Arkhangelsk Province Research Articles

Изменение количества удельных поселений в Шенкурском уезде Архангельской губернии в 1797–1863 годах

On the basis of office documents from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the change in the number of villages in the appanage group of volosts (Prikaz) and volosts of the Shenkursk uyezd of the Arkhangelsk province is investigated. It was revealed that 201 names of settlements disappeared in the uyezd in 1797-1863, including 61 between the V – VIII revisions, the remaining majority – between the VIII–X revisions. The reduction of settlements was a rather complicated phenomenon. It included the desolation of villages, mainly until the early 1930s, and the establishment of a small number of new settlements. However, most of the village names disappeared during the merger of several villages (from two to four) into one settlement, usually into a village. The opposite trend was also observed – division of villages into two settlements, which led to the emergence of new villages. Thus, the reduction in the number of appanage settlements very often entailed not their desolation, but the disappearance of only names. The characteristics of the reduction of appanage settlements in the Arkhangelsk province differed significantly from those in other provinces of Russia.

Evaluation of virulence of isolates of certain species of entomopathogenic anamorphic ascomycetes (Fungi, Ascomycota) in relation to adult individuals of the tick <i>Ixodes Persulcatus</i>

In nature, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) play an important role in the control of population density in many arthropods. The lethal effects of EPF on ixodid ticks (Ixodidae) have been, however, reported mainly in southern warm-loving species, which are mostly not found in Europe. The aim of this study was to evaluate in laboratory the virulence of nine selected psychrotolerant EPF isolates of Beauveria bassiana s. l. (6), Akanthomyces cf. muscarius (2) and Metarhizium anisopliae s. l. (1) at a moderate average daily temperature of +14°C in relation to overwintering adult taiga ticks (Ixodes persulcatus), collected at the end of May in the Kondopoga region of the Republic of Karelia. Under this temperature, the use of suspensions for infection with a concentration of infectious spores (conidia) of 3×107 per 1 ml, all isolates showed a lethal effect on ticks. Among these isolates, the most virulent and rapidly acting one was B. bassiana s. l. CCi-Ar (SI)14 from the Arkhangelsk Province, Bolshoy Solovetsky Island (N 65°, E 35°), that killed 70% of specimens after 9 days, and 95% after 11 days. At the same time, it was found that male ticks have a slightly higher death rate from fungal infections. However, the potential suitability of some EPF isolates for biological control of I. persulcatus populations at low temperatures, shown in this study, requires confirmation in further tests in real conditions of recreational areas actively visited by humans, where infection with dangerous pathogens (tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme borreliosis) transmitted by tick bites often occurs.

Decorative art of Russian painted spinning wheels and the art of painted lacquer products in China during the Warring States of Qi Lien

The article is devoted to the comparison of Mezen painted spinning wheels actively produced in Arkhangelsk province (Russia) in the XIX century and objects of Chinese art of Qi Lien painting of the Warring Kingdoms period. In this era, the skill of creating Chinese lacquer products was very developed, and the spinning wheel industry of the XIX century became the basis for the existence of a vital craft for Russian people. The spinning wheels were decorated with colored paintings with repetitive plots. The subjects of the study represent the most important part of the folk art of the two cultures, reflecting at the same time the aesthetic and spiritual preferences of the population. Their prevalence in both cases made it possible to identify the commonality of artistic techniques used by folk craftsmen. Scientific work assigns an important role to the techniques of manufacturing household items that demonstrate the prevailing artistic environment at the time of their regular use. The leading method of research is formal stylistic analysis, revealing characteristic compositional features. Comparative analysis makes it possible to identify similarities and differences in the works of DPI, which make it possible to hypothesize a paradoxical objective community. Considerable attention is also paid to the coloristic analysis and symbolic meaning of the murals. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the presence of a very limited number of sources mentioning the possible similarity of the two fields of folk art, none of which is fully devoted to the formal and stylistic features of objects created by unknown masters. The article closes this gap, aiming to discover specific unifying features. Its tasks become a detailed study of plots, compositions, techniques and materials used. The research allows us to come to the conclusion that the work of both Russian and Chinese artists reflected the main artistic aspirations of contemporaries, who often endowed objects and phenomena with symbolic meaning. There is a noticeable interest in the use of wood, the use of warm shades and the embedding of patterns in compositions. There is a similarity in the desire to reflect reality when including plant and animal motifs in their works. Also, the decorative and planar nature of the painting combines the rich details of the product. The relevance of the research is due to the convergence of Russian and Chinese cultures, so that the study of the issue can contribute to finding new points of spiritual contact.

«Учреждение, где ведают страхом и ужасом»: Архангельское губернское жандармское управление в 1908–1915 годах

The paper analyzes the peculiarities of the development of political investigation in the Arkhangelsk province in 1908-1915, when the Provincial Gendarmerie Department was headed by Colonel, later Major General, Nikolai Illarionovich Mochalov. For such a position, it was a very long period of leadership, which was characterized by three stages: the active struggle of the gendarmes and police against the revolutionary movement during the “Stolypin reaction”, then some stabilization of the situation by 1914, and the first years of the World War. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the decisive importance of N.I. Mochalov’s personality as an experienced functionary of political investigation, who was quite effective in relieving social tension that had been growing in the region since the end of the XIX century and reached its apogee during the Revolution of 1905-1907. During wartime the aggravated espionage, combined with the problems of the complicated service, made the figure of N.I. Mochalov inconvenient for the Gendarmerie and Police authorities. Methods of combating the “internal threat” in peacetime turned out to be irrelevant in the war period due to the need to qualitatively increase the activity of the gendarmes and cooperation with the military authorities.

Усилия по восстановлению беломорского промыслового флота в начальный период нэпа

The recovery period of the early 1920s in Soviet Russia coincided with the search for new forms of production management and was complicated not only by economic devastation, but also by the difficult international situation, political and economic blockade of the country. Under such conditions, the long overdue task of modernization of fishing and fur-trading was solved in the Arkhangelsk province, which first of all required providing the fishermen with the newest vessels. Lack of coal did not allow using steam vessels in full measure in the fishery; purchase and construction of vessels at foreign shipyards were also difficult. Therefore, it was decided to restore peasant shipyards as a temporary measure, centrally organizing the construction of small fishing vessels under the supervision of qualified technicians. The models used were Norwegian-built sailing, rowing and motor vessels, which were considered to be the most suitable for fishing in the White Sea and Arctic Ocean. The difficulties that the economic institutions had to face during the transition period (from war communism to the new economic policy) are considered in this article with the help of a large set of archival and published sources. The transition to the use of trawlers and icebreakers is explained not only by the tasks of modernization of the fishing economy, but also by the revolutionary ideology: to prevent conditions for the emergence of a prosperous layer of the Pomor population, which included shipbuilders and shipowners.

К вопросу о переселенческой политике на Европейском Севере России в начале XX века (на примере Архангельской губернии)

The paper deals with issues related to state measures in the field of resettlement policy in the territory of the European North of Russia at the beginning of the XX century (case study of Arkhangelsk Province). Particular attention is paid to the legal framework, political and economic factors that influenced the resettlement process. The main stages of the formation of the legal foundations of the resettlement policy of the Russian government during this period are also investigated, legislative decisions of the tsarist government and their significance are analyzed. The paper demonstrates the influence of immigrants on the methods and forms of management, as well as changes in state policy in the context of the growing national crisis.

Annual Publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee as a Source on the Socio-Economic Development of the Arkhangelsk Province in the Period 1876–1900

Annual Publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee as a Source on the Socio-Economic Development of the Arkhangelsk Province in the Period 1876–1900

The development of the territory of the European North by representatives of individual religious groups (on the example of the study by the narodniks of the Old Believers religious group)

The article describes how and in what ways the largest religious group of the Russian Empire — the Old Believers – mastered the northern territory of the European part of Russia. The archives and materials of the well-known narodnik-religious scholar A. S. Prugavin (1850-1920) act as a source of information. In general, A. S. Prugavin's approach to the perception of the Old Believers did not differ from the traditional narodnik one, when this social community was considered a group ready for protest and struggle with the authorities, which only needed to be properly directed. But after being exiled to the European North (Arkhangelsk province), the researcher realized how much the intelligentsia and public figures were mistaken about the understanding of the common people, and changed his attitude to the Old Believers. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and system analysis of available sources. In particular, the author considered the journalism of A.S. Prugavin through archival materials preserved in the personal fund. The peculiarity of A. S. Prugavin's approach was a global rather than selective immersion in the topic. The religious scholar not only developed a "Program for collecting information about religious movements in the Russian people," he followed it himself and called for a similar approach by others. He often personally contacted religious groups and received information through personal observations and subsequent correspondence with representatives of Old Believers and sectarianism. That is why the Old Believers were perceived not only as a group that was isolated on a spiritual basis, but also as a significant part of the Russian people. The religious scholar came to the conclusion that the socio-economic role of the Old Believers in the peasant environment (contribution to education and economic development) is underestimated, whereas this experience could become a model for the development of the northern village, in search of which there were representatives of various socio-political groups.

Внутренние миграции населения Печорского уезда Архангельской губернии в начале XX века

The paper analyzes internal migrations on the territory of the Pechora Uyezd in the late XIX - early XX centuries on the basis of official documentation of the Department of Agriculture and State Property of the Arkhangelsk Province. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the geographical factor on the scale of resettlement in the Pechora Uyezd. The author comes to the conclusion that the internal migration of the population on the territory of the Pechora Uyezd in the late XIX – early XX century was characterized by the episodic movement of peasants to areas that were considered more suitable for economic activity. Most often, these areas were not very far from the previous place of residence. In most cases, the peasants took the costs of resettlement on themselves. At the same time, the main motive for relocation was primarily the proximity of the chosen site to places suitable for traditional crafts. The climatic conditions and the state of the communication routes in the Uyezd obviously did not contribute to attracting migrants from other provinces, which is confirmed by the ratio of the number of such petitions for resettlement compared to petitions for the resettlement of peasants inside the Pechora Uyezd.

Provincial Financing During the First Regional Reform. The Arkhangelsk Version

Provincial institutions created by Peter I in 1710 were designed to ensure fiscal mobilisation, large-scale and maximum possible collection of material resources for the needs of warfare and the simultaneous reform of the armed forces. The first Russian governors had extensive administrative powers but, at the same time, they were under the strict financial control of the highest governing bodies: the Senate, its divisions, and the monarch himself. The governors were deprived of legal opportunities to spend at least some of the money collected through the provincial cash desks to ensure the functioning of their apparatus. It was not only about paying salaries to the ranks of provincial administrations, maintaining administrative buildings in working order, and purchasing consumables for office work. There was no money for more substantial expenditures: payment for the travel of numerous commissioners from the centre to the provinces, for the travel of their officials within the provinces, for the fees for the accommodation of these agents, for the expenses of their maintenance, for the payment of various kinds of state works, for the transportation of recruits and material supplies to the centre, i. e. everything that constituted the very essence of the functioning of local authorities. In this paradoxical situation, the main support could only be obtained from the zemstvo self-government bodies. The long-known practice of state bodies of local power being maintained by the population of the uyezd was replenished in the Petrine era with new elements. Lay fees covered the expenses of crown agents sent from the centre to the region and helped pay for some government work within the province. However, the peculiarities of the legislation of the era put the governors and their employees, who shifted the financial burden on the zemstvo, into a risky position. They could be accused of bribery and “unspecified fees” that undermined the solvency of the taxed population. Never previously published documents on Arkhangelsk province discovered by the author of the article reveal the complete picture of the financial support of the township communities of the Dvina uyezd for the activities of the provincial administration in 1711–1713 and the complex vicissitudes of relations between the central and local crown authorities and secular organisations. The documents were archived during the investigation of the case of the Arkhangelsk vice-governor A. A. Kurbatov and reflect one of the investigative episodes of 1716.

Annual Publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee as a Source on the Socio-Economic Development of the Arkhangelsk Province in the Period 1850–1875

Annual Publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee as a Source on the Socio-Economic Development of the Arkhangelsk Province in the Period 1850–1875

Трудовые отношения и конфликты на концессионных предприятиях лесной промышленности Архангельской губернии в 1920-е годы

This article dwells on the labour relations at the timber enterprises of the Arkhangelsk Province granted by the Soviet government as a concession to foreign entrepreneurs in the 1920s. The main sources include archival (concession contracts and reports, results of inspections of concessionary enterprises by the authorities, shorthand reports of meetings of Soviet party and trade union organizations, materials of factory rates commissions and investigative and judicial authorities), as well as published sources, primarily, contemporary (publications in newspapers and magazines). Emphasis is placed on the authorities’ attitude to labour conflicts. Timber enterprise concessions were of great international importance to the central government and economic importance to the local authorities; therefore, unlike at other concessionary enterprises, the authorities often supported the “capitalists”. The concessionaires, in their turn, being interested in attracting skilled workers to their enterprises and seeking to normalize relations with the population and the authorities on the territory designated for forest exploitation, were accommodating the employees by spending substantial funds to build housing as well as social and cultural facilities in the factory settlements. Labour relations and conflicts are examined in the article using the example of four personnel categories: skilled workers; labourers at the sawmills; peasants engaged in logging and delivering timber to the factories (loggers and rafters, united in artels); administrative and clerical employees. In addition, a conclusion is made about the specificity of labour conflicts caused by the post-revolutionary social expectations of the population.

Подготовка командных кадров для морского торгового флота во второй половине XIX века (на материалах Архангельской губернии)

The article dwells on the establishment and activities of maritime educational institutions in the Arkhangelsk Province that trained personnel for the merchant fleet. In the mid-19th century, Russia had no system in place for the professional training of navigators for the merchant marine. They were trained in six navigation schools, which was not enough for the entire country. Therefore, the government approved a number of documents that laid the foundation for opening a large number of maritime classes throughout Russia and organizing the work of state examining boards that administered exams for navigational ranks. Due to the favourable location of the Arkhangelsk Province and the interest of the central and local authorities in training navigators for merchant shipping, a number of navigation schools in the region that trained skilled personnel for northern seafaring were opened. The paper examines the process of implementing government initiatives, taking the work of skipper courses and maritime classes in the province as an example. Considerable attention is given to the legislation concerning maritime educational institutions; documents regulating their activities are analysed. Further, the article shows the process of establishing navigation schools, their financing, daily activities, and organization of the educational process. Challenges facing maritime classes are also expanded on. The problems typical of the majority of maritime educational institutions in the country indicated that maritime education required close attention from the authorities and further serious improvement. It should be noted that, in spite of all the difficulties, a considerable number of command personnel for the northern fleet were trained in the maritime educational institutions of the Arkhangelsk Province.

Don cossacks-doukhobors in the arkhangelsk exile

The article examines the life of Cossacks-Doukhobors, who retreated from the Orthodox Church, in exile in the Arkhangelsk province in 1778-1802 and 1812-1818. I draw on a range of newly discovered archival materials to describe the experience of a group of exiles in the extreme conditions of the North of Russia, their attempt to create a religious community involving the local residents, and their tactics of behavior vis-a-vis state authorities of different levels. I explore the manifestations of the Doukhobor mentality as exhibited in the conditions of the exile and discuss the policies of the secular authorities towards the apostates.

Names of Pogosts and the Origins of the Term Pogost in the Oikonymy of the Russian North: Chronology and Evolution

The article considers the composite oikonyms of the Russian North that include the term pogost, as well as the naming patterns used for the settlements defined as “pogosts” in the registers of the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The author provides a brief overview of the history of the word pogost in the Russian language and examples of its first attestations in Old Russian texts. The analysed data were retrieved from the settlement registers of the Olonets (for 1873 and 1905), Arkhangelsk (1859), Vologda (1859) and Novgorod (1911–1912) provinces, as well as, for later times, from the collection of field materials of the Ural University Toponymic expedition (1960s–2010s). As additional sources, the author used data from the Karelian Toponyms Card Index (Institute of Language, Literature and History of the KarSC of the RAS) and historical maps. The study found that, despite the disappearance of the corresponding administrative unit, the term pogost is still used in the oikonymy of the Russian North (in modern field data collections, there are records of about 150 settlement names that include this term). However, the spread of the word pogost in the oikonymy of the Russian North turns out to be uneven: most of the names are attested in the west of this territory that was formerly part of the Olonets and Novgorod provinces, and largely reflects the distribution that developed in the mid-19th century, which indicates to the stability of the oikonymic system. The article also discusses the naming patterns for the settlements defined as “pogosts” in the settlement registers of the late 19th — early 20th centuries. It is noted that the Vologda and Novgorod provinces were characterized by a two-component pattern, in which one word referred to a local toponym (most often to a river name or an oikonym), and the other to the name of the local church: Raslovsky-Voskresensky pogost (near the Raslavka river), Spaso-Nuromsky pogost (near the Nurma river) and many others. In the Olonets and Arkhangelsk provinces, a one-component pattern was more frequent; interestingly, in the Olonets province, the name of the pogost often coincided with the name of the corresponding parish or the rural community: Megorsky pogost, Undozersky pogost, etc. The author analyses the process of displacement of the term pogost from the settlement names, many of which were gradually replaced with toponyms Popovka, Popovskoe, Popovskaya with the general meaning of ‘related to clergy’. On the territory of the Vologda and Novgorod provinces, this process can already be seen from the settlement registers of the mid-19th century.

Конструирование и трансляция коллективной памяти на примере поморского села Кушерека

The paper delivers a comprehensive historical and ethnographic study of the natural and architectural landscape of the village of Kushereka, Onega District (Uyezd) of the Arkhangelsk Province. Back in the early 20th century, in the church community this village was known as “the center of the Schism”. The authors look into a system of landscape and architectural materials and narrative texts that preserve and convey collective (regional) historical memory. The field research conducted in 1996–1999 and 2019–2020 revealed the transformation of historical memory from the period of the village’s thriving to its current state. The key events in the historical experiences of the local residents were recorded and interpreted through the lens of universal folklore motives. The laws of creation and transmission of historical memory are revealed in the texts (speech), in the architecture, in everyday practices. The architectural history of the village and its layout, reconstructed based on archival data, are also regarded as a source of historical memory. The specific features of speech in the descriptions of the churches testify to the same value and semantic coordinates of culture as the oral tradition. The study carries methodological value for revealing “the idea of place” of local territories, as well as practical significance for the reconstruction of sociocultural and architectural landscapes of an abandoned Pomor settlement.

Материальное обеспечение приходского духовенства Кольского Севера в последней трети XIX века

The article deals with the little-studied question of the financial situation of the rural clergy of the Kola North in the last third of the XIX century, in other words, after the introduction in 1873 of a new staffing list of parish churches in the region. The main source of information for the study was the clear sheets for 1884, which had not been previously involved by researchers. They were preserved in the fund of the Third Deanery District of the Kemsky uezd (county) of the Arkhangelsk province, which then included parishes located on the Karelian and Tersk shores of the White Sea. The main sources of income of local clergy are determined; information on the state salary of the white clergy is analyzed; the degree of security of clerics with different lands is revealed. Based on the revealed data, it is concluded that there is a significant difference in the welfare of individual parishes of the Kola North. Special attention is paid to the housing problem that existed in almost all parishes and significantly complicated the daily life of priests and clergymen.

История церковно-приходских школ Кольского Севера в конце XIX — первой трети XX века в архивных документах

The article presents an overview of archival materials from the collections of the State Archives of the Murmansk region and the National Archives of the Republic of Karelia, identified in the course of archival heuristics in the process of studying the history of the development of parochial schools in the Kola district of the Arkhangelsk province in the late 19th – first third of the 20th centuries. An analysis of the information potential of the following types of historical sources is given: statistical records, clerical records, formulary lists of priests who taught in schools.

Academician Viktor Nikolaevich Shevkunenko (1872-1952) (on the 150<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the birth)

The outstanding Russian scientist and teacher in the field of topographic anatomy and operative surgery, one of the initiators of the creation of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and its full member (1944), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1935), winner of the Stalin Prize of the first degree (1943), Lieutenant General of the Medical Service (1943), Professor (1912) Viktor Nikolayevich Shevkunenko was born on February 17 (29 new style), 1872 in the county town of Mezen, Arkhangelsk province. In 1895, he graduated from the Imperial Military Medical Academy. From 1912 to 1948, he headed the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of the Academy. V.N. Shevkunenko is the founder of the doctrine of the type and age variability of human anatomy. As a result of many years of research carried out by the staff of the department, atypical forms of the structure and location of organs and anatomical structures were described in detail, optimal accesses and rational technique were justified when performing surgical interventions on different organs, depending on the typical, sexual and age topographic and anatomical features of patients. V.N. Shevkunenko is the founder of a major Russian school in the field of operative surgery and topographic anatomy: 44 of his students became professors. Academician V.N. Shevkunenko died on July 3, 1952 and was buried at the Theological Cemetery in Leningrad.

Metasomatized Xenoliths of Mantle Eclogites and Garnet Pyroxenites from the V. Grib Kimberlite, Arkhangelsk Province

Metasomatized Xenoliths of Mantle Eclogites and Garnet Pyroxenites from the V. Grib Kimberlite, Arkhangelsk Province