Argon Arc Cladding Research Articles

Microstructure and Wear Resistance Analysis of TiC/Ni Composite Coating on P110 Steel by Argon Arc Cladding

Microstructure and Wear Resistance Analysis of TiC/Ni Composite Coating on P110 Steel by Argon Arc Cladding

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Grx-Ti-BN Composite Coating on TC4 by Argon Arc Cladding

The TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy has problems such as low material hardness, poor wear resistance, and abnormal sensitivity to adhesive wear and fretting wear. In this study, we used graphene-reinforced Ti/BN composite coatings prepared on the surface of the TC4 alloy by argon arc cladding technology. We explored the optimal content of graphene to improve its hardness and wear resistance. The physical phases and microstructures of the coatings were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer, metallurgical microscope, and scanning electron microscope. Microhardness and wear properties of the cladding coating were measured by a Vickers hardness tester and a universal friction and wear tester. The incorporation of graphene resulted in a transformation of the reinforcing phase in the coating from TiN to Ti(N, C). The C element in the molten pool was substituted with the N element in an unending solid solution, resulting in the formation of Ti(N, C) through intermittent nucleation. As the amount of graphene in the molten pool increases, the concentration of carbon (C) also increases. This leads to the continuous growth of Ti(N, C) particles, resulting in a coarser coating structure and a decrease in coating performance. When the graphene content is 5 wt.%, the microstructure refinement of the coating is the most obvious, the microhardness is 900 HV0.2, which is 3 times higher than that of the matrix, and the wear rate is 4.9 × 10−5 mm3/(N·m), which is 4.9 times higher than that of the matrix. The wear mechanism of the coating is primarily abrasive wear with some slight adhesive wear.

A comprehensive review of AISI 304 steel based on different thick coating process

This review paper represents an overview of the surface modification of AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) with the help of different thick coating process. There are many different forms of cladding, which have distinct advantages to employing different types of materials. Laser beam cladding (LBC), plasma transferred arc (PTA) cladding, argon arc cladding (AAC), and electron beam cladding (EBC) are all ways to make thick composite clad layers on the surface of AISI 304SS. These methods improve surface properties like hardness, wear resistance (WR), corrosion resistance (CR), and coefficient of friction (COF). These techniques also facilitate the repair of various surface components. The performance of the surface properties can be evaluated by the tribological analysis and hardness test. In this review paper, transitions in mechanical and tribological characteristics with different process variables and various compositions of coating materials by different thick cladding process, which are discussed in brief. This paper also deals about comparison of the impact of process variables of different thick cladding process. Furthermore, the difficulty that arises due to surface modification of AISI 304 steel based on different thick cladding processes is explored, and viable solutions are discussed.

Microstructure and properties of argon arc cladded CoCr x FeMoNiAl high entropy alloy coatings on Q235 steel

Abstract In this paper, the CoFeMoNiAlCr x coatings with different chromium content (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2) were prepared by argon arc cladding technology on Q235 steel. The microstructure and phases of the coatings were analyzed by OM, SEM, EDS and XRD. The hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coatings were tested by microhardness tester, friction and wear tester and electrochemical workstation. The results show that the highest hardness is obtained in the CoFeMoNiAlCr x=0 high entropy alloy coatings, about 500 HV, which is about 3 times than the hardness of Q235 steel (the substrate). With the chromium content of the CoFeMoNiAlCr x coatings increasing, the wear resistance increases first, and then decreases. When the chromium content is 0.9, the wear resistance of the coating is the highest with the wear loss about 2.6 mg and the friction coefficient about 0.52. The corrosion resistance of the coatings decreases with a small amount of chromium addition. When the Cr content in the coating is close to the atomic ratio, the content of the body-centered cubic phase structure increases, and the face-centered cubic phase structure appears in the coating.

ARGON-ARC CLADDING OF Q235 LOW-CARBON STEEL BY CO BASE ALLOY DEPOSITION

The Co base layer was obtained without obvious defects by argon-arc cladding (AAC) of Co42A mixed powders (the welding current 160[Formula: see text]A and the welding speed 14[Formula: see text]mm/s). Then, the effect of different process parameters on the microstructure properties of this layer was investigated in detail. The compact clad zone was obtained, which consisted primarily of the fine dendrites; the sizes of the columnar crystals decreased significantly with increasing of the welding speeds. This AAC Co42A layer (the welding current 160[Formula: see text]A and the welding speed 14[Formula: see text]mm/s) had a high hardness due to the actions of the fine grain/solid solution strengthening and the produced multi-phase.

Comparison of the corrosion and passivity behavior between CrMnFeCoNi and CrFeCoNi coatings prepared by argon arc cladding

The corrosion behavior and passive film properties of CrMnFeCoNi and CrFeCoNi coatings in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution were investigated by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky tests. The chemical compositions of passive film were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results indicated that CrFeCoNi coating possessed lower passive current density, higher polarization resistance, lower donor and acceptor density compared with CrMnFeCoNi coating, which determined CrFeCoNi coating has higher corrosion resistance than CrMnFeCoNi coating. The excellent resistance to corrosion could be attributed to the structure and chemical compositions of passive film

The effect of pulse frequency on the microstructure and surface mechanical properties of composite coatings on the surface of AISI304

Abstract This study investigated the in-situ formation of TiC–Al2O3 and TiB2–TiC–Al2O3 composite coatings on the surface of austenitic 304 stainless steel by the use of 3TiO2-4Al-3C and 3TiO2-4Al-B4C powder and argon arc cladding technology. The effects of pulse frequency 0–200 Hz on microstructure and mechanical properties of coating are studied. Microstructural study of coatings showed that the high cladding temperature triggered the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of reinforcement phases TiC, Al2O3, and TiB2 at the surface of 304 stainless steel. The use of pulsed current instead of direct current reduced the hardness of the coating by increasing the dilution. Also, in both groups of coatings, no significant difference was found between the hardness distribution over the coating layer in the specimens coated with pulsed currents at frequencies of 10 and 200 Hz.

Structure and properties of graphene reinforced Ti-based composite coatings on TC4 alloy by argon arc cladding

The TiC coating was prepared on TC4 alloy using argon arc cladding method of graphene and titanium powder to improve wear resistance. The microstructure and phase of coating was observed by XRD, OM and SEM. The properties of coating were tested by microhardness-tester and dry slipping friction tester. The results show that the coating consists of TiC and Ti, and the composite coatings have good bonding with substrate. The in-situ synthesis of TiC particles are uniformly distributed in the composite coatings, and the morphology of TiC particles are composed of particle-shaped, rod-like and flower-like morphologies. The average microhardness of composite coating can reach 835 HV, about 2.8 times of the substrate. The composite coating has excellent tribological properties.

MICROSTRUCTURES AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF THE ARGON ARC CLAD NICKEL-BASED COMPOSITES ON TITANIUM ALLOY

The composites were obtained by the argon-arc cladding (AAC) of the Deloro22-Si3N4-Fe pre-placed powders on a TA1 titanium alloy substrate, which improved the wear resistance of the substrate. Such composites were investigated by means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the microscope and the high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The results indicated that the amorphous phases were produced in such AAC composites, increasing the wear resistance. With addition of Y2O3, lots of the micro/nanoscale particles were formed, which further improved the wear resistance of such AAC composites.

Friction and wear properties of TiN-TiB2-Ni based composite coatings by argon arc cladding technology

TiN-TiB2 composite coatings were fabricated on a low carbon steel by using argon arc cladding (AAC) with the mixture of titanium powder and boron nitride powder. The effect of the Ti + BN contents on the phase, microstructure, and properties of composite coatings was investigated by means of XRD, TEM, SEM, hardness tests, and wear tests. The experimental results show that the main phase TiN and TiB2 were formed due to the reaction between titanium and boron nitride during the AAC process. The composite coatings had no holes, cracks, or other defects and metallurgical bond with the steel substrate. The morphologies of particle-shaped, needle-shaped and rod-like of in situ synthesis particles phases were found in the composite coatings. The microhardness of the composite coatings (1100-) increased with the increase of the Ti + BN contents due to the presence of reinforcement (TiN, TiB2) and gradually increased. The friction coefficient and wear loss of the composite coatings is far lower than the 35CrMnSi steel substrate. Besides, argon arc coating using the mixed powders of 30 wt%(Ti + BN)-70 wt%Ni has better anti-wearing effects during the dry sliding wear.

Study of fly ash-based flux effects on microstructure and wear of TIG-cladded Ni-based composite coating

Abstract The Al2O3-TiB2 reinforced nickel-based composite coating was prepared by the active argon arc cladding technology from nickel based alloy, Al2O3 and Al-TiO2-B2O3 feedstock powders, applying mixture of aluminium containing fly ash, titanium, SiO2, B2O3 and La2O3 as a flux. Microstructure, phase composition, hardness and abrasive wear of the coating were studied. The results show that the number and intensity of the diffraction peaks of Al2O3, TiB2 and (Fe, Cr)23C6 in the active argon arc cladded in the cladded layer are significantly increased, moreover the new phases such as Fe2B, 3Al2O3-2SiO2 (mullite phase), Ni3Si, Fe17Al40Si10 are also formed. The melt depth and width of the active cladding are 5.25 mm and 8.26 mm respectively. The surface hardness of ordinary cladded layer and active cladded layer increased by 4.11 times and 4.37 times respectively, to be compared with the substrate. The abrasion wear resistance of the ordinary cladded layer and fly ash active cladded layer is 6.96 times and 7.72 times higher, than that of the substrate, respectively.

Microstructure and Formation Mechanism of in-Situ TiN-TiB2 /Ni Coating by Argon Arc Cladding

Abstract An in situ synthesis method was developed to produce a Ni alloy composite coating reinforced by in situ reacted TiN and TiB2 particles using argon arc cladding (AAC) with different molar ratios of BN/Ti on a 35CrMnSi steel substrate. The microstructures of the clad coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that the phases of the coating are TiN, TiB2, TiB, Cr23C6 and γ-Ni. As the BN/Ti ratio increases, the needle-like TiB phase almost disappears and the number of rod-like TiB2 particles increases. Their shape become smaller. The computed results show that the nucleation driving force of the major reinforcing phases from low to high is TiN-TiB2-TiB at different test temperatures. Moreover, the growth mechanism of the phases was discussed in the Ti-BN-Ni system. When the BN/Ti molar ratio is 0.67 the clad coating shows the highest average micro-hardness and excellent wear resistance at room temperature under normal atmosphere conditions.

The Properties and Residual Stress of Argon arc Cladding Metal by Low Temperature Martensitic Transformation Powder

Martensitic Fe-based metal was achieved by argon arc surface cladding using self-developed low-temperature phase transformation (LTT) powders. Residual stress (RS), retained austenite (RA) content, hardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer under different powder compositions were tested. Meanwhile, the phase composition, microstructure and wear mechanism of the cladding metal were also analyzed. The results show that under suitable process parameters, the cladding layer and the substrate are metallurgical bonding without crack and porosity. The microstructure of the cladding layer is mainly lath martensite with less RA distributed on. Due to the volume expansion during phase transformation from austenite to martensite at about 200°C degree, large compressive RS is produced within the cladding metals, which has effectively compensated the tensile RS result from thermal shrinkage. The compressive RS reaches maximum of -361 MPa, and the average RA in the cladding layer is 10.85% for powder with composition of 10% Cr and 8% Ni. The hardness of the cladding layer is 2.6 times higher than that of the matrix material, which could reach up to 557.2 HV. The wear resistance of the surface cladding layer is nearly 57 times higher than that of the base material, which has the most excellent comprehensive performance.

Structure and tribological properties of argon arc cladding Ni-based nanocrystalline coatings

TiN-TiB2 nanocrystalline coatings have been in-situ synthesized on the 35CrMnSi steel surface by argon arc cladding process under different welding technological parameters. The calculating method was established for the analysis and calculation of the dilution ratio. The microstructures of the nanocrystalline coatings were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction meter(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results indicated that the phase of coatings were TiN、TiB2、TiB、Cr23C6 and γ-Ni. The welding technological parameters of nanocrystalline coatings have certain effects on the dilution ratio of the clad layer. The tribological behavior of both the substrate and the coatings was investigated in detail. An average microhardness of 1420HV0.5 was obtained with a cladding current of 120A. While the nanocrystalline coatings shows better wear resistance properties than 35CrMnSi steel.

Effect of rare earth on microstructure and carbides in WC-Fe composite coating

WC-Fe composite coatings were prepared on IC45/080A47 steel substrates by argon arc cladding technique. Minute amounts of La were added into the coating, and the microstructure was investigated to find the relation to rare earth. Results show that RE does not change the categories of phases, and the main components remain α-Fe, Fe3W3C, WC and W2C. However, the distribution of carbide particles is optimised. It reduces the agglomeration and bridging in the cladding layer's structure, makes the particles distribute homogeneously and restrains the dissolution of WC and the formation of fishbone shaped dendritic carbides. It promotes the formation of granular carbide and refines grains. It also reserves the WC particles in the composite coating and improves the average hardness and wear resistance.

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Nanostructure WC Composite Coatings Prepared by Argon Arc Cladding Injection

Nanostructure WC composite coatings were prepared on surface of Q235 steel by argon arc cladding injection using microstructure WC feeding which were prepared by nanostructure WC powder. The microstructure of the coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase of the coating were analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer and X-Ray diffract meter, moreover, microhardness and wear resistance were texted by Microhardness tester (HVST-1000) and friction wear testing machine (MMS-2A). The results show that the combination of coating and substrate is metallurgical bonding. and no Pores and cracks were founded in bonding area. aggregated nanostructure WC particles and nanostructure WC particles uniformly distributed in the coating. The maximum hardness of the coating is 1461 HV. Compared with the Q235 steel, the wear resistance of the coating increased about 15 times.

In-Suit Synthesis (ZrB<sub>2</sub>-SiC)/Si High Temperature Oxidation Resistance Coating by Argon Arc Cladding

In order to overcome the occurrence of insufficient oxidation reaction, high temperature oxidation resistance (ZrB2-SiC)/Si composite coating was fabricated on the surface of graphite electrode by argon arc cladding, process using the Si, Zr and B4C power blends. The microstructure and phase composition of the clad layer were researched by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The result shows that the coating consist of ZrB2 and SiC particles, The combination of the cladding layer and the graphite matrix results in kind of a continuous interface without visible defects. As the result of burning 60 min at 1573K, the oxidation weightlessness rate is 0.62%.

In-Situ Synthesized WC Particles Reinforced Fe-Based Composite Coating by Argon Arc Cladding with Tungsten Powder

In-situ synthesized WC particles reinforced Fe-based composite coating was prepared by argon arc cladding on Q235 with mixture of tungsten powders, graphite and iron powders mainly. Microstructures of coating were investigated using SEM, EDS and XRD. Micro-hardness and wear resistance were also studied. The result showed that the main phases of coating were WC, Fe3W3C, martensite and residual austenite. The WC particles were well distributed in matrix and appeared significant growth and reunion from bottom to top of coating. Hardness of the coating ranged between HV0.2 1102.2 to 1863.5. The wear loss of Q235 steel was 37.2 times than that of the coating.

Microstructure and Technology Research of In-situ Synthesis TiN- TiB2/Ni Composite Coating by Argon Arc Cladding

Abstract An in situ synthesis method was developed to produce an Ni alloy composite coating reinforced by in situ reacted TiN and TiB2 particles, using argon arc cladding (AAC) with different mass fractions of Ni60 and Ti+BN powders on a 16Mn steel substrate. The microstructure, micro-hardness and wear resistance were investigated using SEM, XRD, Micro-hardness Tester, and Friction and Wear Tester, respectively. The result showed that the main phases of coating were TiN, TiB2 (Fe,Cr)23C6 and γ-Ni. Excellent bonding between the coating and the 16Mn steel substrate is uniform, continuous and almost defect-free and the particles were gradient distributed in the clad coating. The microstructure is different from the outside to the inside in the clad coating. The microhardness showed a gradient variation, with the highest value of 1400HV0.2 and the wear properties of the coating are also improved at the room temperature under normal atmosphere conditions.

High Temperature <i>In Situ</i> Antioxidation Coating Fabricated by AAC Method

In the surface of graphite electrode, the in-situ synthesized high temperature antioxidation composite coating is prepared, depending on argon arc cladding and the raw materials of Si and B4C powder. The coating consists of SiC and B13C2ceramic particles. The results show that: the reaction generates B2O3and SiO2with high temperature play a role in healing crack and preventing oxygen diffusion; a kind of continuous interface is present between the cladding layer and the graphite substrate, no obvious flaws; burning at 1573 K and 10 h, oxidation weightlessness rate is 0.912%.