Reduction Argument Research Articles

A call for further study and use of transformational leadership in pharmacy education and practice: Hope and reinvigoration

This paper calls for further study of transformational leadership and its further use in educating PharmD students as well as inclusion of continuing education programming and mentoring the behaviours of current pharmacists. It does not present an argument for reduction in use or diminishment of other leadership theories, many of which have at least some overlap with transformational leadership. Rather, emphasis on transformation leadership might be one of many solutions to challenges plaguing the profession currently, with some sense of negativity and challenging workplace conditions among many pharmacists; support personnel and drug shortages; and a need for more collegial citizenship behaviors and stronger organizational culture. Transformative leadership behaviors and communication, versus others particularly more transactional in nature, envisage a future for the entire profession as well as for the individuals who comprise them, articulate the value of the contributions made by the employee, and help imbue a sense of professional identity. These are things sorely needed in the modern workplace and are either explicitly stated or tacitly implied in educational standards and professional competencies. A recent study on transformational leadership as measured by the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) found more parsimonious structures toward the definition of transformational leadership and the outcomes resulting from its use, which actually makes it easier to discern and thus even more applicable to incorporate into models of pharmacy education and practice. The time to further study and employ transformational leadership is now.

Marriage as an Argument for Energy Poverty Reduction: The Moderating Role of Financial Inclusion

ABSTRACTThe present research extends the extant literature by investigating the hypothesis on whether marriage can be a substitute for financial inclusion in energy poverty reduction in Ghana. Pooled data and two‐stage least‐squares techniques are used in the estimation process; the validity of the tested hypothesis (i.e., that marriage is a substitute for financial inclusion in energy poverty mitigation) is based on three main criteria: (i) a positive interactive effect relative to the negative unconditional effect of marriage; (ii) a marriage net effect lower in magnitude compared to the unconditional effect of marriage; and (iii) an insignificant interactive effect when both unconditional effects are negative. The investigated hypothesis is not valid in the full sample, urban subsample, and female subsample while it is valid in the rural and male subsamples. Policy implications are discussed.

Concentration phenomena of solutions for critical perturbed Hénon problems

The main aim in this paper is to carry out a comprehensive research on the critical Hénon problem{−Δu=|x|αupα+ϵk(x)uqinΩ,u>0inΩ,u=0on∂Ω, where α>0, pα=N+2+2αN−2, q≥1, ϵ>0, k(x)∈C2(Ω¯), Ω is a smooth bounded domain containing the origin in RN, N≥3. Based on Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction argument, we provide some sufficient conditions for the existence of concentrating solutions without any condition on the Robin function. The main results depend on the non-resonant case that k(0)≠0andq≠N+2N−2 and the resonant case that k(0)=0orq=N+2N−2. The novelty in our study is significantly different from the case that α=0.

New type of solutions for Schrödinger equations with critical growth

We consider the following nonlinear Schrödinger equations with critical growth: −Δu+V(|y|)u=uN+2N−2,u>0inRN, where V(|y|) is a bounded positive radial function in C1, N ≥ 5. By using a finite reduction argument, we show that if r2V(r) has either an isolated local maximum or an isolated local minimum at r0 > 0 with V(r0) > 0, there exists infinitely many non-radial large energy solutions which are invariant under some sub-groups of O(3).

Aristotle’s On the Good and the “Categorial Reduction Argument”

Abstract Alexander of Aphrodisias reports a series of arguments from Aristotle’s Περὶ τἀγαθοῦ purportedly deployed by Plato to defend his doctrine of principles. One of these arguments, the so-called “categorial reduction argument”, underpins the postulation of the two first principles, the One and the Great and Small, through a bipartition of all beings into two categories, labeled ‘in themselves’ and ‘opposites’. I scrutinize this argument and compare it with other Early Academic bicategorial divisions and especially with the tripartite categorial distinction, itself apparently based on material of Early Academic provenance, included in Sextus Empiricus’ Adversus Physicos 2.262-275. I argue that the Περὶ τἀγαθοῦ account of the “categorial reduction argument” leaves open certain philosophical problems, and Sextus’ report is best interpreted, rather than as a more detailed version of that account (as a common view would have it), as an alternative formulation of it that incorporates a philosophical attempt to disentangle those problems.

Tobacco industry strategies to influence the regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products in Latin America and the Caribbean.

To document tobacco industry strategies to influence regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products (NETNPs) in Latin America and the Caribbean. We analyzed industry websites, advocacy reports, news media and government documents related to NETNPs, focusing on electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. We also conducted a survey of leading health advocates. We applied the policy dystopia model to analyze industry action and argument-based strategies on NETNP regulations. Industry actors engaged in four instrumental strategies to influence NETNP regulation - coalition management, information management, direct involvement in and access to the policy process, and litigation. Their actions included: lobbying key policy-makers, academics and vaping associations; providing grants to media groups to disseminate favorable NETNP information; participating in public consultations; presenting at public hearings; inserting industry-inspired language into draft NETNP legislation; and filing lawsuits to challenge NETNP bans. The industry disseminated its so-called harm reduction argument through large/influential countries (e.g., Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico). Industry discursive strategies claimed NETNPs were less harmful, provided safer alternatives, and should be regulated as so-called harm reduction products or have fewer restrictions on their sale and use than those currently in place. Our analysis provides a better understanding of industry strategies to undermine tobacco and nicotine control. To help counter industry efforts, health advocates should proactively strengthen government capacities and alert policy-makers to industry attempts to create new regulatory categories (so-called reduced-risk products), provide misleading information of government authorizations of NETNPs, and co-opt so-called harm-reduction messages that serve the industry's agenda.

Infinitely many nonradial positive solutions for multi-species nonlinear Schrödinger systems in [formula omitted

In this paper, we consider the multi-species nonlinear Schrödinger systems in RN:{−Δuj+Vj(x)uj=μjuj3+∑i=1;i≠jdβi,jui2ujin RN,uj(x)>0in RN,uj(x)→0as |x|→+∞,j=1,2,⋯,d, where N=2,3, μj>0 are constants, βi,j=βj,i≠0 are coupling parameters, d≥2 and Vj(x) are potentials. By Ljapunov-Schmidt reduction arguments, we construct infinitely many nonradial positive solutions of the above system under some mild assumptions on potentials Vj(x) and coupling parameters {βi,j}, without any symmetric assumptions on the limit case of the above system. Our result, giving a positive answer to the conjecture in Pistoia and Viara [50] and extending the results in [50,52], reveals new phenomenon in the case of N=2 and d=2 and is almost optimal for the coupling parameters {βi,j}.

Construction of infinitely many solutions for two-component Bose-Einstein condensates with nonlocal critical interaction

In this paper, we deal with the coupled Hartree system with axisymmetric potentials,{−Δu+P(|x′|,x″)u=α1(|x|−4⁎u2)u+β(|x|−4⁎v2)uinR6,−Δv+Q(|x′|,x″)v=α2(|x|−4⁎v2)v+β(|x|−4⁎u2)vinR6, where (x′,x″)∈R2×R4, β>max⁡{α1,α2}≥min⁡{α1,α2}>0, P(|x′|,x″) and Q(|x′|,x″) are bounded nonnegative functions in R+×R4. The system is critical in the sense of the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality. When the functions r2P(r,x″) and r2Q(r,x″) have a common topologically nontrivial critical point, using a finite dimensional reduction argument and developing new local Pohožaev identities, we construct infinitely many solutions of synchronized type, whose energy can be made arbitrary large. The main difficulty is caused by the non-local terms, since little is known about the nondegeneracy of the positive solutions of the limit system and the error estimates of the nonlocal parts in applying the reduction arguments and establishing the local Pohožaev identities.

Concentration on the Clifford torus for the critical problem in an annulus

In this paper, we are concerned with the existence of solutions for the following critical elliptic problem:(P){−Δu=|u|4N−2u, in Ω,u=0, on ∂Ω. where Ω:={x∈RN:a<|x|<b} is an annulus, N≥5. By using a finite reduction argument, we prove the existence of infinitely many non-radial sign-changing solutions concentrating on the Clifford torus.

European and Asian Greeks for Exponential Lévy Processes

In this paper we give easy-to-implement closed-form expressions for European and Asian Greeks for general L2-payoff functions and underlying assets in an exponential Lévy process model with nonvanishing Brownian motion part. The results are based on Hilbert space valued Malliavin Calculus and extend previous results from the literature. Numerical experiments suggest, that in the case of a continuous payoff function, a combination of Malliavin Monte Carlo Greeks and the finite difference method has a better convergence behavior, whereas in the case of discontinuous payoff functions, the Malliavin Monte Carlo method clearly is the superior method compared to the finite difference approach, for first- and second order Greeks. Reduction arguments from the literature based on measure change imply that the expressions for the Greeks in this paper also hold true for generalized Asian options in particular for fixed and floating strike Asian options.

Non-power type perturbation for the critical Hénon problem

In this paper, we study the critical Hénon problem with non-power type perturbation. We use the reduction argument to construct a family of bubbling solutions concentrating at the origin without any condition on the Robin function. It is well-known that the Robin function plays an essential role in the existence of bubbling solutions for critical elliptic problems.

New existence for the higher order prescribed curvature problem

We consider the following prescribed curvature problem involving polyharmonic operator on $ \mathbb{S}^{N}: $ \begin{document}$ \begin{align*} D^{m}u = K(|y|)u^{m^{*}-1}, \quad u &gt; 0 \quad \hbox{in} \quad \mathbb{S}^{N}, \quad u \in H^{m}(\mathbb{S}^{N}), \end{align*} $\end{document} where $ K(|y|) $ is a positive function, $ m^{*} = \frac{2N}{N-2m} $ is the critical exponent of Sobolev embedding, $ N&gt;6m. $ $ D^m $ is the $ 2m $ order differential operator given by$ D^m = \prod\limits_{l = 1}^m (-\Delta_g+\frac{1}{4}(N-2l)(N+2l-2)), $where $ \Delta_g $ is the Laplace-Beltrami operator on $ \mathbb{S}^N, $ and $ \mathbb{S}^N $ is the unit sphere with Riemann metric $ g. $ By applying the non-degenerate result of positive multi-bubbling solutions constructed in [15], we construct new type solutions by using Lyaponov Schmidt reduction arguments combining with the gluing method. One will see that this type of new solution is difficult to be obtained through direct critical theory and reduction argument. We consider the problem from a different point of view and glue $ n $ bubble solution to $ k $ bubble solution and obtain new type multi bubble solution.

Existence of concentrating solutions of the Hartree type Brezis-Nirenberg problem

We are interested in the existence and asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the following critical Hartree equation with small parameter ε>0,(0.1){−Δu=(∫Ωu2μ⁎(y)|x−y|μdy)u2μ⁎−1+εu,inΩ,u=0,on∂Ω, where N≥5, μ∈(0,4], Ω is a bounded smooth domain in RN, and 2μ⁎=2N−μN−2 is the upper critical exponent in the sense of the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality. By applying the reduction arguments, we prove that equation (0.1) has a family of solutions uε concentrating around the critical point of Robin function under some suitable assumptions, if ε→0, N≥5, μ∈(0,4] sufficiently close to 0, 4 or =4.

Construction of infinitely many solutions for a critical Choquard equation via local Pohožaev identities

In this paper, we study a class of critical Choquard equations with axisymmetric potentials, $$\begin{aligned} -\Delta u+ V(|x'|,x'')u =\Big (|x|^{-4}*|u|^{2}\Big )u\text{ in } \mathbb {R}^6, \end{aligned}$$ where $$(x',x'')\in \mathbb {R}^2\times \mathbb {R}^{4}$$ , $$V(|x'|, x'')$$ is a bounded nonnegative function in $$\mathbb {R}^{+}\times \mathbb {R}^{4}$$ , and $$*$$ stands for the standard convolution. The equation is critical in the sense of the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality. By applying a finite dimensional reduction argument and developing novel local Pohožaev identities, we prove that if the function $$r^2V(r,x'')$$ has a topologically nontrivial critical point then the problem admits infinitely many solutions with arbitrary large energies.

Twilight of Human Judgment

Twilight of Human Judgment

The Association Between Resources, Accessibility, and Female Victim Intimate Partner Homicide at the County-Level in Florida.

Limited research has been conducted to understand possible relationships that exist between IPH and access to DV services. The current study adds to the literature by expanding traditional measures of DV services to capture presence, as well as access, and examines the impact on female IPH victimization across 67 Florida counties between 2005 and 2015. Using exposure reduction arguments, we shed light on factors associated with female victim IPH rates and support previous research findings showing a continuation in the disparity of IPH rates between urban and rural areas within county boundaries. We also demonstrate the importance of accessible shelter and safe homes in combating IPV and IPH rates.

Efficient and competitive broadcast in multi-channel radio networks

Consider a single-hop, multi-channel, synchronous radio network in which a source node needs to disseminate a message to all other n−1 nodes. An adversary called Eve, which captures environmental noise and potentially malicious interference, aims to disrupt this process via jamming. Assume sending, listening, or jamming on one channel for one time slot costs one unit of energy. The question is, if Eve spends T units of energy on jamming, can we devise broadcast algorithms in which each node's cost is o(T)? Previous results show such resource competitive algorithms do exist in the single-channel setting: for large T values, each node can receive the message within O(T) time slots while spending only O˜(T/n) energy.In this work, we devise new broadcast algorithms and show that the existence of multiple channels allows faster message dissemination while preserving resource competitiveness. Specifically, if C channels are available, for large T values, our algorithms guarantee each node's runtime is O(T/C), and each node's energy cost is O˜(T/n). Moreover, our algorithms require minimal prior knowledge and allow Eve to be adaptive. Our technical contributions lie in using “epidemic broadcast” in algorithm design to achieve time efficiency and resource competitiveness, and employing coupling techniques in the analysis to handle the adaptivity of the adversary.We also complement algorithmic results with lower bounds, proving both the time complexity and the energy complexity of our algorithms are optimal or near-optimal. In particular, to obtain the lower bound on resource competitiveness, we first prove a new lower bound showing any multi-channel 1-to-1 communication algorithm succeeding with constant probability incurs expected cost of at least Ω(T); then, via simulation and reduction arguments, we show for the broadcast problem, some node incurs a cost of at least Ω(T/n), even in the multi-channel setting.

A new type of nodal solutions to singularly perturbed elliptic equations with supercritical growth

In this paper, we aim to investigate the following class of singularly perturbed elliptic problem{−ε2Δu+|x|ηu=|x|ηf(u)inA,u=0on∂A, where ε>0, η∈R, A={x∈R2N:0<a<|x|<b}, N≥2 and f is a nonlinearity of C1 class with supercritical growth. By a reduction argument, we show that there exists a nodal solution uε with exactly two positive and two negative peaks, which concentrate on two different orthogonal spheres of dimension N−1 as ε→0. In particular, we establish different concentration phenomena of four peaks when the parameter η>2, η=2 and η<2.

Latency and Alphabet Size in the Context of Multicast Network Coding

We study the relation between <i>latency</i> and <i>alphabet size</i> in the context of Multicast Network Coding. Given a graph <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G = (V, E)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> representing a communication network, a subset <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S \subseteq V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of sources, each of which initially holds a set of information messages, and a set <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T \subseteq V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of terminals; we consider the problem in which one wishes to design a communication scheme that eventually allows all terminals to obtain all the messages held by the sources. In this study we assume that communication is performed in rounds, where in each round each network node may transmit a single (possibly encoded) information packet on any of its outgoing edges. The objective is to minimize the communication latency, i.e., number of communication rounds needed until all terminals have all the messages of the source nodes. For sufficiently large alphabet sizes (i.e., large block length, packet sizes), it is known that traditional linear multicast network coding techniques (such as random linear network coding) minimize latency. In this work we seek to study the task of minimizing latency in the setting of limited alphabet sizes (i.e., finite block length), and alternatively, the task of minimizing the alphabet size in the setting of bounded latency. We focus on the establishing the computation complexity of the problem and present several intractability results. In particular, through reductive arguments, we prove that it is NP-hard to (i) approximate (and in particular to determine) the minimum alphabet size given a latency constraint; (ii) approximate (and in particular to determine) the minimum latency of communication schemes in the setting of limited alphabet sizes.

An Empirical Analysis of Russian Regions’ Debt Sustainability

This paper investigates the impact of the moderate growth of government borrowing on debt sustainability in 11 Russian regions over about 10 years, starting in 2010. The current study aims to assess the debt sustainability of the Russian region’s budget by determining Euclidean distance budget constraints and cluster analysis. This study is based on the methodology of hierarchical cluster analysis, which makes it possible to isolate regions of accumulation of objects from the aggregate data and combine them into homogeneous segments. The central hypothesis of this study is that by using this method, it is possible to increase the accuracy of the values that limit budget constraints in a region’s financial system. This study, using open data from the Federal State Statistics Service, is based on a database of statistical, financial, and economic indicators of the Russian economy. The calculations include about 45 macroeconomic indicators, which reflect the ratios of socio-economic development of the region’s financial system. The methodology described in the paper for assessing the debt sustainability of budget policy proves the need to calculate six indicators and determine the debt limits for the regions of each cluster. It finds a need to reduce the high debt burden of 46% of the regions belonging to the Northwestern Federal District. Confidence intervals for the debt limit suggest that the negative growth effect of high debt may start from levels of around 5% of the debt-to-GDP ratio and about 43% of the debt-to-revenue ratio. The results indicate that regions with a high level of debt sustainability include St. Petersburg city, the Leningrad region, and the Kaliningrad region. From a state debt policy perspective, the results provide additional arguments for debt reduction for the Republic of Komi, the Republic of Karelia, the Arkhangelsk region, and the Pskov region. The general conclusion of the study boils down to the need to reduce the debt burden of the budgets of some regions of the SFZO, as well as to the need to change the upper limits of debt, which are equally set for all regions by the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, to differentiated values of public domestic debt, taking into account the results obtained in the study.