Arithmetic Method Research Articles

Assessment of water quality in the piped water supply system by using Water Quality index method

Background Drinking water of the right and approved quality is a basic requirement for the development of any civilization. According to SDG 6 it is crucial to provide every citizen with equitable water quality and quantity. Methods The study area is the smart city of Bhubaneswar with 67 wards and three zones: the north zone, south-west zone, and south-east zone with around 12.4 lakh population. To maintain the water quality in the supply pipeline in this city, which is always assumed to be safe, it needs to be examined within certain time intervals to check the contamination. In this context, studies on water quality parameters in the supply pipeline network from different anticipated vulnerable areas have been collected for testing. In this context, water samples were collected from areas near industries, market complexes, educational institutions, and construction sites of each ward of Bhubaneswar. Nearly 10 water quality parameters were tested and analyzed using the weighted arithmetic water quality index method. This method takes input of all the parameters and provides the overall water quality index value, which classifies the water in different grades like excellent, good, poor, and very poor quality. Results According to the WHO (2011) guidelines, the study found that there is a deviation in the parameters like 10.78% in pH, 19.48% in dissolved oxygen, 43.88% in conductivity, and 22.95% in hardness from the standard limit, but the overall water quality index indicates the water is not in the poor and very poor range. Also, water quality index values identify that the water in the south-east zone is excellent compared to the north and south-west zones. The reason for the slight deterioration is due to the underground cable works, road works and also some areas where the old pipeline system is still existing due to personal encroachment of people as per Public health Engineering department.

Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Actions in Burkina Faso: A Case Study of the Neighboring Communities of Dinderesso and Peni Classified Forest

Protected areas' vulnerability assessments of neighboring communities fail to fully account for the relationship among climate, protected areas, and human activities, making it challenging to manage biodiversity sustainably and preserve neighboring communities' livelihoods. This study aims to evaluate the vulnerability of eight neighboring communities of Dinderesso and Peni classified forest to climate and human activities through a simplified and consistent framework. Eight focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire addressed to resource persons from eight neighboring communities. They assessed their vulnerability using a participatory research method. The categorial qualitative data collected were normalised and analysed using an arithmetic method in the Excel spreadsheet before being mapped using the software QGIS 3.18. The analysis revealed that neighboring Dinderesso and Peni classified forest vulnerability to climate and human activities ranges from low to moderate due to climate, socio-economic conditions, geographical location, topography, altitude, and management policies of the protected areas. These findings emphasise the importance of considering the vulnerability of neighboring communities to climate and human activities in the management plans and investments for protected areas by policymakers, forest managers and stakeholders. This is essential for advancing biodiversity conservation and safeguarding the well-being of local communities.

The Intersection of Ableism, Domestic Colonialism and Statistics in Britain from Bentham to Galton

Statistics, ableism and domestic colonialism were inextricably intertwined in Britain over the long nineteenth century, based on both engineering people deemed to be “backward” and improving “waste” land, which together were used to justify farm colonies for the disabled, bookended by two key moments. The first is Sir John Sinclair's introduction of descriptive statistics into the English language in order to provide a foundation for domestic colonization which, as the founding president of the British Board of Agriculture and Internal Improvement, he promoted. He also enlisted Jeremy Bentham, who published his own domestic colonization plan (massive pauper panopticons on waste land) rooted in the statistics of his pauper population table. The second key moment occurs at the beginning of the twentieth century, when Sir Francis Galton develops key statistical arithmetic methods as the foundation for eugenics and his defense of compulsory segregation of the mentally disabled into domestic farm colonies.

Performance analysis of PID and SMC for PEMFC-based grid integrated system using nine switch converter - A comparative study

Hydrogen fuel cells are gaining popularity as a reliable and efficient sustainable energy source. They have found uses in electric vehicles and microgrid applications. A grid-connected microgrid system with a 60 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is proposed. A PEM fuel cell-based generating unit is studied, using a sliding mode controller (SMC) in the control scheme and a nine-switch converter (NSC) for the system integration. The NSC is used to integrate the FC system with the utility grid and controls the system's power flow. This study is focused on the performance evaluation of the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and SMC controllers. The controllers' gains are tuned using an improved arithmetic optimization method (IAOA). The article also emphasizes improving system performance and stability by incorporating SMC in the control scheme. The suggested system is exposed to different source and load-side disturbances for performance evaluation. Matlab/Simulink is used to model the proposed system and validated by the real-time OPAL-RT 4510.

Ancient Greek laws of nature

The prevailing narrative in the history of science maintains that the ancient Greeks did not have a concept of a ‘law of nature’. This paper overturns that narrative and shows that some ancient Greek philosophers did have an idea of laws of nature and, moreover, they referred to them as ‘laws of nature’. This paper analyzes specific examples of laws of nature in texts by Plato, Aristotle, Philo of Alexandria, Nicomachus of Gerasa, and Galen. These examples emerged out of the closely intertwined Platonic and Pythagorean traditions, and these philosophers' texts make reference to laws of nature when describing arithmetical methods, arithmological doctrines, or medical theories. Nicomachus' laws of nature are especially noteworthy, because they have features that historians look for in the search for the origin of the modern concept of laws of nature. Nicomachus' laws of nature are mathematical, universal, and necessary. This paper raises the possibility that the ancient Platonic and Pythagorean traditions influenced the subsequent development of the idea of laws of nature in medieval and early modern Europe, including the conception of laws of nature deployed by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton.

Heuristics for the Intelligent Prediction of Population Growth

Population growth is a phenomenon that is inevitable in a life course and the components of population growth are fertility, mortality and migration. Because of the impact population growth exact upon the socio- economic nature of a country, it will be wise to know the future size and distribution of it so that adequate measures can be made to forestall possible problems. There are different population models and algorithms implemented to project population growth, ranging from statistical to machine learning models; these model techniques were very suitable in their time, such as the Malthusian theory, which, first and foremost, gives deeper consideration to the exponential growth model, while many implemented classification and linear regression algorithm. Linear regression machine learning algorithms were considered the most effective algorithm for population growth projection. This study tends to develop a machine learning model that is data-driven mathematically, capable of implementing the data-independent prediction model equation that was used to predict the impact of the Non-pharmaceuticals approach and pharmaceuticals approach (NPA and PA) in mitigating the spread of the Covid-19 virus, and both models were re-modified to project Nigeria population growth. The data-independent prediction model (DIPM) utilized onset data from the NPA and PA interventions to predict the probability of mitigating the spread of the virus for a specific period. The DIPM has the properties of arithmetic and exponential methods. The fusion of these two properties with the aid of machine learning model has further reveal the data-independent prediction model as a conceptualization technique to reflect how data are processed in an algorithm setting in a concrete world, with the support of the Java array list algorithm, what all the statistical models and supervised machines learning model used in the past studies could not achieve, have been accomplished succinctly. The data independent prediction model is a robust technique for both projection and forecasting future population growth as well as proffer answers to historical issues in mathematical modeling of population expansion.

Comparative study on groundwater quality assessment of Chennai District, Tamil Nadu during 2019-2020

The groundwater usage for household, industrial and agricultural needs is largely depends upon the nature and composition of various dissolved components present in the water. A comparison of groundwater quality of Chennai district in 2019 and 2020 for its potability and its hydrogeochemical characteristics were studied using the physicochemical data of representative samples from 36 observation wells obtained during pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons. The chosen wells are spatially distributed in the study region. The present work was carried out using the water quality data consisting of various physicochemical parameters and major ions concentration pertaining to groundwater analysis of the study location obtained from State Groundwater and Surface Water Resources Data Centre (SGSRDC), Taramani, Chennai, India. Water quality parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids(TDS), total hardness(TH), total alkalinity(TA), Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl‒, SO42‒, and NO3‒,were used to calculate the water quality index (WQI) by weighted arithmetic method. The groundwater quality is ascertained from the calculated WQI values with reference to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The results of WQI calculation reveals that in the pre monsoon period of both 2019 and 2020, around 30 % samples fall under good category and 55 % samples fall under poor quality. In the post monsoon period of 2019, 70 % samples are of good quality, whereas for 2020, 61 % samples are of poor quality. Correlation analysis of water quality parameters and bivariant plots of major ions were plotted to decipher the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater. TDS, TH and electrical conductivity (EC) exhibits a strong positive correlations with Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl- and SO42- ions. The Piper diagrams of the ground water samples of the study area reveal its hydrochemical facies as Na-Cl type. The Gibbs diagram of the groundwater samples shows that water-rock interactions and evaporation are the predominant factors in controlling the ground water chemistry.

Evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking water using a quality index in Abyi Adi, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia

High quality, safe and sufficient drinking water is essential for public health and well-being. However, the war on Tigrai damaged the water sources of communities and pose people to health problems. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the quality of water of the town of Abyi Adi, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia using physicochemical and biological parameters and water quality indices. A total of 36 water samples were collected from four major water sources. The physicochemical and biological parameters were determined using standard analytical procedures for water analysis. The mean values of electrical conductivity and pH ranged from 273.63 to 881.27 μS/cm and 6.68 to 7.42, respectively. Moreover, the experimental results of major cations (Na+ = 3.70–14.77 mg/L and Ca2+ = 8.50–15.77 mg/L), and anions (HCO3− = 21.52–40.77 mg/L, Cl− = 13.56–40.29 mg/L, NO3− = 0.14–0.25 mg/L, NO2− = 0.24–0.76 mg/L and PO43− = 0.34–1.32 mg/L) were recorded below the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits set for drinking water. The water quality index (WQI) that is determined using a weighted arithmetic water quality index method (WAWQIM) was also found in the range of 5.3–37.2. Subsequently, all groundwater sources except Adibakla are classified as excellent or “A” rating. However, the total coliform of Maylomin and Chiny water sources were found to be 6.33 MPN/100 mL and 3.67 MPN/100 mL, respectively. Both are higher than the WHO permissible limit set for drinking water. Considering the susceptibility of groundwater to pollution and its impact to human health, regular monitoring and supervision should be performed to keep the water safe for drinking. Accordingly, chlorination water treatment process is recommended to provide safe drinking water.

Evaluation and development of the clean water distribution network in Pancang Village, North Sebatik District, Nunukan Regency

Background: Rapid population growth and the large number of residential developments go hand in hand with the increasing need for clean water, especially drinking water. Basically, a city's development plan is closely related to the availability of clean water in the area, because clean water is a basic human need that is very important to fulfill. However, several consumers in certain villages which are part of the PDAM North Sebatik branch pipe network service area do not receive a clean water supply. With this research, it is hoped that it can provide alternatives/solutions in solving clean water problems, especially for the Pancang Village area, North Sebatik District. Methods: The data needed in this study is data on the population of Sei Pancang Village, North Sebatik District for the last 5 years, data on PDAM customers for the last 5 years, data on clean water needs, data on clean water sources and reservoir volume, as well as map data on the clean water distribution network. The evaluation technique used in this study uses the method with the largest correlation calculation, namely the arithmetic method. The clean water distribution network map will be evaluated using epanet software. Findings: The results of this research are that the population of Sei Pancang Village, North Sebatik District in 2022 will be 5250 people and projections for the number of residents and customers for the next 10 years show that the population will increase to 7018 people. Conclusion: Water use in the development plan year, namely 2023, in the residential area of Sei Pancang Village, North Sebatik District, includes, among other things, an average daily need of 9,045 lt/s, a maximum daily need of 10,402 lt/s, and a peak hour need of 13,568 lt/s. Meanwhile, in 2032 water demand will increase, with an average daily demand of 11,697 lt/second, a maximum daily demand of 13,451 lt/second, and a peak hour demand of 20,177 lt/second. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study develops a predictive model integrating demographic, climate, and infrastructure data to project water demand and optimize distribution. This model can be applied across regions to improve water management efficiency.

Revisiting Fold-Change Calculation: Preference for Median or Geometric Mean over Arithmetic Mean-Based Methods.

Background: Fold change is a common metric in biomedical research for quantifying group differences in omics variables. However, inconsistent calculation methods and inadequate reporting lead to discrepancies in results. This study evaluated various fold-change calculation methods aiming at a recommendation of a preferred approach. Methods: The primary distinction in fold-change calculations lies in defining group expected values for log ratio computation. To challenge method interchangeability in a "stress test" scenario, we generated diverse artificial data sets with varying distributions (identity, uniform, normal, log-normal, and a mixture of these) and compared calculated fold-changes to known values. Additionally, we analyzed a multi-omics biomedical data set to estimate to what extent the findings apply to real-world data. Results: Using arithmetic means as expected values for treatment and reference groups yielded inaccurate fold-change values more frequently than other methods, particularly when subgroup distributions and/or standard deviations differed significantly. Conclusions: The arithmetic mean method, often perceived as standard or picked without considering alternatives, is inferior to other definitions of the group expected value. Methods using median, geometric mean, or paired fold-change combinations are more robust against violations of equal variances or dissimilar group distributions. Adhering to methods less sensitive to data distribution without trade-offs and accurately reporting calculation methods in scientific reports is a reasonable practice to ensure correct interpretation and reproducibility.

Evaluation of Water Quality Indexes and Heavy Metal Pollution Indexes of Different Industrial Effluents and Karnaphuli River Water in Chattogram, Bangladesh

ABSTRACTThe study evaluated the water quality index (WQI) and heavy metal pollution index (HPI) of different industrial effluent and surface water from various sites of the Karnaphuli River, based on the weighted arithmetic index method. The samples were collected from 20 different industries, including textile dyeing, textile washing, oil processing, chemicals, and tannery, and 17 stations of the Karnaphuli River, from the Kalurghat Bridge to the estuary where the river meets with the Bay of Bengal. This study was carried out in the dry season of the 2021–2022 fiscal year. Six physicochemical parameters, namely pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and hardness, were taken for the determination of the WQI, and concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Ni) were considered for the calculation of the HPI. Both indexes were calculated against the Bangladesh Standard (denoted by subscript a) and WHO standards (denoted by subscript b). The water quality indexes WQIa and WQIb for industrial effluent ranged from 11.66 to 176.77 and 44.45 to 9703.99, respectively. Samples namely TD‐5, TD‐7, TD‐8, TD‐9, TD‐10, OS‐1, and C‐1 showed excessively high WQI value. On the other hand, the HPIa and HPIb of industrial effluent varied from 43.6 to 167,785.3 and 0.34 to 18,412.3, respectively. Furthermore, oil processing and chemical effluents showed noticeably higher HPI values than other industrial samples. Both WQI and HPI values indicated a serious pollution load in most experimental samples. No river water sample showed a WQI value below 100, denoting it was unfit for consumption. The water quality indexes WQIa and WQIb for river water samples ranged from 1275.40 to 29,405.77 and 131.20 to 5860.99, respectively. According to the Bangladesh Standard, the river water samples were moderately to highly polluted by metal. The highest HPI value for the river water sample was 7965, denoting extreme metal pollution. The investigation revealed that most industrial effluents and Karnaphuli River water samples contained significant pollution load. Therefore, effective measures must be adopted immediately for future sustainability to cope with this contamination. The results emphasize the immediate requirement for strict regulations and advanced water treatment technologies to reduce contamination risks in the Karnaphuli River. Prompt action by authorities is essential to safeguard the river, prevent ongoing ecological damage, and address metal accumulation in fish affecting the food chain. Public awareness and legislative measures are vital for ecosystem preservation.

Analisis Kebutuhan dan Ketersediaan Air Bersih Kecamatan Darul Imarah Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Fulfilling sterile water requirements is highly dependent on sterile water sources availability. The problem faced every dry season in Darul Imarah was that around 85% areas did not support with sterile water. The people merely have it from drilled wells, so that it is necessary to analyze the need for sterile water until 2033. The aims of this research were to analyze the total need for sterile water in Darul Imarah district area, to investigate whether the reservoir capacity was sufficient for water needs in 2033 and to figure out the existing of water availability met the needs and sufficiency in Darul Imarah district area until 2033. It is hoped that based on the result of this study could provide information and knowledge to Darul Imarah community about the need and availability of sterile water especially for provision and water consumption. The analysis of the projected population and Local Water Company Mountala customers using the arithmetic method resulted sterile water need and availability and reservoir volume. In 2033, the population in this district will achieve 60,965 people with 14,109 customers. The need for sterile water in 2033 based on the increased number of customers and residents was 143.10 liters/second. Broncap Gle Taron's water needs considered still be able to meet the clean water needs for the current service area until 2033. This was proven by the total clean water need in 2023 would be 150 liters/second. The reservoir required in 2033 would be 2472.83 m3. The reservoir storage volume at Local Water Company Mountala was 1 unit with storage of 500 m3. The shortage of reservoir capacity was 1972.83 m3 or it requires 4 additional reservoir units to meet water availability in 2033. The need for sterile water increasing every year to minimize water shortages, so it is necessary to consume water effectively.

Genetic diversity and population structure of a modified three-way tomato hybrids for determining fruit size traits

The assessment of genetic diversity and genetic structure of crops has a vital impact on the plant breeding program, including the characterization, use and conservation of genetic material. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of a set of 94 F3 tomato hybrids were assessed with 25 polymorphic SNP markers of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying fruit size in tomatoes using Sequenom Mass ARRAY system. A total of 50 alleles were amplified and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.2220. Nei's genetic distance ranged from 0 to 0.62. Therefore, single nucleotide sequence (SNP) markers detected a significantly high degree of polymorphism in tomato hybrids. Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean methods (UPMA) indicated that the tomato hybrids studied are grouped into four main groups, which is to some extent consistent with the size, shape and number of locules of the tomatoes studied. Analysis of population structure with SNP markers revealed three subpopulations. Association mapping using 25 SNP markers detected 9 markers with a significant association with mean fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of locules, and fruit shape index. The nine markers detected in this study are recommended for the tomato fruit size improvement breeding program.

Comparative assessment of the effect of storage vessels, thatched roof and industrial activity on harvested rainwater quality in south eastern, Nigeria using water quality index

Rainwater is usually harvested through catchment systems such as roofs or directly from the sky for storage in different vessels for eventual use due to water scarcity which is as a result of increased in water demand, rapid industrialization, increasing pollution, global warming and climate change. This study was carried out to assess the effects of galvanized iron and PVC tanks, thatched roof and industrial activity on harvested rainwater quality by investigating physico-chemical properties, heavy metals, coliform level and metal composition of the storage vessels. Seven-two harvested rainwater samples were collected from four locations in the urban and rural areas of Delta and Enugu States, Nigeria between the months of April-July, 2018. Rainwater samples stored for 1 month to a year in storage vessels were considered. The results were compared with water quality standards (USEPA, WHO, NAFDAC and NSDWQ) and Water Quality Index ratings. Heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cr, Zn and Al) were analyzed using Flame-AAS; other parameters were determined using standard methods. The WQI ratings were calculated using the weighted arithmetic method. The results were analysed using descriptive and two-way ANOVA statistical analysis. Results obtained in both areas of the States showed mean values ranging from 5.60 ± 0.28 to 7.60 ± 0.20 for pH, E.coli (0.00 ± 0.00–1.00 ± 0.00 cfu/mL), EC (7.00 ± 1.41–108.70 ± 8.62 µs/cm), colour (0.44 ± 0.01–12.86 ± 0.17 TCU) and heavy metals (mg/L) gave 0.00 ± 0.00–1.52 ± 0.13 for Fe, Pb (0.00 ± 0.00–0.29 ± 0.02), Cr (0.00 ± 0.00–0.30 ± 0.05), Zn (0.00 ± 0.00–0.05 ± 0.02) and Al (0.00 ± 0.00–4.65 ± 2.24). The results of the harvested rainwater samples analyzed showed that, the mean values of all the parameters analyzed were below and within the water quality set standard with the exception of a few in both areas in each of the States and were significantly different at (p < 0.05). The results of WQI ratings showed that, harvested rainwater qualities in both States were rated from excellent to unfit for drinking water quality. Generally, harvested rainwater stored in PVC tanks rated better than rainwater stored in galvanized iron tanks though not free of contamination. The storage duration for harvested rainwater is very important for its water quality, hence, harvested rainwater whether it is stored or not should be subjected to treatment before being use for potable usages.

Modeling of Clean Water Needs Analysis Based on Dynamic Systems in Lubuk Sikaping District

Water is the source of life because water is not only needed by humans but also by nature to maintain a stable ecosystem. Humans and other creatures depend on water to grow and develop. The water needs of every livingthing are different and are influenced by the availability of water itself. The utilization of water as a whole in aspects of life becomes more valuable in terms of quantity and quality. The higher the cost of living for each person, the greater the need for water. This study aims to determine the projection of clean water needs in Lubuk Sikaping District from 2023 to 2043 based on population, find out the projection of clean water needs dynamically using powers studio 10 software, and find out whether the availability of clean water is sufficient for the next 20 years. The method used for the planned population projection of the next 20 years uses arithmetic methods. The results obtained in this study the need for clean water increases for the next 20 years, amounting to 125,563 liters/second. The results of water availability in Lubuk Sikaping District are still sufficient for the next 20 years. And based on the same installed capacity each year the availability of water is to be the same or constant every year.

Lévy arithmetic optimization for energy Management of Solar Wind Microgrid with multiple diesel generators for off-grid communities

This paper presents an improved optimization algorithm for the energy management of a renewable energy solar/wind microgrid with multiple diesel generators applied to off-grid remote communities. The main objective aims to solve the economic emission dispatch problem with a price penalty factor to minimize the energy cost and the emission level. An enhanced metaheuristic optimization algorithm, Lévy arithmetic algorithm, is applied to improve the searchability for optimal solution compared to the conventional arithmetic algorithm. The Lévy arithmetic method is used for the management of the microgrid and compared to other metaheuristic optimization algorithms for the same application. Comparative analysis demonstrates good cost savings using the Lévy arithmetic algorithm, compared to other optimization algorithms such as the arithmetic algorithm, crow search algorithm, hybrid modified grey wolf algorithm, interior search algorithm, cuckoo search algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, colony algorithm, and genetic algorithm.

"Enhanced DA Algorithm for FIR Filter Design and FPGA Implementation"

Abstract: This study looks into the difficulties of using the Distributed Arithmetic (DA) method for Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). It focuses on how coefficients are represented, balancing precision using fixed-point arithmetic and quantization. The research explores ways to optimize memory use, aiming to store data more efficiently within FPGA resources and reduce memory needs. To speed up computations, it examines how to make accessing lookup tables faster and suggests improvements in design. The study also considers how to manage FPGA resources effectively, balancing latency, throughput, and resource use. It looks at specific improvements to the DA method for FIR filters to make better use of resources and enhance performance. Overall, this work provides insights and solutions for algorithm design, memory use, lookup table speed, and FPGA architecture to make DA-based FIR filter implementations on FPGAs more efficient.

A reliability analysis method for fuzzy multi-state system with common cause failure based on improved the weakest T-norm

Recently, the reliability analysis of complex engineering systems has been confronted with a range of challenges, including fuzziness, multiple states, and common cause failures. In particular, factors such as changes in the working environment and human error contribute to the fuzzy probability value for each state in the system, which brings great challenges to its reliability analysis. In this paper, a new reliability analysis method for fuzzy multi-state system with common cause failure is proposed, which developed the fault tree analysis method and fuzzy set theory. First, a model integrating common cause failure with fuzzy T-S fault tree analysis model has been illustrated, and the equivalent model is given. Meanwhile, a novel fuzzy arithmetic method based on the weakest n-dimension T-norm is designed to solve the proposed model. Finally, the aircraft power system is analyzed as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The result shows that the proposed method effectively enhances the capacity of failure tree analysis in assessing the reliability of complex systems characterized by multiple states, fuzziness, and common cause failures.

Study of Early Iron Age Vessels Using 3D-Modeling (Based on Baraba, Sargat Culture): Metric Characteristics

Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to approve and identify the possibilities of 3D modelling in the study of the Early Iron Age vessels.Methods. A series of experiments comparing computer and manual measurements of the vessels metric characteristics have been carried out (corolla diameter and vessel height). The experiments are based on 3D-models of three Early Iron Age vessels: a complete round-bottom vessel; a complete flat-bottom vessel; a fragmented round-bottom vessel. The respondents are represented by two groups: Iron/Bronze age and Stone Age researchers. The methods of statistics and arithmetic were used to process the results. The obtained computer and manual metric characteristics were subjected to arithmetic and statistical analyses.Results. It was revealed that the differences in measuring the corolla diameter between two groups were 0.1–1 mm. Measurements of vessels height by Stone Age researchers are more exact: the difference at the minimum discrepancies is less than 1 mm, the maximum values diverged up to 7 mm. According to the results of preliminary statistical analysis, there are no differences between the researcher groups on metric measurements of vessels. Statistical analysis showed that the results of manual measurements of simple objects (corollas) are sufficiently accurate and can be used for research. If a complex object (the complete vessel) is to be measured, it is better to use computerised measurements. Manipulation of high-precision artefact measurements is possible through the application of 3D-modelling.

A real-world disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system events for ibuprofen

ABSTRACT Introduction Ibuprofen is commonly used as an over-the-counter (OTC) antipyretic and analgesic. As the frequency of its use has increased, there has been a corresponding increase in reports of associated adverse events (AEs). However, these events have not been systematically reported in the literature. Meanwhile, the importance of effective pharmacovigilance in evaluating the benefits and risks of drugs is being recognized. Methods The data was obtained indirectly from FAERS using the OpenVigil 2 database, lexically mapped using software such as MySQL, Microsoft Excel, and the R language, and then subjected to four more rigorous algorithms to detect risk signals associated with ibuprofen AEs. Results By analyzing data from the past 18 years, 878 ibuprofen-related AEs were identified as primary AEs. Notably, unexpected reproductive system and breast diseases, etc., which were unexpected, were observed as important system organ classes (SOCs) associated with ibuprofen. Among the 651 preferred terms (PTs) that simultaneously satisfy the four arithmetic methods, renal tubular acidosis and lip oedema are proposed as new signals for ibuprofen AEs. Conclusion This study explores the important and valuable potential AEs and ADRs of ibuprofen at the SOC and PT levels, respectively. To provide a reference on decision-making for ibuprofen to promote rational clinical dosing.