Poverty In Urban Areas Research Articles

Analisis Pengaruh Pembiayaan Surat Berharga Negara (SBN) Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Indonesia: Masa Normal Dan Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (2020-2023)

When the country is experiencing a fiscal deficit, especially during a crisis, the issuance of government bonds is considered a necessity, predominantly to finance productive sectors. This paper aims to analyze the effect of financing originating from Government Bonds (SBN) on poverty levels in Indonesia. The analysis is carried out over a period from normal times (2012- 2019) to the Covid-19 pandemic crisis (2020-2022). The method of this study is explanatory research through a quantitative approach and multiple linear regression in this study using SPSS 25. The findings from this study are that there has been an increase in SBN and government allocation on social assistance spending. Generally, social assistance policies have also proven effective in reducing the percentage of poverty in the entire community, especially rural communities, yet have not been able to reduce urban poverty. Meanwhile, at the time of Covid 19 Pandemic, the increase of SBN cannot automatically eradicate poverty, as the social assistance budget does not have a significant effect on the percentage of poverty in urban areas.

Sociodemographic Characteristics Mediated by Poverty as Determinants of Homeownership in Indonesia.

This research focuses on homeownership status with antecedent variables of sociodemographic characteristics mediated by poverty, using panel data in 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2017-2023. This research uses a Path Analysis model with dummy variables, grouping regions into 2 groups, namely urban areas and rural areas. The research results show that GDP per capita and education have a significant negative effect on poverty both in urban and rural areas. Furthermore, family members and population density have a significant negative effect on poverty in both areas. Meanwhile, labor has no effect on poverty in the two regions as well as on homeownership in the city, but has a positive effect in rural areas. It was also found that male heads of household had a significant negative effect on poverty in urban areas but had no effect in rural areas, then poverty had a significant negative effect on house ownership in urban areas but had no effect in rural areas. Apart from that, education has no effect on homeownership in both urban and rural areas. Furthermore, homeownership is significantly influenced by population density and male head of household in rural areas but not significantly in urban areas.Increasing the ability to own a home can be done by alleviating poverty by providing cheap credit facilities to families who need a place to live. Furthermore, the government should pay attention to sociodemographic characteristicsin increasing people’s ability to own a home and it is hoped that there will be a follow-up with gender research on homeownership.

Does Access to Finance Alleviates Poverty: A Systematic Review

This paper aims to find out the nexus between financial accessibility or access to finance and poverty employing a systematic literature review approach. Two databases, Web of Science and EBSCO, were considered and 7 papers were shortlisted and reviewed using PRISMA guidelines for this study. The study finds out that there is a positive relationship between financial outreach or accessibility and reduction in poverty. But there is a thin relation between financial accessibility and reduction of poverty in urban areas. There is an empirical but bounded evidence between financial accessibility and welfare of households.

Conceptual Framework for Urban Farming (UF) Cost Components: The Application of Iceberg Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Model

Urban poverty has worsened in Malaysia and has been severely impacted by the pandemic. The B40 has been hit the hardest with debts, job loss and income, whereas their 'fixed costs' have been the same, especially in urban areas. As a solution on food security and poverty in urban area, the government initiate the ‘Pertanian Bandar’ as an assistance programmes under Department of Agriculture to help the urban poor which introducing Smart Urban Farming (UF). Smart UF is broad and involves a wide range of activities, from conventional UF and increasingly towards technological innovation in food growing. However, a poor choice could influence the phase of initial, management, maintenance, and harvest. A wise choice will benefit both the investor and the practitioner when the technology is ease of use and maintenance. As of now, Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is the ideal strategy for investors to use. Thus, through in-depth literature review, the paper aim to develop a conceptual framework for (LCC) in the context of smart urban farming, employing the Iceberg Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model. The conceptual framework for Smart UF LCC component divided into acquisition cost and hidden cost based on Iceberg Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) mode. The component of LCC which is according to Smart UF practices might assist in decision-making by gaining a holistic view of the costs involved in a project or investment. It helps in identifying cost drivers, evaluating trade-offs between different options, and comparing the economic efficiency of alternative solutions.

Leaving no one behind: Urban poverty traps in Sub-Saharan Africa

Despite considerable achievements in the reduction of poverty over the last decades, poverty remains conspicuously high and profound. While fast urban population growth, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, has contributed to poverty reduction, new development challenges like the urbanisation of poverty emerge. However, little is known about the state and persistence of poverty in urban areas. This study investigates urban poverty within the theory of poverty traps among urban households in Nigeria, Tanzania and Ethiopia, three countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with large urban populations and fast urban population growth. Using household panel data from the World Bank’s Living Standard Measurement Study between 2008 and 2015, we test whether consumption-based poverty traps exist in these contexts. Our results show that initially poor households experience an increase in well-being over time, while richer households face a decline and remain vulnerable to falling back into poverty. As households converge to consumption levels around the $3.20 poverty line, there is considerable movement into and out of poverty over time. However, a sticky consumption floor shows that despite upward dynamics amongst the poor, some are being left behind. Finally, we argue that improved urban data is needed to identify the vulnerable middle, and to design structural policies preventing them from falling back into poverty.

Literature Review: Urban Poverty in a Sociological Perspective

Poverty is a major problem that is a major concern for the government. The level of disparity in urban and rural poverty is very high, however poverty in urban areas remains a national poverty alleviation challenge. This writing aims to describe the phenomenon of poverty in urban areas based on a structural-functional perspective. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach. Data collection was carried out through secondary data sourced from books, journals, the internet, official documents related to poverty and structural-functional theory. The findings in this paper are that poverty in urban areas has prevented children from receiving quality education, facing difficulties in financing health care, and limited fulfillment of their needs for food, clothing and shelter. Poverty alleviation efforts must be based on the determination of the appropriate poverty line and a clear understanding (definition of poverty in local parameters) regarding the causes of the problem. The recommendations/implications of these findings are expected to contribute findings/ideas to studies of urban development in Indonesia, especially sociological studies of poverty. In addition, recommendations for regional government intervention in formulating development policies that are more pro-poor in urban areas.

Breaking the Cycle: Examining the Impact of Poverty on Health, Education, and Society in Urban India

In India, the urban population is close to 493 million, or around 35.39 percent of the total population, according to the World Bank's compilation of development indicators, which was compiled from officially recognised sources. It is probably going to increase even more in the near future. Slum dwellers and urban poor are present in Indian cities and towns as a result of the urbanisation process. Migration from rural areas is the main cause of the expansion of poverty in urban areas. Poor living conditions, a lack of paid employment options in rural locations, a lack of educational chances, and inadequate health care facilities may all contribute to rural residents migrating to metropolitan areas. In this context, this present paper examines the urban poverty in India and its effects on education, health and socioeconomic aspects. This paper aims to study the concept of poverty and its causes in India, impact of poverty on education, health and society and to study how poverty can be eradicated

Investigating the Effect of Social Capital on Household’s Poverty in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Poverty is one of the sustainable development goals, and mostly the developing world is suffering from high poverty rates. Pakistan being a developing country, is also facing a high poverty rate. Poverty can be gauged through objective, subjective and time-based aspects; however, objective poverty is related to income and documented in official statistics. This study is related to objective poverty and investigates the impact of social capital on Poverty in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study also performs a comparative analysis of rural and urban areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Primary data has been collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The sampling size is decided on the well-known Yamane formula, and this is followed by a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. This study analyzed the data from 392 valid respondents. This study constructs social capital on seven dimensions and estimates poverty level and social capital, followed by logistic regression analysis. Gender, human capital, employment ratio, female-male ratio and size of household are control variables in the study. The logistic regression results show that social capital, employment ratio, human capital, gender of the household and size of household are significant factors of Poverty in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Moreover, an increase in social capital, employment ratio and human capital results in less poverty, while the household size and female-male ratio led to increasing the chances of being poor. Additionally, results indicate that social capital is more effective in rural areas, while employment ratio and human capital are more effective factors in alleviating poverty in urban areas. The findings of this study explain and signify the level of poverty occurrence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and also highlights factors of poverty; thus, the policy implications of the study will be helpful in addressing poverty. It is recommended that policy measures must enhance social capital along with human capital for poverty alleviation.

A Decision Support Methodology to Foster Renewable Energy Communities in the Municipal Urban Plan

Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) represent a possible solution to facilitate the transition to carbon neutrality and reduce energy poverty in urban areas. Although the topic has received little attention from urban planning scholars and practitioners, they can make a significant contribution in the enhancement of RECs. To this end, this article proposes a methodology that allows identifying priority urban areas where the Municipal Urban Plan can incentivize RECs’ establishment. These areas are spatially identified where a minimization of the constraints on RECs’ formation and a maximization of their energy and social benefits are expected. The application of the proposed methodology to an Italian municipal area where the Plan is being drawn up is presented. The obtained results show how priority areas can be found both in the urban center and in rural areas, suggesting that urban planning can encourage different REC configurations, depending on the settlement fabric and land use, as well as the number of buildings to be clustered and potential leaders who can lead the community development process.

COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS AND THE ROLE OF URBAN FARMING IN REDUCING HOUSEHOLD DAILY CONSUMPTION COSTS

Urban farming is an activity of using unproductive land into productive land in the yard of the house. Urban farming can contribute to food security, hope food patterns, increase people's income and as a means of channeling hobbies. Urban farming is an alternative in increasing the productivity of home gardens to increase hopeful food patterns and reduce the cost of daily consumption expenditures for households. This study aims to determine the public perception of urban farming and to determine the contribution of urban farming to the decrease in daily consumption costs. This research was conducted in Margajaya Village, West Bogor District, Bogor City. Descriptive statistics are used to determine people's perceptions of urban farming while inferential statistics are used to test the hypothesis that urban farming can reduce household daily consumption costs by 5 percent. The results showed that people who understand about urban farming as much as 87.23%. The results of testing the hypothesis that the portion of daily consumption cost reduction of more than 5 percent can be accepted at the 95% confidence level. This indicates that urban farming has an important role from an economic perspective. Socialization of urban farming programs is a necessity, to increase food security, it has the potential to increase people's income and reduce poverty in urban areas

Psychological and Social Well-Being of the Urban Poor in Malaysia

Similar to other countries, Malaysia is also affected by the social and economic process of urbanization leading to various concerns, particularly among the urban poor. This conceptual literature review draws on the theoretical framework of absolute poverty, relative poverty, and causal attributions in defining and explaining poverty in urban areas. Psychological and social well-being are known as significant aspects of an individual’s life. Studies conducted internationally and locally have indicated that several factors of psychological well-being such as mental health, financial constraints, and housing vulnerability, contributes to poor psychological well-being of the urban poor. Additionally, previous research has highlighted that the social well-being of urbanites is impacted due to factors such as social exclusion and lack of social support. However, further studies in Malaysia are needed to emphasize different dimensions of individual psychological and social well-being, such as personal growth, autonomy, social contribution, and social coherence.

Urban socio-environmental vulnerability in Bilbao, Spain: a study through an urban indicator, Geographical Information Systems, and qualitative data analysis

Population trends lean towards urban settings. Its rapid expansion has created inequalities and poverty in urban areas around the world. This research is part of a series of recent publications on Spanish cities (Barcelona and Madrid). The work attempts to evaluate the current situation of urban socio-environmental vulnerability in Bilbao, a city located in the north of Spain. Three spatial scales have been considered: census tract, neighbourhood and district. The 277 census tracts that make up the municipality are analysed through the Synthetic Indicator of Relative Socio-environmental Vulnerability (RSEVuSI). Subsequently, the census tracts identified as vulnerable by the indicator were analysed in depth through a qualitative methodology. Among the main findings, we highlight the spatial distribution patterns of socio-environmental vulnerability in Bilbao. In general, the least vulnerable areas are located near the centre and the Bilbao estuary, while the most vulnerable are located in the peripheral districts (i.e. Otxarkoaga-Txurdinaga and Rekalde). However, some census tracts that present high vulnerability values ​ are located in a central district (i.e. Ibaiondo). In fact, one of the main challenges to be addressed is the gentrification of this area, as many authors argue. The qualitative evaluation reveal that, in general, there is an acceptable level of maintenance and cleaning of public spaces and urban furniture. However, with respect to the urban landscape, there are significant differences between the census tracts with the highest and lowest RSEVuSI values. It should be done more qualitative research so that planning and renewal actions can be implemented where they are really needed.

Sanitasi Dan Kepadatan Penduduk Sebagai Dinamika Kemiskinan Kota Studi Kasus Provinsi Jawa Barat

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of population density and sanitation on poverty in urban areas of West Java Province. The data used in this study are secondary data and primary data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and field observations consisting of the percentage of poor people, population density and proper sanitation in urban areas of West Java Province. The number of observations in this study was 45 consisting of data from 9 cities in West Java Province from 2016 to 2020. The analysis technique in this study uses panel data with the Random Effect Model. The results of this study indicate that population density and sanitation partially have a negative and significant effect on poverty in urban areas of West Java Province. Then simultaneously population density and sanitation have a significant effect on poverty in urban areas of West Java Province.

PENERAPAN REGRESI COMPLEMENTARY LOG-LOG DALAM ANALISIS KEMISKINAN ANAK DI DAERAH PERKOTAAN DI PROVINSI BENGKULU TAHUN 2018

Kemiskinan anak merupakan suatu masalah yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus, mengingat anak merupakan generasi masa depan bangsa. Kemiskinan anak erat kaitannya dengan kemiskinan rumah tangga. Melalui pendekatan moneter, seorang anak usia 0-17 tahun dikatakan mengalami kemiskinan jika tinggal dalam rumah tangga dengan rata-rata pengeluaran per kapita per bulan berada di bawah garis kemiskinan. Lokus penelitian ini adalah Provinsi Bengkulu yang berangkat dari temuan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan anak di Provinsi Bengkulu tertinggi di antara provinsi di Pulau Sumatera pada tahun 2016. Penelitian ini lebih difokuskan untuk menganalisis kemiskinan anak di daerah perkotaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data hasil Praktik Kerja Lapangan Mahasiswa Politeknik Statistika STIS Tahun Akademik 2017/2018 yang diselenggarakan di Provinsi Bengkulu. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi nonlinier dengan fungsi hubung complementary loglog dengan metode backward elimination. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa anak yang tinggal dengan kepala rumah tangga berusia lebih muda, dengan pendidikan kepala rumah tangga yang ditamatkan di bawah SMA, anak yang tinggal dalam rumah tangga yang berukuran lebih dari empat orang anggota rumah tangga, dan anak yang tinggal di rumah tangga yang tidak memiliki perilaku menabung lebih berisiko untuk mengalami kemiskinan anak.

The Assessment of Micro and Small Enterprises Performance and Challenges in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Growing urban population due to migration and natural population growth resulted in unemployment and poverty in most urban centres in Ethiopia. Prompted by these challenges, the government has taken initiatives to mitigate the problems. One of these initiatives is the MSE development strategy adopted in 1997. The Policy envisages not only reducing poverty in urban areas but also nurturing entrepreneurship and laying the foundation for industrial development. The strategy was revised in 2011 with renewed interests and more ambitious targets on employment and number of entrepreneurs transiting to medium level. The purpose of this study is to assess the implementation of the strategy and the challenges encountered in Addis Ababa with particular reference to Lideta sub-city. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were collected from the MSE operators in the sub-city. Whereas secondary data were collected from Lideta sub city MSEs Development Agency’s annual reports and the performance report of the Growth and Transformation Plan. The study shows that positive results were achieved in terms of employment creation, saving, enterprise growth and business ownership. The survey reveals that government supports have been provided in different forms to help MSEs grow. However, a range of problems persist including poor management skills of MSE operators, lack of capital, lack of land and high competition due to overcrowded market. When seen in terms of business types, trade dominates the MSE with little involvement in the manufacturing sector which is the priority area of the national MSE development strategy. The researcher observed that the growth of the MSE requires concerted effort of the stakeholders mainly the government and MSE owners and operators. The city government should identify growth-oriented MSEs based on their potential for job creation, poverty reduction, local raw material utilization and ease of transformation to medium and large-scale businesses in a short period. Then relevant training must be provided and to this effect, TVET colleges need to be enhanced to play the role.

Feminization of multidimensional urban poverty in sub‐Saharan Africa: Evidence from selected countries

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to examine feminization of poverty in urban areas of sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). The paper used the Alkire–Foster multidimensional poverty approach and compared the wellbeing of female‐headed households with their male‐headed counterparts. The study utilized data compiled from demographic and health surveys of selected SSA countries, namely, Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. It applied a multilevel mixed effect logistic regression model to analyze the effects of household‐ and country‐level variables on the incidence of multidimensional poverty on the two household structures separately. The study confirmed that female‐headed households were poorer than male‐headed households. Among household‐level variables, having access to finance, a higher level of education completed by the household head, the age of the household head, having a smaller‐sized family, and being employed have a positive and significant effect on multidimensional wellbeing of households. Moreover, expenditures on primary school and health significantly reduce the incidence of multidimensional poverty. The effects of these micro and macro variables are found to be different for the two household structures. Therefore, antipoverty policies and programs should be implemented in such a way that they mitigate these differences in household characteristics in favor of female‐headed households.

Climate change and household welfare in sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from Swaziland

The fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and several studies suggest that climate change is expected to increase food insecurity and poverty in many parts of the world. In this paper, we adopt a microeconometric approach to empirically estimate the impact of climate change-induced hikes in cereal prices on household welfare in Swaziland (also Kingdom of Eswatini). We do so first by econometrically estimating expenditure and price elasticities of five food groups consumed by households in Swaziland using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), based on data from the 2009/2010 Swaziland Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Second, we use the estimated expenditure and compensated elasticities from the AIDS model, food shares from the household survey, and food price projections developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) to estimate the proportionate increase in income required to maintain the level of household utility that would have prevailed absent an increase in food prices. Our results show increases in cereal prices due to climate change are expected to double extreme poverty in urban areas and increase poverty in rural areas of the country to staggering levels - between 71 and 75%, compared to 63% before the price changes. Income transfers of between 17.5 and 25.4% of pre-change expenditures are needed to avoid the welfare losses.

Multiple stressors and social-ecological traps in Pampean streams (Argentina): A conceptual model

Fluvial systems are particularly sensitive to changes in the terrestrial ecosystems where they are embedded, receiving simultaneously the impact of multiple stressors. The design of adequate management policies requires analyzing fluvial systems as social-ecological systems, because the decoupling of natural and social systems can lead to a severe mismatch between maintaining ecological integrity and the pursuit of human well-being. Pampean streams are especially prone to the impact of human activities because they are located in a region that provides almost half of the agricultural production of Argentina and concentrates 66% of the whole population of the country. In the present work, we conceived a general social-ecological framework that links the occurrence of multiple stressors and their impacts on ecosystem services, with changes in environmental perception of streams, which in turn feedback over institutional actions at the watershed's governance. We identified four current key drivers of the dynamics in Pampean streams: a dominant agro-industrial model for the region, a command-and-control governance regime mainly based on an engineering hydraulic perspective, the real estate market speculation of surrounding lands, and the persistence of structural poverty in urban areas. The resulting dynamics resembles the occurrence of different kinds of social-ecological traps, i.e., a highly stable but undesirable state of the system that is difficult to escape. Based on this analysis, we provide a leverage point perspective to avoid this trap. Together, this approach could be applied to other fluvial systems of the world to link the ecological and social domains to multiple stressors analysis, and to improve institutional fit for the sustainability of fluvial social-ecological systems.

Identification and analysis spatial areas of urban poverty in Shahrekord neighborhoods, Iran

One of the most important topics in development economics texts is the issue of poverty, measuring and reducing it and poverty alleviation. The first step in planning to fight poverty and reducing inequality is to have a proper understanding of the poverty situation. According to this issue, the purpose of this study is identifying and analyzing urban poverty as well as its spatial distribution in the neighborhoods of Shahrekord and to formulate and present suggestions and solutions appropriate to the approach of organizing human societies in order to address its unhealthy conditions. The present article has taken a cognitive and exploratory approach in terms of purpose and is considered evaluative-comparative in terms of method that after explaining the concept of urban poverty with the help of quantitative and qualitative data (statistical block 2016, Upstream plans, land use maps, etc.) of 40 indicators in the form of four main economic, social, cultural and physical variables has been classified using TOPSIS and AHP methods and has identified and distributed the spatial distribution of urban poverty in Shahrekord neighborhoods with ARC GIS software. Urban poverty was addressed in Shahrekord neighborhoods and a map of poverty distribution was drawn. The results show that Koreh, Borveh Pahneh, Darb Darreh, Ashtaftak and Mahdieh neighborhoods were identified as poor and targets for planning.

COVID-19 and Kidney Disease Disparities in the United States

Racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, age, and sex-related health disparities in kidney disease are prominent in the United States. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionately affected marginalized populations. Older adults, people experiencing unstable housing, racial and ethnic minorities, and immigrants are potentially at increased risk for infection and severe complications from COVID-19. The direct and societal effects of the pandemic may increase risk of incident kidney disease and lead to worse outcomes for those with kidney disease. The rapid transition to telemedicine potentially limits access to care for older adults, immigrants, and people experiencing unstable housing. The economic impact of the pandemic has had a disproportionate effect on women, minorities, and immigrants, which may limit their ability to manage kidney disease and lead to complications or kidney disease progression. We describe the impact of COVID-19 on marginalized populations and highlight how the pandemic may exacerbate existing disparities in kidney disease.