai (Pannonhalma, Caps LIV. F f.) as well as the overwhelming majority of letters patent issued in Buda between 1514 and 1525 were illumined by the so-called Bakócz monogrammist. The letters granting nobility and armorial bearings in the Jagiello age are not merely props for art history but also constitute a separate diplomatic genre.

The Bear: History of a Fallen King (review)

Reviewed by: The Bear: History of a Fallen King Irven M. Resnick The Bear: History of a Fallen King. By Michel Pastoureau. Translated by George Holock (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2011. Pp. viii, 343. $29.95. ISBN 978-0-674-04782-2.) Michel Pastoureau’s The Bear: History of a Fallen King is a fascinating cultural history, but one that seems to come up short. In part I, Pastoureau points to a lost communion between man and bear, such that “ancient peoples in the Paleolithic considered the bear a creature apart” (p. 25) and elevated the bear to become a totemic animal. Later, Greco-Roman, Celtic, and Germanic mythologies evidence a cult of the bear and provide enduring tales of metamorphoses of human into bear; of protective she-bears that nurse human infants; and of monstrous love, sometimes fertile, between a human female and a bear. Although the bear was venerated in early-medieval culture for its strength, its close resemblance to man and its allegedly insatiable sexual [End Page 528] appetite prepared the foundation for a more violent confrontation with ecclesiastical authority. Since the theology of the Church depended on man’s uniqueness and superiority to animals, precisely because the bear so nearly resembled man, Pastoureau contends, churchmen sought to suppress rites or festivals that included the bear: Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, condemned “vile games with the bear” (p. 83); and other bishops, too, condemned festivals in which men dressed as bears or danced with them. Until the end of the Middle Ages churchmen repeated that men should not “play the bear” (p. 83), which entailed not only adopting a bear disguise but also manifesting uncontrollable sexual desire. Thus, the Church “went to war” (p. 89) against the bear, organizing hunts to nearly eliminate European bear populations. It attacked the bear’s legendary strength by depicting it in hagiographical literature as tamed and domesticated by holy men, and it demonized the bear as the embodiment of numerous vices and as the preferred form in which the devil appears. Finally, it humiliated the bear, allowing it to be captured, muzzled, chained, and led from fair to market as an object of amusement. Once the Church “dethroned” the bear as king of the beasts after 1000 AD, it replaced him with the lion—an exotic, distant animal whose symbology could be easily controlled. By the end of the twelfth century, the lion began to replace the bear on armorial bearings and in royal menageries. The bear’s diminished status is best illustrated for Pastoureau in vernacular literature: in the chansons de geste, or in French fabliaux like the Roman de Renart, in which the bear is reduced to a foolish, stupid, clumsy creature. Although Pastoureau’s study contains abundant fabulous material from medieval bestiaries and vernacular literature to fascinate the historian, this also underscores one of its shortcomings—it ignores challenges from natural philosophy following the introduction of Aristotle’s biology. Although many Scholastic texts do repeat the fantastic claim that bears couple like humans, face to face, they challenge other mythic characteristics. For example, the natural philosopher Albert the Great (d. 1280), in his commentary De animalibus, remarks that the bear is not very lustful (parum luxurians; DA 7.3.3.157). To the myth that the she-bear gives birth to an unformed cub and then brings it to life by licking it, Albert replies “none of this is true at all.” (DA 7.3.3.159) Although Alexander Neckam (d. 1217) does accept this myth, he does not attribute it, as Pastoreaux suggests was common, to the she-bear’s unsurpassing lust but rather to the bear’s humoral complexion, which causes the cotillidones that bind the fetus to the womb to rend, resulting in premature birth. (De naturis rerum, 2.131) Nevertheless, The Bear contains much that will inform and entertain. [End Page 529] Irven M. Resnick University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Copyright © 2012 The Catholic University of America Press

Marks as imitations of State emblems 'from a heraldic point of view'

The flags, armorial bearings or other state emblems, as well as official signs or hallmarks are not registrable as trade marks according to Article 6ter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 20 March 1883, as well as eg article 7(1)(h) of CTMR. However, the problem is not with the plain duplication of such symbols, but with making ‘imitation’ and what is more—the imitation ‘from the heraldic point of view’. Key questions are what is the aim of such laws, what is the importance of heraldry principles, and how ‘imitation’ should be interpreted. Increasing numbers of entrepreneurs seek to register their signs. They sometimes do not seek to make references to national symbols, but wish to promote their nationality or affiliation to smaller group. By analysing both EU and USA legislation and rulings, the author seeks to explore whether this is possible.

The Original Plain Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms

In this article, written about twenty years ago, Professor Peter Junger developed an idiosyncratic interpretation of the Second Amendment: the right to bear arms is the right to display armorial bearings - coats of arms - and the original plain meaning of the Amendment is that the government shall not infringe upon one's right to be a lady or a gentleman. That interpretation was derived (loosely, to be sure) from a 1955 decision of the Court of Chivalry, an English court (known to Blackstone) that had been silent since 1737. Whether Professor Junger, who died in November 2006, was serious about this or not, this unfinished article is a fitting memorial to a person with an amazingly creative mind.

The Royal Prerogative in the Realms

From 1840, the laws of New Zealand have comprised the common law and statute law, both of which – but especially the former – were originally based upon the laws of England and continued to draw upon English jurisprudence. Since New Zealand was regarded as a settled colony, the settlers brought with them such of the laws of England as were applicable to the circumstances of the colony. This included the royal prerogative. * LLM(Hons) PhD Auckland MA Lambeth LTh Lampeter GradDipTertTchg AUT FRHistS, Barrister of the High Court of New Zealand, and of the Supreme Courts of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria, Professor of Law at the Auckland University of Technology. Correspondence address: Department of Law, Private Bag 92‐006, Auckland, New Zealand 1020. Email: noel.cox@aut.ac.nz. Although elements of the royal prerogative are obsolete or have been subsumed in parliamentary enactments, there are a number of aspects that continue to be used by the Crown today. One is the honours prerogative. The changed nature of the Crown (and in particular its division among the realms) has, however, led to some uncertainties. In particular, there have been questions regarding the use of the royal prerogative in respect of armorial bearings, and the proper exercise and application of the Law of Arms. This has never caused serious difficulties in New Zealand – if indeed it can be said to be an issue at all – but the Canadian case of Black v Chrétien has shown that disputes over honours and dignities can arise, and can have serious political or constitutional implications. This paper considers the introduction of the royal prerogative to the realms, and some of the implications and possible difficulties which this process may have led to.

Author and Hero -- Rereading Gregory Bateson: The Legacy of a Scientist

Part of the original motivation that provoked my biography of Gregory Bateson Lipset 1980) was to arrive at an understanding of the course of his odd career and thinking in terms of his family background. In celebration of his 100th birthday, rereading it for the first time in twenty-five years, I find that my perspective of at least one dimension of this problem has changed somewhat. My earlier interpretation of the relationship between Gregory Bateson's life and thought was guided by an implicit kind of psychodynamic suggestion. That is, I viewed the text as informed by identity-shaping experiences that had taken place amid relationships in the family of orientation. My current view, as I say, does not start with the relationship of text to kinship. By rereading the Bateson family tragedy in terms of the social and moral implications of aesthetic consumption, I think that different, but significant, dimensions of it can be gleaned. It can be elucidated, I want to say, by focusing attention on the distinctions actors made and attitudes they held, distinctions and attitudes I now want to contrive as tactics in service of the goal of sustaining class status. In doing so, of course, I follow Bourdieu (1984). However, instead of stressing the direct assertion of class superiority through aesthetic taste as did Bourdieu, my purpose in this essay is to develop a theme of status ambivalence, as I now see it partially exposed in the outcroppings of my earlier account of the Bateson family, and then relate it to the subsequent career of its lastborn son. In conclusion, I comment briefly on the abiding, yet changing, relationship between myself and my biographical subject. Upward Mobility It is a truism that the Industrial Revolution was one of the great periods of capital accumulation in English history. And, the origins of the Bateson family assets go right to its most productive moment, the middle of the 18th century when the apical ancestor, the paternal great grandfather, Richard Bateson, made his fortune as a cotton merchant in Liverpool. To claim identity for his lineage among families that owned them already, he purchased armorial bearings in 1809, complete with bat wings. In other words, although the Bateson family moved into the commercial classes during this volatile time, they remained marginal to the landed gentry, like Darwins, Huxleys or Keynes, with whom they would later become involved. Their rise continued. The fifth born son of Richard Bateson, the cotton merchant, was William Henry (1812-1882), who became Master of St. John's College, Cambridge. St. John's was a center of [t]he spirit of the Liberal rentiers...whereas that of the Conservative...[landed aristocracy] was centered in Trinity (Crowther 1952:256). William Henry Bateson, as arriviste, led modernizing forces at Cambridge University, in the midst of the famous cosmological and political controversies between the authority of religious and scientific explanation that followed the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species (1859). The period of reform at St. John's (1857-82) became known as the 'age of Bateson' such was the extent of his influence over the college (Miller 1961). The Master opposed religious oaths for the professoriate, established new curricula in the sciences and improved teaching. As a result of his leadership, sons of nonlanded professionals, like himself, came to outnumber those of clergymen for the first time and graduates began to take employment outside of the Church of England. As a result of his own success, Bateson was allowed to marry and did so in 1858 to a woman who belonged to his own economic class, Anna Aiken (1829-1918). Her father, a Scot, was a prosperous Liverpool shipping merchant and her mother, an American, also hailed from a successful family. They had six children, beginning in 1860, four daughters and two sons. The family was atheist and liberal. They attended church for appearances not from conviction. …

The Law of Arms in New Zealand

There has been an on-going debate in heraldic circles in the Commonwealth as to the respective jurisdictions of the College of Arms and of Lord Lyon King of Arms. Uncertainty has also been expressed as to the validity of grants of armorial bearings to subjects of the Queen in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and her other realms and territories. These debates have however tended to not place proper emphasis upon what the law actually says, and instead rely on administrative practice, or political or historical preference. No correct answer can be given without an analysis of the Law of Arms as a part of the laws of England and of the other countries in which it has, or may have, legal force. In particular, this involves an examination of the judicial and executive aspects of the Law of Arms. The Law of Arms is an area of law which has, for centuries, been largely the preserve of the antiquary. It is part of the law of the realm, though not of the common law. With the settlement of the overseas territories of the Crown, this law was apparently extended to these shores, though its administration abroad appears problematic, for reasons which will be developed. Bearing and using arms, variously styled coat armour, armorial bearings, arms, or coats of arms, is a legally enforceable right. Although their original function was to enable knights to identify each other on the battlefield, they soon acquired wider, more decorative uses. They are still widely used today by countries, public and private institutions and by individuals. The law which governed their use was called the Law of Arms, or the laws of heraldry. The officials who administer these arcane matters are styled pursuivants, heralds, or kings of arms, depending upon their seniority. Coats of arms are conferred by the Crown upon New Zealanders, and upon New Zealand corporations and public authorities. Whilst most of these grants are by Garter King of Arms, the chief English herald, through his New Zealand deputy, some are from Lord Lyon King of Arms, the Scottish herald. Whether these latter grants are proper is a matter which deserves some attention. In England the regulation of heraldry fell to the Court of Chivalry, the Court of the Lord High Constable and the Earl Marshal of England, as this was the body responsible for the regulation of matters of honour. That these matters now, and for several centuries have been entirely heraldic, is an accident of history . Nor must it be thought that the jurisdiction of the Law of Arms has always been concerned, as it is today, only with coats of arms and other heraldic matters. However, disputes over the use of arms after 1389 took two main forms, those in which the defendant was alleged to have taken the arms of another person, and those in which he was alleged to have used arms wrongfully without infringing the rights of another. Sometimes the fabrication of coats of arms, and sometimes the use of armorial insignia, such as supporters, to which the defendant was not entitled, was the cause of action. There was no doubt that there was a law governing such matters, but what then was the nature of this law?

Différencier, caractériser, avertir : les armoiries imaginaires attribuées au monde musulman

To differentiate, characterize and warn : the attribution of imaginary coats of arms to the muslim world. In the illustrated narratives of the crusades, as well as the French translations of the Chronicle of William of Tyre illuminated between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Muslims confronting the crusaders are provided with imaginary coats of arms. The painters used different constituent elements of armorial bearings (armorial supports, heraldic figures, colors) to distinguish the protagonists and transmit information about the Muslims, or at least signal them out as the antagonists. The coats of arms also present linear and colorful constructions which heighten the vivacity of the images, and help produce strong visual impressions which capture the reader's attention. The designs of the coats of arms and their structural incidence on the pictorial composition should be analyzed jointly in order to measure the significance of these imaginary heraldic devices in their characterization of the Muslim adversary. The coherent unity of a manuscript or the circumstantial unity of an image may help this methodological approach.

Alfred Maurice Binnie, F. Eng. 6 February 1901—31 December 1986

The Binnie family may be traced back many generations to the Eastern Lowlands of Scotland, early records of the surname being associated in the 13th century with Uphall, West Lothian. The Armorial Bearings granted to a distant ancestor, a ‘horse's head furnished with a wagon proper’, and an ambiguous motto, ‘virtute doloque’ (by courage and policy [or deceit]), recall an incident of history–or myth—of the year 1313 in which a yeoman farmer, William Binny, who supplied hay to Edward II of England's garrison troops of a peel, Linlithgow Castle, adopted the ruse of stalling his wagon on entering the castle so that neither could the drawbridge be raised nor the portcullis lowered. Scottish soldiers emerged from beneath the hay and, with local irregulars, took the castle in the name of Robert the Bruce of Scotland.

ARCHITECTS OR GENTLEMEN? ADAM HERALDRY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The investigation of the seals used by the Adam brothers, and by Robert in particular, is continued, and here extended to encompass a survey of the armorial bearings of the Adam family in relation to the image of themselves that they wanted to convey, whether as professional architects, gentlemanly amateurs, or just as armigerous gentlemen.

Fifteenth-Century English Heraldic Narrative

emphasize the importance and integrity of the numerous and widely dispersed texts which were composed, collected, and copied by the heralds as part of their duties. These writings include such things as illustrated rolls of arms, treatises on heraldic blazon, works on the organization and conduct of battles, lists of participants and casualties in battles, instructions for organizing tournaments and judicial duels, challenges to combat, chivalric biography, brief historical accounts, and narratives of specific feats of arms and public ceremonies. The last two of these, the historical accounts and narratives, are the subject of the present article. The word 'heraldic', in this context, means 'pertaining to the heralds', rather than implying any necessary connexion with coat armour, and is chosen to reflect the importance they placed on writing, recording, and copying.2 These duties had been growing since the thirteenth century, which is the time when the heralds came to be regarded as experts in armorial bearings and as authorities on all matters connected with tournaments and deeds of arms. To maintain this acknowledged status they began to keep records and accounts, taking particular care to detail the fees and perquisites to which they believed they were entitled. As their importance expanded they played an increasing part in public ceremonies, at which they were ideally situated to make official records for purposes of precedent and propaganda. Their duties also came to include diplomatic missions, which gave them the opportunity to meet and observe important people, sometimes at historic moments, a privilege which Froissart thought made them the best possible sources of information for writers of history.3 Furthermore, every herald had the appropriate literary skills, as well as access to the technical vocabulary and courtly style needed to do justice to these great occasions. Such is the writing tradition behind the heraldic narratives of the fifteenth century.

The Funeral of Henry Percy, Sixth Earl of Northumberland

The staging of aristocratic funerals was among the variety of ideological controls and display employed by Henry VIII to reduce the great magnate families of the north and place the country under central authority. An examination of the funeral of Henry Percy (1502/03?–1537) may be especially instructive because of the important and unusual relationship between the Crown and Percy. In fact, the sixth earl's funeral is worth examining in detail because it clearly reflected not only this personal and family relationship but also one step in the transfer of power from the north to the court.It was not at all unusual that the College of Arms should have been a main instrument by which Henry VIII manipulated the ceremony. As marshalls of aristocratic Tudor funerals and prominent participants in them, the heralds of the College customarily used the occasions to convey an abundance of political information whose display was intended to serve the interests of the Crown. This included information about the rank of the deceased, his or her relation to the Crown, and the enduring authority of the elite, all of which could be represented in symbols so conventional that their array and magnificence would communicate clear meaning. Henry VIII's subordination of the College and his support for it — increased prestige and employment for the heralds, for example, and their expansion from registrars to regulators of armorial bearings or insignia — may therefore be seen as attempts to help manage the aristocracy in a time of rapid social change.

A Century of Local History Writing

The historiography of local his tory is, in many ways, like the subject itself-a local phenomenon. The quantity and quality of material available will vary tremendously by community, depending on the community's conscious ness of its history, the celebration of sig nificant anniversaries, the presence of graduate programs in local or urban his tory, and the activity of local historical societies or amateur historians. Many books may be available only in the county studied, in the state's historical society library or archives, or in a major college or university library in the ' region studied. While finding sources may be more difficult, some general thoughts will help guide teachers through the material avail able in their community. There is a basic historiogra phy to the writing of local history that is well outlined in Carol Kammen's, On Doing His tory: Reflections on What Do, Why, and What It Means (Nashville: American Asso dation for State and History, 1986). Kammen's heavily annotated chapter on Local History and Historians sets out the readily identifiable major periods of writing one will find, de pending on the age of the community studied. She notes that the writing of local history began in sixteenth century England and at about the same time in France, where it grew out of interest in nobility, castles, coinage, parishes, ar morial bearings, and lineages (p. 13). Transferred to the United States, those European interests became, in the nineteenth century, wealthy businessmen and industrialists, prominent homes, churches, and lineages. histories completed after the 1840s and after the 1876 Centennial were written, almost entirely, by white men, bent on extolling the progress their communities had made in conquering the wilderness (and the Native Americans therein) and launch ing a successful community that would, with God's grace, become the next Athens or Rome. The Centennial provided a proper opportunity to celebrate the past,

The Armorial Bearings of the IWEM

Water and Environment JournalVolume 2, Issue 1 p. 1-1 The Armorial Bearings of the IWEM First published: February 1988 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1988.tb01239.xAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume2, Issue1February 1988Pages 1-1 RelatedInformation

Heralds and Copyists: The Relationship between Three Thirteenth-Century Rolls of Arms

SummaryA comparative study of three thirteenth-century rolls of arms, the Heralds' Roll, the Dering Roll, and the Camden Roll, shows the extent to which the first was copied in the preparation of the other two. Light is also thrown on the way in which heraldic copyists worked and on the identity and nature of early armorial bearings.