Area Of National Security Research Articles

China’s interdependent positioning in the semiconductor global value chain

ABSTRACT The semiconductor global value chain (GVC) which was established by global lead companies and their strategic suppliers is now facing significant disruption because of geopolitical tensions between the US and China. As semiconductor production became offshored to East Asia, China’s growing market for semiconductors associated with its role as a major electronics assembly location facilitated its integration into the global value chain for lower value added functions such as assembly and packaging. Together with its high level of optimisation, the GVC is also characterised by significant oligopolies of intellectual property resulting in an overall asymmetric interdependence between locations in advanced and emerging regions. Because of the vital role of the semiconductor sector in areas of national security and within the technology sector more widely, China seeks to develop greater self-reliance in semiconductors at a time when its integration in the global value chain is facing significant threats.

Securing Data Transmission from Adversaries in Cybersecurity WSN Using Efficient Key Management Techniques

Concern over cyber security is becoming more and more prevalent in today's international politics. National security is now evaluated not only in terms of military might or economic might, but also in terms of technological innovation. The fact that today's society is heavily dependent on computer communication and control systems, which opens up infinite opportunities, shows how important technology is in the national security area. By effectively changing the keys, the suggested work aimed to provide WSN with complicated security solutions that would ensure data integrity, security, and genuine transmission for many additional network operations through structured cryptography approaches. The study's protective measures can be applied to a variety of WSN configurations, including heterogeneous WSNs with and without mobility aid and static homogeneous WSNs. Because WSN is more limited to hardware resources, not all applications can be protected using the same method.

Патриотическое воспитание как фактор укрепления национальной безопасности России

Introduction: the article demonstrates the necessity of revising approaches to education and upbringing in the context of Russia's geopolitical transformation, both internal and external. Materials and Methods: regulatory acts, including the Constitution of the Russian Federation, scientific sources were the material basis for the study; the author used universal and specific legal methods such as comparative law method. Results: the author considers political and legal formation of national priorities in upbringing and education considering economic and social development of the country. Discussion and Conclusions: nowadays Russia rethinks moral and patriotic education for future generations in view of the challenges and threats that the country experienced in recent years. Since 1990, gained experience of liberal reform in upbringing and education caused the need to transform the ideological basis of this strategically vital line in the domestic policy defining areas of national security.

LEGAL PROBLEMS OF ENSURING FOOD SECURITY IN MODERN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION AND MUTUAL RESTRICTIVE MEASURES

The article discusses the problems of ensuring food security in modern Russia in the context of globalization and mutual restrictive measures. Legal documents forming the sphere of state policy in the field of ensuring food independence are studied. The issues of creating conditions for uninterrupted provision of the population with affordable good-quality food, in the physical and economic sense, are considered. It is revealed that food security at the global level affects socio-economic development, health and ecology. It is shown that by pushing through their geopolitical interests, the countries of the golden billion threaten the food stability of entire continents, and the world community as a whole is moving away from solving the problems of food security at the global level. The absence of a direct legislative act regulating the most important area of national security hinders the food self-sufficiency of our country. It is recommended to develop and adopt the Federal Law “On Food Security” as soon as possible.

The state in the mechanism of law-formation as a subject of theoretical and legal knowledge

In the content of the article, the author revealed the relevance of scientific knowledge of state issues in the system of subjects of modern law-formation. It is noted that the state in the modern conditions of the development of society acquires a new multifaceted meaning, since its role is significantly changing, namely the state faces new challenges associated with the resolution of hybrid wars, a significant increase in the number of armed conflicts on the political map of the world, a significant increase level of their aggressiveness, pandemic threats. It is emphasized that today the issue of both the scientific rethinking of the state's regulatory and protective capabilities, and the expansion of scientific ideas about the practical limits of the state's influence in improving regulation and protection of the rights, freedoms, and interests of legal subjects is becoming particularly relevant. The most significant character today is the state's influence on law-formation, ensuring a balance of interests in the formation of law, its formalization, interpretation and further socialization. However, the role of the state in the law-formation mechanism is currently in a state of significant transformation, which is accompanied by the strengthening of the state's influence on law-formation, in particular in terms of ensuring the effective implementation of state policy, especially in the areas of national security and defense, European integration, ensuring social standards, etc.
 The author substantiates that the scientific understanding of the state as a subject of law­formation has an ambiguous character. This is due to the discussion in the understanding of the phenomenon itself - law-formation, its properties, which are laid by scientists as the basis for understanding the mentioned concept, including such a property as subjectivity. From a cognitive point of view, the state in the mechanism of law-formation: firstly, it is characterized by the multifaceted nature of its manifestation and functioning, providing influence and determining the content of law-formation; secondly, it is a polystructural phenomenon, exerting an influence on law-formation through the system of state­authority subjects, ensuring legal regulation of social relations of an international, national, state-wide and regional nature; thirdly, it is an instrumental means that ensures not only the formalization of the law, but also its use, execution, compliance and application; fourthly, it is a functional phenomenon, providing a comprehensive impact on both the formation of the legal framework and legal regulation as a whole; fifth, it is a political phenomenon that ensures the implementation of its own law-formation policy and helps to balance the law-formation interests of other law-formation subjects.

Turkish Balance, or Türkiye’s Foreign Policy Strategy in the Black Sea Region Following the Special Military Operation

The Black Sea region in its various geopolitical configurations is a zone of priority for the Turkish elite. Prior to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), the Black Sea was regarded as the “Sultan’s harem.” Being essentially a peninsula between the Mediterranean and Black Sea, Türkiye is interested in maintaining control over the Black Sea space or in sharing it with another strong power having access to it. The authors aim to identify and explore Türkiye’s foreign policy strategy in relation to the Black Sea region as one of the key geopolitical spaces for Ankara’s national interests. The foreign policy strategy is understood as a long-term mechanism of the subject in relation to objects and competing subjects, which aims to achieve the most favorable spatial position with the help of military and non-military means and appropriate resources, taking into account the timeliness factor. The article solves specific tasks: it identifies the stable characteristics of Turkish foreign policy, shaped by historical experience and geography, which underlie Ankara’s foreign policy strategy; it shows and studies the strategic vision of the Turkish elite in relation to the Black Sea region; it reveals the mechanisms of influence of external geopolitical subjects on the region and the combination of these mechanisms with Turkish national interests. The concept of Turkish balance is introduced as mechanism of Türkiye’s foreign policy strategy whose main purpose is to integrate stronger powers into the logic and algorithms of foreign policy balances of stronger powers with their mutual opposition and further balancing act, which allows Türkiye to receive maximum geo-economic and geopolitical dividends. The research methodology is represented by systemic, geopolitical and civilizational approaches. Given the role of the Black Sea region in the military-political dynamics since February 2022, the mechanisms of Türkiye’s foreign policy strategy in relation to the region are becoming crucial for Russia in various areas of national security. Authors propagate that February 2022 is the inertia of the events of March 2014 and deeper, of the postponed crisis of 1991 caused by the disintegration of the USSR. However, it was the beginning of the special military operation that brought the military and political confrontation at the global and regional levels into the format of open confrontation. Russia has challenged the West and its system of allies.

Legal aspects of ensuring environmental safety in agriculture

Ensuring food security is impossible in the absence of proper functioning and development of agriculture. In turn, a set of measures implemented within the framework of the activity under consideration often has an adverse effect on the quality and condition of objects in the surrounding world, on the environmental situation. The purpose of the research is to study the specifics of regulatory and legal support for such areas of national security as environmental safety. An urgent direction for scientific, legislative, and practical activities is the consideration of the features of regulatory and legal provision of environmental safety in agricultural production. In the context of studying agriculture, it is worth noting the need to develop the level of knowledge and awareness of subjects not only at the stage of obtaining vocational education, but also within the framework of agricultural congresses, symposiums, etc. Theoretical and empirical methods of scientific research, such as formal legal, systemic, historical, as well as analysis, generalization, are used in the work. The combination of the indicated methods of cognition of reality made it possible to trace some dynamics of the formation and development of the population's attitude to environmental challenges arising in the implementation of agricultural activities. The article attempts to determine the current system of sectoral legislation and identify promising areas for further transformations. The course of scientific reflections, as well as the results obtained, can serve as a basis for further study of institutions within the framework of constitutional, environmental and agrarian law, as well as for the formation of an ecological culture among the reader. The conclusion is formulated about the need to create a single and at the same time comprehensive regulatory legal act capable of creating an order for ensuring environmental safety both in the direction under consideration and in general. Also, the main aspect that can ensure the achievement of the most positive effect from the adoption of appropriate norms and rules is the proper organization of environmental education and upbringing of the population. It is the high level of environmental awareness that serves as the main factor in achieving a safe and developed society.

Legal issues of the effectiveness of the security and defense sector's security forces in view of the need to comply with the constitutional principles of activity

The article examines the legal issues of the effectiveness of the security forces of the security and defence sector with a view to the need to comply with constitutional principles in their activities. The system of ensuring national security of the Ukrainian State should create a unified State and legal mechanism which clearly defines the elements of security, and should solve tasks and perform functions to protect the vital interests of an individual, the State and society within the powers defined by current legislation. The author identifies the need for development of legislation and other legal acts regulating relations in the area of national security, which, in turn, requires, of course, a new legal understanding which is to be applied in law-making and law implementation.

Youth Unemployment and National Security in Nigeria: An Exploratory Study

The successful handing over of power from the military oligarchy to a neophyte political class and the consequent returned of the nation to civil rule on May 29, 1999 has shifted attention to how to nurture the fledging democracy to maturity such that it can no longer be truncated either by internal or external forces. The stability of the nation has become the concern of all both the government and the governed. Pro democracy groups, human rights groups, civil societies and others have been greatly involved in the democratic consolidation in Nigeria. In spite of the above not much seems to have been achieved in the area of national security. The issue of national security has become a subject of debate and a serious concern to all and sundry. This is due to the various security challenges facing the country. This paper, therefore looked at unemployment as one of the major challenges to national security. The use of content analysis of secondary sources from published books, journals, official documents, newspapers and magazines was employed in this work. Maslow Human Hierarchy of Needs theory was also used to illuminate the study. It was gathered that, of numerous factors responsible for the uncontrollable rate of insecurity in the nation, unemployment is noted to be at forefront since many youths who are capable and willing to work are affected by this menace. The paper finally recommended that for the problem of insecurity to be abated, the economy of the nation should be diversified as the total dependence on crude oil receipt has done havoc to the productive sectors of Nigerian economy. The government should set up a contingency fund for agricultural and industrial development, as urgent preliminary initiative. Furthermore, the paper recommended the need for collaborative arrangement between the public and private sectors and that the educational sector should be developed through adequate funding to a stage where job seekers and graduates can stand on their own without looking for white collar jobs that are not available. Keywords: Security, Unemployment, Social Vices, Insecurity, Nigeria, Economy, Democracy Journal Reference Format: Ibitoye, M.O., Owolabi, D. & Akinlade, M.T. (2023): Youth Unemployment and National Security in Nigeria: An Exploratory Study. Humanities, Management, Arts, Education & the Social Sciences Journal. Vol. 11. No. 2, Pp 45-58. www.isteams.net/humanitiesjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/HUMANITIES/V11N2P5

МЕТОД АНТИКРИЗОВОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ В СИСТЕМІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ЩОДО ПОСЛАБЛЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ НЕГАТИВНИХ ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ БЕЗПЕКОВОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА НА ПРОЦЕСИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ІНТЕРЕСІВ ДЕРЖАВИ

In the 21st century, armed conflicts and wars are increasingly being waged in the "Gray zone", that is, outside the boundaries of international law, both in physical space and in other dimensions – informational, cybernetic, cultural, cognitive – mainly by hybrid methods with involvement of irregular formations (private military companies, rebels, terrorists, etc.). As a result, today's interstate confrontation is becoming more and more complex, covering various spheres of national security, characterized by a wide range of negative consequences for the population of the state. The priority tasks of the law enforcement, special, intelligence and other state bodies of the security and defence sector of Ukraine in accordance with their competence are defined as active and effective countering intelligence and subversive activities, special information operations and cyber-attacks, enemy propaganda, countering external threats to the national security of Ukraine, promoting implementation of national interests, etc. Sustainable development of the state requires timely a quantitative and qualitative assessment of negative development trends (threats) in order to prevent crisis situations in ensuring the national security of the state. The proposed method allows for the development of conceptual approaches to the justification of appropriate anti-crisis strategies and programs, as well as recommendations for evaluating the effectiveness of the elimination (neutralization) of negative trends in the development of the geopolitical and military-political situation (threats) in conditions of limited resources. The basis of the method is the justification of the critical values of the risks of the implementation of destructive factors in certain areas of national security, based on a comparison of which with the assessed current risks, anti-crisis measures are developed: strategies, programs and recommendations for each area of national security in relation to each negative trend identified in the process of monitoring the security environment. The method provides the organization of: systematic monitoring of the effectiveness of anti-crisis management with the definition of criteria for making decisions on the order of anti-crisis measures carrying out.

Проектный подход 2023: необходимость использования интегральных показателей контроля

The relevance of the study is due to the complexity of the implementation of state project management in conditions of lack of resources due to sanctions imposed by Western countries on the import of goods and services to the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is integral indicators in the control system of the project approach to ensuring national security. The purpose of the work is to create a methodology for calculating integral indicators to assess the state of national security. As a result of the study, a classification of integral and partial control indicators was formed; the reasons for the low efficiency of using strictly formalized mathematical methods for the formation of integral indicators in project management were identified, which necessitate the establishment of expert methods for determining the weights of particular indicators for their further linear convolution into integral indicators; an approach to expert formation of weights of particular indicators that reduce the influence of subjective expert opinions. Conclusions are drawn that the use of integral indicators of project management control allows organizations to form a more flexible system of control over the implementation of project management in the areas of national security and socio-economic development of the country.

The rule of law in the formation of state policy in the areas of national security and defense: theoretical and methodological aspects.

The rule of law in the formation of state policy in the areas of national security and defense: theoretical and methodological aspects.

Information security as part of Poland’s security

Dynamic advances in technology as well as information and communication entail many new threats to the functioning of the Polish state, its citizens, as well as to the international community. These are mainly the dangers of using information networks and information systems. For this reason, particular importance is given to ensuring information security which combines procedures and tools for the protection of classified information, data and network systems. Information security has now become one of the most sensitive trans-sectoral areas of national security, having an impact on the efficiency of Poland’s entire security system. This is about information security, ICT security and cybersecurity. The paper aims to analyse the issue of information security as part of the security area of the Republic of Poland. The issue was raised because of its importance and topicality, as recently there has been an increase in cyber-terrorist activity and a growing number of media reports on attacks on information systems, targeting the critical infrastructure of states. Information security risks pose a real threat and loss of information can lead to a violation of the vital interests of various entities and a compromise of people’s safety and fundamental values of social life.

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF UKRAINE’S SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

The article reports on the results of a strategic analysis of Ukraine's security environment based on a SWOT analysis. The focus is on the security environment as of the eve of the large-scale war launched by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in February 2022 as well as the changes it has undergone since then. The author prognosticates trends in the development of Ukraine's security environment in the post-war period based on the identified sources of the main threats to the national security of Ukraine, as well as vulnerabilities, advantages and opportunities for the development of the state and society in the new conditions. It is also predicted that sources of the main threats to the national security of Ukraine in the post-war period will undergo transformation. The author argues that a timely identification of existing and projected threats to national security, vulnerabilities, strengths of the state and society, and their opportunities to further protect national interests in the conditions of a certain security situation, when coupled with an account of trends in the development of the security environment, provide a foundation for determining the strategic goals and priorities of state policy in the area of national security. The research results give grounds to conclude that the main strategic goal for Ukraine in the area of national security is the development of sufficient domestic capabilities as a basis for ensuring its own security and resilience. The important vectors of state policy for ensuring the national security of Ukraine in the post-war period will include strengthening its defense capability, increasing the level of readiness to crises response, obtaining external security guarantees outside NATO, developing bilateral relations with strategic partners, restoring the economic and human development of Ukraine, and improving the efficiency of public administration.

Trade trends and competition intensity of international copper flow based on complex network: From the perspective of industry chain

With the increasing demand for resources, the opening and stability of the key mineral industry chain have become a key area of national security. As an important key mineral, copper is widely used in the national economic construction and defense industry. This leads to fierce competition and a complex flow relationship between copper resource trading countries. Based on the perspective of the industrial chain, this paper constructs a model of the copper resource trade evolution network and trade competition network from 2001 to 2020 and analyzes the temporal, spatial evolution, and competitive characteristics of trade. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Since 2001, the global trade of copper resources has fluctuated greatly, trade competition is very intense, and the demand for copper has continued to increase. Copper ore is the most important trade, followed by refined copper, copper product, waste copper, and blister copper. (2) Copper resources have different characteristics at different stages of the industrial chain. Refined copper trade relations are the most concentrated. The copper product trade is the most stable. Community division presents different characteristics. (3) Trade relations and trade volume are highly concentrated in a few countries, and competition is unevenly distributed. Competitive relations are mainly concentrated in European and Asian countries, within Asian countries or European countries. (4) The Asia-Pacific region has reached a dominant position in the copper resource competition pattern, especially between China and Japan. Finally, this article provides some suggestions to maintain the stability of the copper resource trade and improve the ability to resist risks for China.

The national security field under conditions of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022

This article touches upon the problem of organizing security space under the conditions of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022. According to the understanding of the “security” concept, it is determined that the security space should put a state and its vital interests under protection from any internal and external threats. It is emphasized that in conditions of armed aggression, the central components of the security space should be international (global) security and national security. The main areas of international (global) security should include the development and control of weapons, the fight against international terrorism, the development by the international community of effective mechanisms for countering modern global security challenges (proliferation of mass destruction weapons, namely nuclear weapons). Inclusion of military, state, information and cyber security is proposed as the main areas of national security.

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN TERMS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

The article reviews the research on public-private partnerships and singles out their features pertaining to national security.
 The purpose of this article is to identify problematic issues of theoretical approaches to the formation of public-private partnerships in the realm of national security and ways to develop secure public-private partnerships in Ukraine, taking into account world best practices.
 The authors’ review of the Ukrainian research shows that there is currently a lack of in-depth and meaningful studies of theoretical and practical significance on this issue, which indicates the need for rethinking and updating the development of public-private partnerships given the requirement to implement national security priorities as set by the National Security Strategy of Ukraine.
 The nature of the threats to the national security and national interests of Ukraine requires a comprehensive study of partnerships between the state and the private sector in the basic areas of national security.
 National security is the result of collective actions of the state and society, while the mechanisms of public-private partnerships in the field of national security are not regulated by Ukrainian legislation. Creating a legal basis and institutional support are fundamental factors in forming an effective model of public-private partnership in the field of security.
 The introduction of public-private partnerships in the areas of the military, defense and military construction, state and public security, cybersecurity and civil protection requires significant state support.
 Furthermore, the non-governmental (private) security sector should become an integral part of the national security system of Ukraine.
 The authors develop proposals for the formation of an effective system of public-private partnership for the purposes of national security. First and foremost, these include the improvement of the legal framework for the development of public-private partnership and the joint development of specific measures.

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF COMPETENCE FORMATION RELATED TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASPECTS OF NATIONAL SECURITY AMONG THE APPLICANTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The aim of the article is to study the current state of formation by institutions of higher education in Ukraine of competencies related to state-management aspects of national security in applicants for higher education to staff state authorities and local governments, as well as the private sector with specialists-administrators capable of solving complex problems in the determining areas of national security (political, economic, social and humanitarian). Methodology. The methodological basis of the study are modern general and special methods of scientific knowledge, including: analysis (in the study of educational and professional (EPP) programs and educational and scientific programs (ESP) to identify components aimed at forming the competencies of higher education applicants related to public and management aspects of national security); generalization, synthesis and prediction (to summarize the materials worked out and formulate conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the study). Results. The results of the analysis of a number of educational and professional and educational-scientific programs for the specialties 281 "Public Administration and Management" and 256 "National Security (in certain areas of security and types of activity)" allowed us to conclude that the lack of educational components to form competencies related to public and management aspects of national security in future management specialists in existing educational programs for specialty 281 "Public Administration and Management". Practical implications. The analysis shows that the training of applicants for higher education in the specialty 256 "National Security (in certain areas of security and types of activity)" is almost entirely aimed at the training of military specialists, despite the need of public authorities and local governments in specialists – managers in this specialty. Value/originality. The author presented to the scientific community developed with her participation educational and professional and educational and scientific programs on specialty 256 "National Security (in certain areas of security and types of activity)" for the first (bachelor) and second (master) levels of higher education (full-time and part-time forms of training), which are expected to begin, since 2022-2023 academic year, the training of management specialists for the determining areas of national security at the at the Educational and Scientific Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.

Cross-Border Data Flows: An Evolving Multi-Layered Regulatory Approach Required!

This article will discuss the increasing importance of the multi-layered approach that personal data is taking in transnational cross-border data flows. It examines the role personal data plays in the evolving digital economy. The article will address a further accentuating question as to how far, if at all, the cross-border data flows are being considered in the area of national security. Throughout the outbreak of coronavirus, technology has been used by nation states to trace and collect health data of its citizens, in the interest of the broader national interest/security of individual states. Some states in developing the technology to track and trace their citizens went one step further and established bilateral agreements to share some of the data, such as Australia and Singapore. What emerged, was the evolving complex layers regulating while enabling data flows. The dichotomy facing governments and regulators is to allow for the free flow of personal data, while ensuring data subjects do not relinquish their privacy. To achieve this, I propose a Theory Of Action (TOA). Such an approach is widely accepted in other industry sectors where governments regulated a minimum standard, such as primary, human health and food production. Cross-Border Data Flows, Data Transfers, Digital Economy, National Security, Trade in Data

ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕСС И ИНФОРМАЦИОННАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЗАБАЙКАЛЬЯ КАК ЗАЩИЩЕННОСТЬ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ИНТЕРЕСОВ

The paper analyzes the information security of Transbaikalia and shows the relationship of the socio-political process, information technology and security. Threats to information security are virus attacks, hacker hacks as elements of cybernetic crime. It is obvious that social risks are expanding and negatively affect the protection of vital interests of Russia and its subjects. Among the areas of national security, special attention is paid to information security from the point of view of protecting the information space of the Russian Federation. Each state considers it an urgent and priority task to ensure the information security of its country and citizens. As a consequence, there is a problem of information protection. In the conditions of increased dangerous information impacts in the world, the protection of personal, public and state information is of paramount importance for any state. It is advisable to combine all efforts to overcome information risks that have not only a social, but also a political component. The characteristic of the political process, the concept of which is borrowed from cybernetics, is given, its structure is substantiated: subjects and participants of the process; the object of the process; methods, means, resources that connect the subject and the object. Individuals, political systems, the state, and parties are the subjects of the process characterizing politics that require attention. The subjects of the political process also include the information component. In the modern period, Russia has set a course for the realization of national interests in the information sphere. National interests presuppose a system for ensuring the security of information systems. The main thing in the information sphere is the protection of authorities from information manipulation, which, of course, is connected with the socio-political process. It is advisable to use the Internet, the development of electronic document management, the presence of a system administrator, which will contribute to the creation of a unified information space.