Argentina Research Articles

Early‐Stage Extratropical Cyclones' Mechanisms Over South America: RCM Added Value and Future Changes in a Warmer Planet

ABSTRACTRegional climate models (RCMs) from the CORDEX enable further investigations of the regional aspects of climate change impacts in South America. Here, we assess the CORDEX‐RCMs' present and future projections of extratropical cyclones, focusing on their frequency, early‐stage synoptic features, and added value relative to the global climate models (GCMs). Cyclones were tracked using a common algorithm in the present (1985–2005) and future RCP8.5 scenarios (2080–2099). ERA5 reanalysis was used as reference data in the present climate. Both GCMs and RCMs can identify the three major cyclone hot spots in South America: Argentina (ARG), La Plata Basin (LPB), and the south‐southeast Brazilian coast (SBR). RCMs improve GCMs' representation of the cyclogenesis frequency, adding value by decreasing the biases (~10%). Early‐stage cyclone synoptic structure also indicates RCMs' improvement of the low‐level fields by presenting mesoscale structures of warm/cold advection and moisture flux convergence/divergence in greater agreement with ERA5 (except for moisture flux divergence for LPB). RCMs and GCMs project a general decrease in cyclogenesis for the end of the century. For the cyclogenesis cores, GCMs' and RCMs' projections agree on the trend signals in SBR, LPB, and ARG in austral winter and disagree in ARG in austral summer. For LPB and SBR cyclogenesis, the RCMs and GCMs suggest a future increase in moisture flux convergence and warm advection at low levels, while a decrease in upper level divergence is projected. This indicates a reinforcement of cyclogenesis (negative sea‐level pressure trend) in the future due to the low‐level features and associated diabatic processes. For ARG, the future trends in the mean structure of cyclogenesis are relatively weak. Following other studies, cyclogenesis frequency may decrease; however, changes could occur in some important physical processes, such as low‐level moisture flux convergence and warm advection, suggesting more intense events in the future.

En busca del reenvío perdido: Un análisis crítico de la solución prevista para la impugnación de la sentencia condenatoria en el Código Procesal Penal Federal de la República Argentina

This article presents a normative argument against the ban on retrial in the appellate stage in the Federal Criminal Procedure Code of the Argentine Republic. According to the article, this rule results in only factually innocent appellants being able to seek a review after conviction. The rationale behind the article bonds this rule with the phenomenon of Innocentrism and the defense of actual innocence as the primary value of the criminal process. To this end, the article analyses both the representative literature of the Innocence Movement and its reform proposals, and the critiques of these. With this theoretical framework, the article argues that a series of values identified with the concept of legal innocence and due process do not receive due attention in the appellate stage in the Federal Criminal Procedure Code of Argentina. Lastly, the article posits that the provision of retrial would broaden the possibilities for adequate resolution for different cases of injustice in the criminal process.

Physical Education, Sports and Educational Reforms: The Assistance Agreement Between the Argentine Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany (1961–1980)

Between 1961 and 1980, a group of bilateral actions were developed jointly the Argentine Republic (AR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) regarding physical education and sports. Based on these agreements, training and advice were provided for the reform of physical education teachers’ training and school physical education, the construction of infrastructure was encouraged, and sports medicine was promoted. This paper analyzes how the relationship between the FRG and the AR for the promotion of ‘sports science’ was shaped. The aim is to delve into the temporalities of the different topics and their processes of translation and approval by local actors. The analysis shows that the construction of this bilateral agenda took place in the interaction of the policies for physical education and sport of the AR and the FRG, resulting in translations and re-appropriations of the proposed programmes. In addition, the agenda was also structured by the relationship networks built for almost two decades. Understanding such nuances makes it possible to point out how these exchanges took place.

Trusted networks: a study of communication flow and access to abortion information in Argentina.

In December 2020, Argentina approved a new abortion law following decades of feminist and social advocacy. This paper presents qualitative findings from interviews and focus group discussions with people in local communities focusing on how individuals of reproductive age access and communicate sexual and reproductive health information, particularly regarding abortion. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants working in the field of SRHR and four focus group discussions took place with cisgender women and girls, transmasculine people and non-binary people of reproductive age. We found that information exchange and communication about sexual and reproductive health issues, particularly abortion, took place mainly through informal social networks engaging with activists and feminist grass-root organisations. These informal social networks were built on trust as a collective affect that enabled open communication about abortion. Information sharing through word of mouth, in person and via digital means using different social media platforms, is an important means of information sharing and communication in Argentina. Monitoring the implementation of abortion policies in this country should include investigating the impact of people accessing abortion through informal social networks in terms of abortion pathways and intersections with the formal health system.

Central Banking in Financially Subordinated Countries During Crises: The Central Bank of the Argentine Republic’s Response to the Pandemic in 2020

Central banks in financially subordinated countries face structural limits derived from the position of the currencies that they issue in the international monetary hierarchy. These constraints become particularly acute during crises when financially subordinated countries face capital outflows triggered by both foreign and domestic residents. In crises, peripheral central bank intervention is characterized by the selling of international reserves. Issuing national currency can add fuel to the outflow fire, as shown by the response to the pandemic of the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic (BCRA). The BCRA implemented several countercyclical measures, including financing fiscal policies, lowering interest rates, increasing the liquidity of the financial system, targeted policies to boost lending, and FX market intervention. These were quantitatively significant and relatively successful at the beginning. However, from August, a growing exchange rate pressure and an acceleration of inflation forced the BCRA to change its strategy to face the outflow and withdraw national currency from circulation. The BCRA implemented exchange controls, reduced the financing to the Treasury, issued remunerated liabilities, and increased interest rates without being able to avoid a greater devaluation of the currency or reduce inflation.

405.4: Method to evaluate the loss of donors in the provinces of the Argentine Republic and establish policies that increase procurement.

405.4: Method to evaluate the loss of donors in the provinces of the Argentine Republic and establish policies that increase procurement.

LAS ÁREAS MARINAS PROTEGIDAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE ARGENTINA

This article analyzes the situation of the Argentine Republic for the protection of Marine Areas in order to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem processes. In this regard, we see how the normative process began in 2013 with the creation of the first Protected Marine Area Namuncurá Banco Burdwood I and continued with the creation of a National System of Protected Marine Areas and the creation of two new protected areas: Namuncurá Banco Burdwood II and Yaganes. In line with this, and notwithstanding the progress made by the country in terms of care and conservation of these spaces, there is a lack of Management and Conservation Plans, as well as human and economic resources, in order for the legal protection of these areas to be truly effective.

Observational study of sociocultural candidates of legal termination of pregnancy

Background: ILE (legal interruption of pregnancy) is a legal right of all people with the capacity to gestate that was promulgated in January 2021 – Law 27,610, its application being mandatory throughout the Argentine Republic. ILE provides the interruption up to the 14th week of pregnancy and the procedure must be performed up to ten days after the interruption has been requested. The law is applicable to any age, including adolescents under 16 years of age, and in these cases, it is not necessary to submit an affidavit, since any activity that involves children is considered sexual violence. TheMedical teams must guarantee privacy, autonomy, confidentiality, and dignified treatment. Material and methods: A series of anonymous data was compiled from patients at the Ana Goitia acute maternal and Child specialized hospital of patients who requested ILE during the first trimester of pregnancy to establish the socio-cultural profile of these patients. Results: An analysis was carried out on 522 women who requested ILE in 2021 and 2022, and it could be inferred that the number of patients who requested ILE according to age was (10.5%) of patients aged 10 to 19 years, (51, 3%) of the patients with 20 to 29 years, (33.3%) of the patients with 30 to 39 years and (5.0%) of the patients with 40 to 49 years. In addition, within the MAC (contraceptive methods) chosen by these people after adequate counseling and the procedure, the IUD was chosen by (50.9%), the SIU had a percentage of (100%), the ACI (45.2 %), the ISD had a (50%) and the ACO (55.2%).Conclusion: It has been verified that not only counseling about contraceptives is important, but also social, family, and economic support as a support resource for the most vulnerable groups, before and after the legal interruption.

Changes in the inflation dynamics of the Argentine Republic (2004-2020).An analysis through the Kalman filter

Objetivo: analizar los cambios en la dinámica de la inflación de Argentina entre los años 2004 y 2020. Metodología: se utiliza el filtro de Kalman con el objeto de estimar la relación entre las variables bajo estudio identificando a través de la evolución en el tiempo de los coeficientes estimados, cuáles de ellas permiten explicar el comportamiento de los procesos inflacionarios de Argentina. Resultados: los coeficientes estimados presentan fluctuaciones a través del tiempo. El tipo de cambio y la inercia inflacionaria son las variables con mayor incidencia. Limitaciones: el filtro de Kalman soluciona un problema en la estimación de parámetros no estables en el tiempo, pero no es posible hablar estrictamente de determinantes de la inflación sino de cambios en la dinámica inflacionaria. Originalidad: en línea con algunos estudios contemporáneos, se comprueba que la inflación argentina puede ser explicada por diversas variables. Conclusiones: el estudio permite conocer la influencia de distintas variables en los recurrentes procesos inflacionarios de Argentina, identificando la importancia de cada una de ellas en la explicación del fenómeno.

Essay on the exploitation of 'lilcochadi' in the mine of Truquico (Chos Malal, Department of Ñorquín, province of Neuquén, Argentine Republic). Exploitation with lithic tools from the pre-Araucanian period to the Pehuenche Period

The Truquico salt mine is located in the Neuquén province (Argentina), across from the city of Chos Malal, on the right bank of the Neuquén River. This site is relatively unknown to Anthropology of Salt but is exceptional due to the preservation of biotic remains such as handles, baskets, etc., providing relevant data about the lives of the Pehuenche miners. It spans from pre-Araucanian exploitation to the Pehuenche period, revealing techniques of salt exploitation and trade.

Localized GIST in Hispanic population in North and South America.

e23513 Background: Most studies of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) focus upon patients in a single country. However, differences in patient presentation, treatment, and outcomes may differ between nations. We sought to compare Hispanic patients with localized GIST treated in North and South America. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis including all Hispanic GIST patients treated at 3 tertiary referral centers in the United States (US), Mexico (MX) and Argentina (AR), as well as those enrolled by 2 patient advocacy groups in US and MX from 2000-2022. Demographic, clinicopathologic and survival data were collected and compared using Pearson’s chi-square or one-way ANOVA test. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results: Overall, 1,504 Hispanic patients (54.5% female) were analyzed. Median age at diagnosis was significantly lower in US (48 y) than MX/AR (55/57 y, p = 0.001). Presentation stage varied by country. Localized presentation was more frequent in US/MX (77%/88%) than AR (60%, p = 0.001). In 1,208 patients (80.4%) with localized disease, 97.9% underwent surgical resection. Rates of adjuvant imatinib treatment varied from 82.4%/77.0% in US/MX to 35.6% in AR (p < 0.001). Median duration of adjuvant therapy was longer in US (29 mos; range: 16-48) than MX (12 mos; range: 4-36, p < 0.001). With a median follow up of 44 mos (range: 24-78) for patients presenting with localized GIST, the estimated median DSS was 136 mos (95% CI 104-167), being significantly longer in US (267 mos, 95% CI 95-439, p = 0.02). Conclusions: While most studies of disparities focus on differences between races/ethnicities in a single country, we found that disparities also exist within similar ethnic groups across nations. Underappreciated sociopolitical determinants of health likely lead to differences in presentation, management, and long-term outcomes of Hispanic GIST patients in the Americas. Prospective cooperative studies are needed to better define barriers to care in order to improve patient outcomes in Hispanic GIST patients. [Table: see text]

Erika Denise Edwards. Hiding in Plain Sight: Black Women, the Law, and the Making of a White Argentine Republic.

Erika Denise Edwards. <i>Hiding in Plain Sight: Black Women, the Law, and the Making of a White Argentine Republic</i>.

Cycles of Contempt: Exploring Argentine-IMF Relations Through Protest Music

Abstract: Argentina has a history of tumultuous agreements with the International Monetary Fund. While the IMF has provided essential economic support, their loan agreements have often caused further economic issues that most profoundly impact the middle and working class, such as high inflation and poverty rates. This has created much frustration among the people, and they have taken these frustrations into music, protesting the damage and harm that is produced by the IMF’s involvement in Argentina. These protest songs can be analyzed through Jeneve Brooks’ EMM- framing theory, with EMM standing for emotive, moral, and mnemonic, to understand how the IMF is negatively represented and how the songs can influence the public’s opinion on the IMF. This paper makes use of this theoretical framework to analyze three examples of Argentine protest songs against the IMF: “Estoy tocando fondo” by Viuda e Hijas de Roque Enroll,“F.M.I. (Sufre Sudamérica)” by Fun People, and “Sinceramente militamos” by La Cámpora. This analysis provides insight into the increasing reactiveness of the Argentine people against the IMF, which was witnessed in 2021 and 2022 when protests broke out over negotiations between the IMF and the Argentine government even though an agreement had yet to be made.

PSIII-16 Effects of dietary corn origin (U.S., Argentina, and Brazil) on pig growth performance

Abstract Corn is an important global commodity. Understanding its nutritional value and practically utilizing different corn sources and varieties in swine diets is important to U.S. corn and swine production. Globally, the U.S. “dent” corn variety is presumed to be of lesser quality compared with “harder” flint-type corn (the preferred varieties in Argentina and Brazil) due to differences in whole kernel structure when shipped long distances. In fact, official work from the US Grains Council indicates that US corn produces more ethanol per bushel when compared with flint-type varieties of corn. This indicates a greater concentration of starch in US corn and increased starch content should mean a greater quantity of energy and nutrients. Therefore, swine producers globally benefit from understanding the feeding value of different varieties and origins of corn. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of pigs fed corn from three exporting countries: U.S., Argentina (ARG), and Brazil (BRZ). Two similar studies were conducted comparing the effect of 3 corn sources on late nursery pig growth performance. Study 1 used 96 nursery pigs [body weight (BW) = 8.8 ± 1.7 kg] split between 24 pens and study 2 used 114 nursery pigs (8.0 ± 1.3 kg) split between 24 pens. Three experimental diets were formulated with corn sources from: 1) U.S.; 2) ARG; and, 3) BRZ. The U.S. corn diet was considered the control diet and was balanced to meet or exceed all nutrient requirements for the pigs. The U.S. corn was replaced with ARG corn and BRZ corn on a kg for kg basis in the diets. Pigs were assigned in a randomized block design based on initial body weights (BW) and sex. Feed and water were offered ad libitum over a 28-d period, pig BW and feed disappearance were measured each week. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency [gain to feed ratio (G:F)] were determined after weeks 1, 2, and 4. Performance data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS considering dietary treatment as a main effect and pen as experimental unit. There were no significant differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in BW, ADFI, ADG, and feed efficiency between the three corn sources throughout all weeks and the overall 28 d. Overall performance values for the three treatments were: US corn ADG (0.66 kg), ADFI (0.91 kg), and G:F (0.72): Argentina corn, ADG (0.65 kg), ADFI (0.92), and G:F (0.70); and Brazil corn, ADG (0.65), ADFI (0.92), and G:F (0.71). In conclusion, the value of US corn is similar in nutrient content and nutritional quality as demonstrated by equivalent performance in nursery pigs. The aesthetics of whole kernels are not indicative of feeding value to swine.

Apparent metabolizable energy and ileal amino acid digestibility of commercial soybean meals of different origins in broilers

We studied the chemical composition and the in vivo AMEn content and apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids (AA) of 27 samples of soybean meals (SBM) from Argentina (ARG), Brazil (BRA), and USA, collected in Spain. On 88% DM basis, the BRA meals had more CP (46.9 vs. 46.0 and 45.9%; P < 0.05) and less sucrose (5.21 vs. 6.28 and 6.47%; P < 0.001) and stachyose (4.20 vs. 4.66 and 4.78%; P < 0.05) than the USA and ARG meals. Urease activity, protein dispersibility index, KOH protein solubility, and trypsin inhibitor activity values, were higher for the USA meals than for the South American meals (P < 0.05). In the in vivo trial, broilers received a common crumble diet from 0 to 16 d of age and then, their respective experimental diets (53% of a N-free diet and 47% of each of the 27 SBM tested) in mash form, for 5 d. The AMEn (2,334 vs. 2,282 and 2,277 kcal/kg; P = 0.062) and the AID (87.3 vs. 86.7 and 86.4%; P = 0.054) and SID (91.9 vs. 91.2 and 90.8%; P < 0.05) of the protein, were greater for the USA meals than for the ARG and BRA meals. In fact, the SID of Lys (93.5 vs. 93.0 and 92.1%; P < 0.001) and of the sum of Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Cys (91.4 vs. 91.0 and 90.2%; P < 0.05) were greater for the USA meals than for the ARG and BRA meals. In summary, the chemical composition, protein quality indicators, AMEn content, and ileal digestibility of the CP and the AA of the SBM, varied with the country of origin of the soybeans. In order to increase the accuracy of the feed formulation process, the composition and nutrient content of commercial batches of SBM, by country of origin should be controlled and periodically updated.

Botanical quality controls and uses of Origanum vulgare L. products and their impact on food security in the province of Jujuy - Argentina

In Argentina, a nation committed to prioritizing food quality, there is a pressing necessity to fortify quality control systems and establish stringent standards ensuring food safety. This study aims to scrutinize commercial samples of Origanum vulgare L. in the province of Jujuy, Argentine Republic, with the objective of assessing their authenticity and overall quality. Both macroscopic and microscopic techniques were employed to analyze composition and verify identity. Simultaneously, a thorough examination of product labels was conducted to ensure compliance with food regulations. Ethnographic techniques, including merchant interviews, were utilized to gather comprehensive insights. The findings reveal considerable variability in the composition of "oregano" samples, with instances of foreign elements such as stones and dust detected in some cases. Microscopic identification unequivocally confirmed the presence of contaminating elements. Notably, the majority of industrial products adhered to labeling standards, while a mere 10% of artisanal samples achieved similar compliance. The study also unveiled diverse culinary and medicinal applications for the examined oregano samples. These discoveries underscore the imperative for heightened oversight to guarantee the quality and purity of oregano products. The correlation between microscopic results and previous studies bolsters the reliability of this analytical approach. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the paramount importance of instituting policies and programs that advance food security. The proposed methodology emerges as an effective means to enhance quality control in the marketing of plant products in the province.

Brief of Amici Curiae Professors William S. Dodge and Maggie Gardner in Support of Plaintiffs, Petersen Energia Inversora, S.A.U. v. Argentine Republic

Brief of Amici Curiae Professors William S. Dodge and Maggie Gardner in Support of Plaintiffs, Petersen Energia Inversora, S.A.U. v. Argentine Republic

Hiding in Plain Sight: Black Women, the Law, and the Making of a White Argentine Republic by Erika Denise Edwards (review)

Hiding in Plain Sight: Black Women, the Law, and the Making of a White Argentine Republic by Erika Denise Edwards (review)

O novo municipalismo e a gestão do comum: a experiência do Red de Municipios Cooperativos (República Argentina, 2016-2022)

Abstract This article aims to present an experience of public policy generation, elaborating on the exchange between local bureaucracies and the cooperative sector under the precept of generating an economic dynamic associated with cooperative local purchases, in which credit is a relevant dimension for the generation and maintenance of local sources of employment and the strengthening of the municipal economic structure. The new municipalism as a theoretical approach allows the conceptualization of the Red de Municipios Cooperativos of the Argentine Republic as a tool for community governance and urban management. Through primary sources (semi-structured interviews and field observations) and secondary sources (academic bibliography and official reports), the history of the Red de Municipios Cooperativos is reviewed (from 2016 to the present) and its limitations and potentialities are analyzed regarding the improvement of the sustainability of the associative experiences that access the financing for local purchases within the framework of the network. Regarding the conclusions, the capacity of initiatives at the local level to strengthen municipal economies autonomously from national public policies stands out.

Core curriculum in cariology for dentistry degrees in the Republic of Argentina.

To prepare a consensus document of the cariology contents and competences included in the curriculum for the dentistry degree at Argentine dental faculties/schools. Planning the process in stages: Stage 1- Diagnosis of the situation (Google Form) and invitation to participate extended to the 20 academic units (AU) that offer dentistry degrees. Stage 2- Assessment process of Content (C) and Competences (I) agreements in the five domains: D1 Basic Sciences, D2 Risk and diagnosis of dental caries, D3 Decision-making for non-invasive treatments, D4 Decision-making for invasive treatment, and D5 Evidence-based cariology at community level. Stage 3- Consensus. Stages 2 and 3 were held in Workshop format in virtual mode (W). Stage 1- Of the total 20 Google forms sent to the AU, 13 responses were received: 7 from National Universities and 6 from Private Universities. All participants agreed to be part of the consensus. Stage 2- W: 20 representatives from 10 AU participated. It began with a contextualizing conference, after which the representatives were divided into 5 groups to assess the agreements of each D. Stage 3- The Cariology Curriculum document was organized into 5 Domains, and 23 C and 31 I of clinical application were defined for teaching cariology. The contents and competences for each domain were agreed upon. The final document was sent to all W participants for their approval and dissemination in each AU involved. Cariology contents were defined for dentistry students at Universities in the Argentine Republic.