Ark Royal Research Articles

Çanakkale Savaşı’nda Bir Uçak Gemisi: Ark Royal (17 Şubat 1915 - 18 Mart 1915)

Çanakkale Savaşı, gerek Türk gerekse yabancı araştırmacılar tarafından en çok incelenen Birinci Dünya Savaşı cephelerinden birisidir. Ancak bu araştırma çokluğunda havacılık faaliyetleri yeteri kadar ilgi çekmemiştir. Çanakkale Savaşlı sırasında yaşanan havacılık faaliyetleri daha çok popüler çalışmalarda yer bulmuş ve hakkıyla incelenememiştir. Bu yetersiz çalışmaların çoğu da kaynak zenginliğine sahip olmayıp sınırlı kaynaklarla değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Çanakkale Savaşı’nın ilk safhasında İttifak hava gücünü oluşturan Ark Royal uçak gemisinin ve sahip olduğu deniz uçaklarının faaliyetleri incelenecektir. Dönem olarak Ark Royal’in Çanakkale’ye geliş tarihi olan 17 Şubat 1915 tarihinden deniz savaşının yaşandığı 18 Mart 1915 günü de dâhil olmak üzere altmış bir günlük dönem incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme sırasında; İngiliz, Alman ve Türk askeri arşiv belgeleri ile Çanakkale Savaşlarını tüm yönleri ile konu alan tüm Türk tarih çalışmaları ve İngiliz resmi yayınları ile yabancı yayınlar incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme sırasında yabancı arşiv ve yayınlardan tespit edilen bilgilerin Türk kaynakları ile karşılaştırması yapılarak en doğru bilgiye ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.

The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001

This Project will focus on the shipwreck element of this wider underwater cultural heritage. The UK has a wide range of shipwrecks of many nations within its territorial sea and adjacent international waters. Having been a major naval power since the late sixteenth century, and the world’s largest such power from the early eighteenth century until well into the twentieth century, supplemented by a merchant marine of equal scale, the UK also has historical ties to many shipwrecks in the territorial seas and adjacent waters of a considerable number of States elsewhere in the world. Underwater cultural heritage in the UK’s territorial sea can be afforded appropriate protection under domestic law, policy and practice. However, the threats posed by human activities of all sorts to UCH in international waters adjacent to the coast of the UK, and on UCH elsewhere in the world, both within other States’ jurisdiction and in international waters, in which the UK has an interest, continue to grow. The discovery in the last few decades of wrecks such as RMS Titanic (1912) in 3,800 m of water, and Royal Navy vessels like HMS Hood (1941) in 2,700 m of water, HMS Ark Royal (1941) in 1,070 m of water and HMS Victory (1744) in 90 m of water, for example, shows that continuing developments in underwater technology mean that sites to which access was impossible until relatively recently are now accessible to those with the funds to pay for this

HMS ARK ROYAL and the 2003 helicopter crash in the Northern Arabian Gulf

HMS ARK ROYAL and the 2003 helicopter crash in the Northern Arabian Gulf

The advanced technology mast for HMS Ark Royal

The Royal Navy has adopted composites technology for use in its advanced technology mast. The mast has been designed, installed and is currently in-service on one of the UK's aircraft carriers, HMS Ark Royal. The multifunctionality of the materials has enabled the varied and complex design drivers to be met.

Paul Winchester Houghton

Paul Houghton led a long, adventurous life. As a naval surgeon (surgeon lieutenant commander) in the second world war he saved the lives of two admirals and treated the badly...

Mountbatten goes to the movies: Promoting the heroic myth through cinema

Mountbatten goes to the movies: Promoting the heroic myth through cinema

New Light on the Cadiz Expedition of 1596

Abstract Using an account which had previously been unrecognized among the Yelverton MSS, in the British Library, this article adds new detail to our understanding of the Cadiz expedition of 1596. Written from aboard the earl of Essex's flagship, Due Repulse, the new account of the voyage provides a counterpoint to the well‐known narrative written by Dr. Marbeck from aboard the lord admiral's ship, Ark Royal. This article also describes an apparent reconnaissance map of Cadiz and considers some of the intelligence‐gathering which paved the way for Anglo‐Dutch forces to attack the city.

Operational effectiveness and resource constraints—HMSArk Royalin operations Grapple & Hamden 1993/94

As commanding officer of HMS Ark Royal in two major operations, Captain Terry Loughran is well‐placed to discuss the direct impact of resource constraints on operational effectiveness from the grass‐roots up. He examines these restraints from the practical level of actual operations—GRAPPLE and HAMDEN—in detail and proceeds to examine the resulting manpower constraints: a factor of the equation which is often overlooked. He accepts that the future is challenging, the next five to ten years crucial, but asserts that the most critical challenge is the management of people—the armed forces’ most important asset of all.

A study of the use of scatterometer data in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis‐forecast model: 2. Data impact

Data from the Seasat scatterometer are assimilated into the ECMWF analysis‐forecast model. To assess the impact of using Seasat A satellite scatterometer (SASS) data, comparison is made between analyses which use this data type and those which do not, as well as between forecasts from these analyses. The differences in the northern hemisphere are found to be small, but sizeable differences occur in the southern hemisphere. Some synoptic comparisons are made between SASS data and the model analyses, as well as data impact on forecasts for the QE‐II and Ark Royal storms.

The Royal Naval Medical Stores for Service Afloat: a prospective quantitative study

The contents of the scale of Medical Stores for Service Afloat must provide adequate quantities of drugs to allow proper patient care in a variety of situations often remote from specialist support. The overall make up of the scale is difficult to envisage outside the context for which it was conceived. This study was designed to assess the accuracy of the make up of the scale in three RN ships over a six-month period during a detached deployment. During this time the usage of all consumable items was specifically recorded and the outcome subjected to rigorous analysis in relation to the present scale. The results of the study indicate that in the case of both HMS Ark Royal (AR) and the two smaller ships HMS Edinburgh and HMS Sirius (ES) the quantities of drugs in the majority of cases are in excess of requirements. Of the 290 (AR) and 266 (ES) individual drugs 68% and 40% respectively could safely be reduced by varying amounts, whereas only 7.6% and 4.9% respectively needed to be increased. Furthermore, when these changes are costed the savings that result are 7806 pounds for the AR scale and 1532 pounds for the ES scale. Extrapolation of these figures across the surface fleet produces an overall saving on the costs of drugs of over 87,000 pounds.

Operating at Sea in an Aircraft Carrier

The policy of the Medical Officers serving in HMS Ark Royal between January 1988 and June 1989 with regard to surgery and anaesthesia at sea is described. The skills and equipment available, techniques used, operations performed and complications that resulted are outlined. The advantages and disadvantages of an active operating policy are discussed and the postulate ventured that in order to achieve maximum efficiency within the medical department of an aircraft carrier such a policy is justified. Finally, in the light of present day litigious trends, the question of the propriety of the policy is posed.

Identification of New Zealand-grown barley cultivars by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to separate storage proteins (B and C hordeins) extracted from 22 New Zealand-grown barley cultivars. Fourteen of these could be uniquely identified by the hordein pattern revealed by RP-HPLC. Single seed analysis revealed two major biotypes for each of ‘Ark Royal’, ‘Kym’, and ‘Triumph’. Three minor biotypes of ‘Triumph’ also were identified. Rapid (10 min) RP-HPLC methods for distinguishing barley cultivars with identical grain morphological characteristics were developed.

Yield in spring barley at contrasting sites in England and Scotland

SUMMARYThe yield and yield components of tall and short genotypes derived from the cross between two spring barley cultivars, Ark Royal and Golden Promise were examined. The genotypes were grown at two locations in England and two in Scotland. The highest yields were observed at two English sites (in East Anglia) rather than, as expected, in Scotland (East Lothian). Higher yield at the English sites was related to the greater means recorded for all the components of yield. The tall genotypes produced higher yields than the short genotypes, particularly at sites affected by drought. There were significant interactions between genotypes and environments for plot yield. Selection for increased yield would have been possible within either tall or short lines.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MILLING ENERGY AND HOT WATER EXTRACT VALUES OF MALTS FROM SOME MODERN BARLEYS AND THEIR PARENTAL CULTIVARS

Determinations of hot water extract values of malts of some modern barleys and their parental cultivars correlated well (r = −0.71) with milling energy estimates made on ungerminated grain. This confirms previous findings that these grain attributes are negatively correlated over different sites and growing seasons. Three types of barley endosperm can be distinguished on the basis of milling energy determinations. Most barley cultivars that are difficult to malt or are classified as feed barleys have high milling energy values (ranging from 370 to > 400 mg trace weight). This includes a number of currently recommended cultivars with Hordeum laevitigum in their pedigree. A second endosperm type has significantly lower milling energy values than the feed barley group (ranging from 330 to 355 mg, trace weight); barleys in this category also produce malts with high hot water extract values, e.g. Wing, Proctor and Berac. All of these barleys have one of the sister lines, Kenia—Opal—Maja in their ancestry. The third endosperm type with a loosely-structured ‘mealy’ endosperm has very low milling energy values (280 to 315 mg, trace weight) and includes the cultivars Ark Royal, Triumph and Keg, which give very high hot water extracts from their malts. All of the barleys in this group have the European malting barley Kneifel (also with a very low milling energy) in their pedigree. The results strongly indicate that hot water extract values of malts of current European cultivars are mainly due to the milling energy attribute of the endosperm, or are closely linked to it. This endosperm attribute has been selected through pedigree crossing or in barley collections, from just a few older malting quality cultivars. Evidence that this attribute is not linked to Hordein protein patterns controlled by the hor 1 and hor 2 loci on chromosome 5, is also presented.

The effects of infection by barley yellow mosaic virus on the yield and components of yield of barley

Infection by barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) was greater in a crop sown in October than in November and in cv. Maris Otter than in cv. Sonja. However, a greater proportion of plants of Sonja than of Maris Otter were infected, and more severely, with the soil‐borne fungus vector of BaYMV. Polymyxagraminis. Indifferent years the yield of individual plants of Maris Otter was decreased by 15% and of Sonja by 40%. The spring barley cultivars Athos. Porthos. Georgie and Ark Royal were all infected with BaYMV when sown in autumn in infected soil. Infected winter barley cv. Igri lost up to 50% of yield when this was measured across a naturally infected patch of crop.

QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FOUR GENOTYPES OF BARLEY GRAINS DURING MALTING AND MASHING

Four genotypes of barley, including good and poor malting varieties, were sampled as grain, green malt, kilned malt and spent grains. Each of these samples were analysed for total protein, aggregated protein, total and soluble β-glucan, starch and husk contents. Protein sub-units were separated using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Activities of β-glucanase, endopeptidase and α-amylase were measured and starch from each sample was purified and separated into large and small granules, and analysed for total protein and sub-unit protein content. Results calculated as % of dry weight and as a proportion of the weight of dry grain showed quantitatively the changes which occurred in the components of the grain during malting and mashing. Comparisons of the composition of the genotypes at the various stages showed that the best malting variety studied, Ark Royal, was better because of moderate superiority in several characters rather than a fundamental difference in a single attribute and supports the thesis that to further improve malting quality plant breeders should select for several characters which are independently inherited.

TANNING PROPERTIES OF FLAVANOLS IN BARLEY AND HOPS MEASURED BY REACTION WITH CINCHONINE SULPHATE IN RELATION TO HAZE FORMATION IN BEER

The flavanoid polyphenol extracts from barley and hops were each separated into six fractions by adsorption chromatography on Sephadex LH20. These fractions were further characterised by several analytical methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography and a colorimetric measurement of polymerisation index. The tanning powers of the fractions were graded according to their reactivities with cinchonine sulphate solution in a standardised turbidometric test. Whereas, almost 75% of the flavanols from Ark Royal barley were non-tanning oligomers almost 96% of the flavanols from Bullion hops were polymeric tannins. Reactivity of most of the barley flavanols with cinchonine sulphate was increased greatly by oxidation with peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Some effects of polymerisation, caused by enzyme action or by exposure to air, on oxidisable polyphenols (non-tannins) were measured using (+)-catechin, procyanidin B3 and prodelphinidin B3 in model systems. These, and other measurements on experimental and commercial beers indicated that oxidation of simple flavanols from barley produced polymers with tanning properties. In contrast, the hop flavanols when extracted apparently in their native forms, were capable of co-precipitating with polypeptides in beer. Treatment of beers with different stabilising agents, such as Polyclar AT and silica hydrogel, retarded haze formation by restricting ‘protein-polyphenol’ interactions.

Sea Harrier — A New Dimension

On board the first of the new class of anti‐submarine carriers, for the Royal Navy, HMS Invincible, and to join HMS Hermes later this year, the Sea Harrier will also be operational with HMS Illustrious and HMS Ark Royal within the next few years. This aircraft represents a new era for naval aviation at a time when the continuation of fixed wing flying at sea had seemed to be in doubt, and, together with the ‘Ski Jump’ concept, heralds a mode of operation of considerable potential in the marine environment.

Fractionation and amino acid analysis of the salt‐soluble protein fractions of normal and high‐lysine barleys

AbstractHigh‐lysine barleys derive their high lysine content, in part, from an increase in the salt‐soluble proteins. These proteins were extracted in 0.5m sodium chloride from milled grain of the genotypes Hiproly, Risø 1508, Risø 7, Bomi, Vada and Ark Royal. The extracts were subsequently separated into albumins and globulins by dialysis against distilled water, and were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and amino acid analysis. SDS‐PAGE revealed that the polypeptides of both fractions were highly heterogeneous with respect to molecular weight. There were marked differences in the polypeptide composition of the albumin fraction of the high‐lysine genotypes compared to the normals, but relatively smaller differences in the globulins which were generally higher in lysine and lower in glutamic acid than the albumins. The albumin fraction of Hiproly had a very high level of lysine compared to the other genotypes and surprisingly the globulin fraction of Risø 1508 had a low lysine content. The consequences of these findings are discussed in relation to strategies for breeding high‐lysine barleys.

Reviews of Books

Abstract Keeping the enemy guessing: Deception in World War 2 By Charles Cruickshank (OUP, Oxford 1979), £6.50, 248 pages. Reviewed by J. B. Andrews. Keeping the enemy guessing: Camouflage: A History of Concealment and Deception in War By Guy Hartcup (David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1979), £8.50, 156 pages. Reviewed by J. B. Andrews. Medical mystery: The Murder of Rudolf Hess By Hugh Thomas (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1979), £5.95, 224 pages. Reviewed by Hugh L'etang. Seeing through another's eyes: Strategy and Ethnocentrism By Ken Booth (Croom Helm, London, 1979), £10.50, 191 pages. Reviewed by Elizabeth Saxon. Seeing through another's eyes: International Perceptions of the Superpower Military Balance Edited by Donald C. Daniel (Praeger, New York, 1978), £13.50, 198 pages. Reviewed by Elizabeth Saxon. Hitting the target: Bomber Command By Max Hastings (Michael Joseph, London, 1979) £8.50, 400 pages. Reviewed by C. N. Foxley-Norris. A swift, sudden military offensive: Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk By Len Deighton (Jonathan Cape, London, 1979), £5.95, 319 pages. Reviewed by Anthony John Trythall. Past, present and future: In Peace and War. Interpretations of American Naval History, 1775–1978 Edited by Kenneth J. Hagan (Greenwood Press, Conn./London, 1978), £11.75, 368 pages. Reviewed by Paul M. Kennedy. Past, present and future: The Future of United States Naval Power By James A. Nathan and James K. Oliver (Indiana University Press, Indiana, 1979), $15.00, 248 pages. Reviewed by Paul M. Kennedy. Taking to the air: Carrier Pilot By Norman Hanson (Patrick Stephens, Cambridge, 1979), £4.95, 240 pages. Reviewed by Terence W. B. Shaw. The aircraft carrier eclipsed: The Rise and Fall of the Aircraft Carrier By Bernard Ireland (Marshall Cavendish, London, 1979), £6.95, 168 pages. Reviewed by B. B. Schofield. The aircraft carrier eclipsed: Ark Royal By Paul Beaver (Patrick Stephens, Cambridge, 1979), £4.95, 96 pages. Reviewed by B. B. Schofield. Grappling with problems: Numbers, Predictions and War By Colonel T. N. Dupuy (Macdonald & Jane's, London, 1979), £7.95, 244 pages. Reviewed by R. G. Coyle. Painting the picture: Cadogan's Crimea By Lieutenant Colonel Summerset J. Gough Calthorpe (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1979), £9.95, 288 pages. Reviewed by Bryan Watkins. A Soldier in the Bengal Artillery: From Recruit to Staff Sergeant By N. W. Bancroft (Ian Henry Publications, London, 1979) £4.95, 120 pages. Reviewed by T. M. Lowe. Shooting up your daddies!: Prender's Progress, A Soldier in India 1931–1947 By John Prendergast (Cassell, London, 1979), £7.95, 256 pages. Reviewed by P. H. C. Hayward. Armour then and now: The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment 1945–1975 By Kenneth Macksey (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1979), £9.95, 304 pages. Reviewed by Bryan Watkins. Armour then and now: Modern Combat Vehicles: 1, Chieftain By George Forty (Ian Allan, London, 1979), £5.95, 28 pages. Reviewed by Bryan Watkins. The locomotive of history: Battles of World History By Walter Markov and Heinz Helmert (Edition Leipzig, 1979), £19.95, 438 pages. Reviewed by S. M. W. Hickey. Trivia and triumph: American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964 By William Manchester (Hutchinson, London, 1979), £9.95, 793 pages. Reviewed by John Terraine. Hero in the cold: Scott and Amundsen By Robert Huntford (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1979), £13.95, 665 pages. Reviewed by Launcelot Fleming. From Ben Giora to IDF: The Anatomy of the Israeli Army By Gunther Rothenberg (BT Batsford, London, 1979), £6.95, 256 pages. Reviewed by J. S. Fowles. Learning from the Vietnam War: The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked By Louis H. Gelb (The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC: available in UK from Basil Blackwell, Oxford) £12.95 or £4.95 paperback, 376 pages. Reviewed by John Waddy. Learning from the Vietnam War: Mounted Combat in Vietnam By General Donn A. Starry (Department of the Army, Washington, DC, 1978), 226 pages. Reviewed by John Waddy. Flying soldiers: Out of the Sky. A History of Airborne Warfare By Michael Hickey (Mills & Boon, London, 1979), £7.50, 288 pages. Reviewed by Napier Crookenden. Unconventional warfare: The Chindit War By Shelford Bidwell (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1979), £6.95, 304 pages. Reviewed by Tim Carew. Force 101: Behind Japanese Lines: With the OSS in Burma By Richard Dunlop (Rand McNally, Chicago) 448 pages. Reviewed by Ronald Lewin.