Related Areas Research Articles

Legal regulation of scientific and technical cooperation of the Russian Federation and the member states of the CIS and EAEU in the fuel and energy sectors on problems of rational use of nature, ecology and environmental protection

Issues of legal regulation in order to ensure environmental safety, rational use of natural resources, and their protection are relevant for the Russian Federation and the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). FEC organizations carry out economic activities that have a direct impact on the environment. Legal regulation in the field of environmental management, the establishment of appropriate standards, environmental requirements for business activities, and the establishment of financial regulators contribute to the preservation of the environment. Issues of legal regulation in connection with the Paris Climate Agreement are of particular relevance in modern socio-economic conditions. The CIS states and the EAEU have historically established economic ties in the fuel and energy sector, and common energy markets are currently being formed. In this regard, there is a need to adopt new legislative decisions in the field of rational use of natural resources, ensuring safety and maintaining the environment in proper condition. In particular, joint solutions are needed on climate issues and economic decarbonization. In this study, the goal was to substantiate proposals for the development of certain areas of legal regulation in the area of public relations under consideration. In this regard, an analysis of national legislation was carried out, as well as interstate agreements, decisions, review documents, model laws of the CIS, international agreements and conventions were collected and analyzed. Based on the analysis, a proposal was formulated on the possibility (subject to the interest of all participants) of developing and adopting an inter-integration agreement (between the CIS and EAEU associations) in the field of activity of fuel and energy complex organizations in order to solve environmental problems, as well as climate ones. Such an agreement would allow the EAEU member states to use the existing legal potential of the CIS countries, in particular, model legislation, and would also help resolve issues of financing joint projects in the field of scientific and technical cooperation. The possibility of developing at the level of national legislation criteria for compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation and introducing compliance programs at the level of fuel and energy complex organizations (programs for compliance with the requirements of legislation on the rational use of natural resources and ensuring environmental safety) is also justified.

Православная церковь в Гражданской войне на Северном Кавказе: взаимоотношения духовенства, населения и политической власти

The article delves into the religious aspect of the Civil War in the North Caucasus. The authors examine the influence of policy of the central Bolshevik power on the religious sphere of the North Caucasus region and the specifics of the religious issue in this region. They consider this issue in the context of the relationship between the population, the Orthodox clergy and the existing political power. At the same time, the authors in the course of the study were interested primarily in the Orthodox population and clergy by virtue of numerical predominance in the region. The relevance is due to the importance of the spiritual sphere in modern Russian society, in which traditional values and meanings are regaining their significance. In this regard, the study of the history of interaction between the power and the population in the religious sphere at critical moments in history is of undoubted interest. Scientific novelty stems from the fact that the religious aspect of the civil confrontation of 1917–1920 in the North Caucasus as a special area of relations between the population of the region, which adhered to traditional values, and the new state power, which aimed to completely reorganize Russian society and change the worldview of the population of the region. The authors determined that since the beginning of the armed conflict in the country, the spiritual sphere of existence of the North Caucasian society also begins to include crisis confrontational features and becomes a field of ideological confrontation between supporters of the new state power and traditionalists striving to preserve the old religious values. The authors show the full depth of this split and confrontation and reveal various forms of the crisis of religious life in the region in this historical period. Their essential features are outlined, correlated with the general aspects of the Civil War in the South of Russia.

On current problems of the mechanism of liability of judges for disciplinary misconduct: law enforcement practice, general approaches. Part 4. Approaches to improving and improving the efficiency of the organizational and legal mechanism of disciplinary responsibility of judges (The end)

In the final, fourth, part of the article, published in 2024 in the journal “State and Law”, certain results of the problems considered in its first three parts are summed up (part 1 – “Termination of the powers of a judge for a serious offense after the constitutional innovations of 2020 – constitutional or disciplinary responsibility?” (No. 3); part 2 – “On problems of disciplinary responsibility of court heads” (in two sections) (No. 4, 5); part 3 – “On the disciplinary responsibility of retired judges” (No. 6)). Conclusions are drawn about the imperfection of this mechanism with specific examples of law enforcement (and especially judicial) practice, including those caused by the imperfection of legislation in the area of public relations under consideration. Specific, including radical, proposals are being made aimed at improving and increasing the effectiveness of both the named mechanism as a whole and its individual links.

Boundaries in Search of Boundaries: Establishing Parameters for Physician Sexual Misconduct

Sexual boundary violations by physicians are receiving increased public awareness as a result of disturbing, high-profile cases of abuse and assault. In the area of sexual relations with current patients, rules prohibiting such conduct are both clear and justified. In contrast, rules governing sexual relations between physicians and former patients and between physicians and the relatives of patients vary considerably among jurisdictions and among specialties in an illogical and often unjust patchwork. This article calls for a reassessment of such rules with an emphasis on consistency among jurisdictions, uniformity among specialties, and an operationalizable system for permitting some such relationships in a manner that balances the goals of protecting vulnerable parties and upholding their autonomy.

Legal Issues of Ensuring Technological Sovereignty

Objective: to identify the legal issues of ensuring technological sovereignty and to determine scientifically grounded vectors of their solution.Methods: the study is based on formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative legal methods, as well as the methodology of soft systematicity, legal forecasting, and legal modeling. Results: the article presents a theoretical and legal approach to understanding sovereignty and differentiating its types. Under modern conditions, a significant role is given to the independence and autonomy of the state in the technological sphere. The correlation of digital and technological sovereignty is considered; the latter notion is outlined taking into account the gaining popularity of the Western concept of digital (technological) solidarity. The regulatory foundation of the state strategic autonomy is legal regulation, in which the concept of technology-centrism has been firmly established in recent years. The technological paradigm of modern legal regulations was identified. It consists in strategizing the scientific and technological innovations in strategic planning documents, as well as in sovereignization and cyclization of the legal sphere, digital transformation of the culture of lawmaking and law enforcement, technologization of the legal language, expansion of the scope of legislative regulation and the volume of subordinate legislation. The analysis of the correlation between the legislative and subordinate law levels of technological positioning of the Russian Federation in strategic areas has allowed to emphasize the important systemic interrelation of the involved traditional and innovative law-making tools as they ensure technological development. The author also identifies the risks of expanding legal experimentation in the digital area of public relations, which should exclude the possibility of circumventing the established critical limitations.Scientific novelty: the work forms a theoretical and legal model of ensuring technological sovereignty, which is of strategic importance for the preservation of the Russian Federation sovereignty in its classical understanding as the main and most important feature of the state.Practical significance: the results can be used in law-making activities of public authorities to create legal mechanisms for research, development and implementation of critical and end-to-end technologies and the production of high-tech products based on them in order to ensure national security of the Russian Federation.

Between paternalism and colonialism: Czechs and Slovaks from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century

The study focuses on the postcolonial analysis of the development of mutual Czech-Slovak relations from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The core of the analysis are specific literary representations of these mutual relationships based on the textual corpus of Czech and Slovak literature. In the broader public discourse of Central European literature, Czech-Slovak relations are only rarely analysed using postcolonial criticism. In the field of literary science, this is an unexplored area of Czech-Slovak relations. The contribution therefore seeks to complement postcolonial research on the material of Czech and Slovak non-fiction texts, as well as neglected novels. It focuses on the postcolonial analysis of literary representations of mutual Czech-Slovak relations, which developed between paternalism and colonialism in the observed period. The critical reading of these literary representations is based on the description of power relations identifiable through more or less conspicuous features of superiority and subordination, which are relevant to interpret through postcolonial theories. The author of the paper is aware of the specifics and differences of power relations between small cultures in the Central European area compared to the analysis of relations between a large empire and a politically subordinate colonial culture. For this reason, he expands the repertoire of terminology from postcolonial criticism (Homi H. Bhabha and Edward W. Said) and uses not only the basic terms colonialism and Orientalism, but also other terms to define the diverse scale of the power relationship of the Czechs to Slovak culture, e.g. paternalism (to introduce the Czech figure of the elder brother), pre-colonialism (to introduce the Czech figure of the savior) and anticolonialism (to introduce the Czech figure of the Slovaks as victims). Using postcolonial terminology, the study approaches specific literary figures that have become part of Czech thinking about Slovak culture. The situation of Slovak culture in the observed period can be interpreted through Kiossev’s metaphor of self-colonization, which reflects the positive reception of the cultural and educational mission of the Czechs in Slovakia. The used corpus of texts from Czech and Slovak literature and its analysis served as a starting point for understanding cultural stereotypes and literary representations of nascent national identities. Czech colonialism developed in the political, cultural and linguistic framework, first as a recognition of Slovakia by Czech slovakophiles, after 1918 it was already part of the discussion in the public space. All these period attitudes of the Czechs towards Slovakia were prescribed in literary texts of a fictional and non-fictional nature and as part of the Czech cultural memory they filled the Czech cultural myth about Slovakia.

Mobile Adventure: RIAMOS to Strengthen the Development of Mathematical Logic and Language in Early Education in Rural Contexts

In the development of the substantive function of the link with society of the National University of Education (UNAE), the Mobile Adventure: RIAMOS project arises from the career of Early Childhood Education (EI), with the aim of building experiential learning experiences, from educational contexts that promote the comprehensive training of children in early childhood in rural contexts. Therefore, this research analyses the impact of Aventura Móvil: RIAMOS on the development of the areas of logical-mathematical relations, comprehension and expression of language in early education in rural contexts. We worked with a methodology based on a mixed approach, with a prevalence of a qualitative, descriptive and interpretative approach and a quantitative approach focused on the pre- and post-tests applied to children in rural parishes in Cañar and Azuay. Mobile Adventure: RIAMOS is a space that integrates different actors: students, parents, authorities, teachers, students in training for comprehensive education. Through the pre-test, educational needs were identified, which were strengthened throughout the class sessions through the implementation of innovative planning, relevant to reality. The post-test reflected the advances and progress made by each child with the application of the didactic strategies and activities. In summary, Mobile Adventure: RIAMOS proves to be an effective initiative to enhance the reinforcement and integral learning of children in rural environments.

On current problems of the mechanism of liability of judges for disciplinary misconduct: law enforcement practice, general approaches Part 4. Approaches to improving and improving the efficiency of the organizational and legal mechanism of disciplinary responsibility of judges (Continuation)

In the final, fourth part of the article, published in 2024 in the journal “State and Law”, certain results of the problems considered in its first three parts are summed up (part 1 – “Termination of the powers of a judge for a serious offense after the constitutional innovations of 2020 – constitutional or disciplinary responsibility?” (No. 3); part 2 – “On problems of disciplinary responsibility of court heads” (in two sections) (No. 4, 5); part 3 – “On the disciplinary responsibility of retired judges” (No. 6)). Conclusions are drawn about the imperfection of this mechanism with specific examples of law enforcement (and especially judicial) practice, including those caused by the imperfection of legislation in the area of public relations under consideration. Specific, including radical, proposals are being made aimed at improving and increasing the effectiveness of both the named mechanism as a whole and its individual links.

Interaction Between Police and Society as Basis for Combating Crime: Analysis of Ukrainian and Foreign Experience

Objective: The purpose of the article is to determine the role and significance of the interaction between the police and society as the main factor in combating crime, taking into account Ukrainian and foreign legislation, different opinions of scholars and empirical data. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical basis for this study is the Swedish concept of "community policing," the French model of "police de proximité," as well as other socially-oriented models of policing from developed foreign countries. Method: The methodological basis of the research is the following methods: comparative and legal, formal and legal, system analysis, interpretive, analysis and synthesis. Results and Discussion: The existing concepts of interaction between the police and society in the context of combating crime have been characterized. The essence of such legal categories as “crime combating”, “interaction between police and society”, “modern concepts” has been revealed and their characteristic has been carried out. The problems of forming and implementing modern concepts of interaction between the police and society in combating crime in Ukraine have been studied. Contributions: A conclusion regarding the effectiveness of various models of the interaction between the police and society in combating crime has been made. The experience of some foreign countries regarding the interaction between the police and society has been analyzed in order to implement the best practices in combating crime into the national legislation. Optimal recommendations regarding the possibilities of adapting foreign experience into Ukraine have been offered, taking into account the current legislation and positive international experience in this area of legal relations.

Legal and medical aspects of the problem of postmortem donation in reproductive medicine

The reproductive system plays a crucial role in preserving the human race. The health of the reproductive system reflects not only the genetic viability of future generations but also overall health. It is also related to numerous human rights, including the right to life, liberty, personal integrity, health, education, and the principle of equality and non-discrimination. The state, on the other hand, has positive obligations to ensure the observance, protection, and implementation of reproductive rights. Everyone has the right to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health. Any individual or couple has the right to decide how many children to have, when to have them, and at what intervals, even if it involves postmortem reproduction. That is why it is necessary to pay attention to the need to ensure the rights of servicemen to biological paternity (motherhood), which is extremely important, especially in the context of martial law in Ukraine.Despite some controversial aspects arising in the context of postmortem donation in Ukraine, it is the duty of the legislator to adopt laws and create legal provisions that can properly regulate this area. In doing so, the principle of proportionality should be taken into account, which can help to achieve the necessary balance between personal integrity and respect for the body after death, on the one hand, and the right to family, on the other. It should be understood that the experience of states at war has highlighted the urgency of postmortem donation and the position of society on its legal integration along with other areas of social relations that are subject to regulation. Military service, given its daily risks, can certainly compromise fertility, particularly through genitourinary trauma that can be associated with combat, gonadotoxic exposure, and physical separation from a partner.In addition, the issue of disposing of oocytes in case of death or declaration of death of a servicewoman remains unaddressed. Implementation of postmortem donation in the event of the death of a female military service member is possible only through surrogate motherhood. However, the current legislation in this area does not regulate the possibility of in vitro fertilization after the death of one of the spouses and completely “bypasses” any derivative issues related to surrogate motherhood after death.

Legal issues of the artificial intelligence identification

Artificial intelligence, as well as a number of other products of the technological revolution, served as a prerequisite for the formation of a specific area of public relations, which led to the search for adequate forms and methods of legal regulation. The use of legal resources in the process of creating the necessary regulators has led to the accumulation of relevant practical experience and the emergence of a disciplinary ontology accumulating doctrinal knowledge about the AI legal existence. The central place in it is occupied by the issue of AI legal identification, which has both theoretical and practical significance. Its development involves the development of a complex of fundamental, programmatic and design issues. The article presents the solutions forming this complex in the context of the development of scientific legal knowledge and practice of legal regulation in the field of AI creation and use, as well as a rational view of mediation by law of the considered public relations in its current form; the author characterizes the content and dynamics of this view, analyzes the accumulated law-making experience and practice of legal experiments. The article also sets out forecasts for the further development of this segment of the legal sphere and the tools used to streamline it; defines the tasks of the legal doctrine for the future. The article was prepared on the basis of a scientific report presented by the author at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on March 12, 2024.

Assessing occupational hazards in welding operations: A machine learning-based approach for worker safety in Indian foundries.

Quantitatively analyzing the impact of UV radiation and noise during welding operations is essential to assess the exposure, identify potential hazards, and develop targeted safety protocols to ensure worker safety and adherence to safety regulations, especially in developing countries with inadequate adherence to safety standards and resources. This study employs machine learning for predicting ultraviolet radiation and noise levels during welding, emphasizing worker safety. The focus is on the Indian foundry sector to gauge actual exposure vis-á-vis safety standards. Ultraviolet radiation and noise emitted during the welding of a ferrous alloy were collected from three foundries in Agra, India. Five machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied for data analysis and prediction of UV radiation and noise levels, and a relative performance comparison was carried out on the compiled data against safety standards. Out of all the ML algorithms applied, the Support Vector Machine regression algorithm (RMSE = 356.93) obtained the best performance on UV radiation data, and the Random Forest algorithm (RMSE = 11.4) was found to give the best results for the noise level prediction task. This work represents the first known application of machine learning techniques for predicting UV radiation and noise levels in arc welding processes. The results show the efficacy of algorithms such as SVM regression and Random Forest for the problem. Further, the datasets and ML algorithms implemented in the work will be made openly available to support further research endeavors in this and related areas.

International political aspects of OPEC+ activities in the context of energy diplomacy of Russia and Saudi Arabia before and after the start of the special military operation

The growing interstate rivalry sweeps more and more areas of international relations, including energy issues. While the ‘traditional’ oil and gas exporters are trying to maintain or even strengthen their current positions, new players in the oil and gas market are trying to challenge the status quo. The changing situation on the oil market due to the ‘price war’ between the United States and OPEC countries serves as a clear manifestation of this trend and encourages the OPEC members to coordinate their policies more closely with external partners. This paper aims to identify the prerequisites and assess the dynamics of cooperation between Russia and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) within the OPEC+ framework. The first section of the paper examines the logic behind the OPEC+ agreement in the context of the development of energy cooperation between the Russian Federation and the KSA before the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis. The authors note that the new format demonstrated stability within the first years of its existence and generated closer cooperation between the hydrocarbon exporting countries. The second section examines the development of OPEC+ in the face of increased geopolitical pressure from the United States and its allies. The authors conclude that the efforts of Washington and oil importing countries to undermine energy cooperation within the OPEC+ format have not succeeded, on the contrary the international stance of the group members has only strengthened. In conclusion, the authors emphasize that OPEC+ not only contributes to the stability of energy prices, but also brings tangible political benefits to its members. At the same time, according to the authors, the future of this format largely depends on the dynamics of international environment and, particularly, on the scale of the US-Russian confrontation.

Правовий статус страховика як учасника договірних страхових відносин

Despite the regulation of insurance relations by Ukrainian legislation, due attention from both scientists and legislators requires the issue of improving the legal status of participants in insurance relations, determining their place in such relations in order to effectively protect their rights and interests. The purpose of the article is to study the legal status of the insurer as a participant in insurance contractual relations, analyze existing approaches to its determination, establish the features of the insurer's legal personality and provide proposals for further improvement of legislation in this area. A characteristic feature of an insurance contract as an independent type of civil legal obligations within the group of contracts for the provision of services is that the conclusion of insurance contracts is directly the subject of activity of specially authorized participants in civil relations – insurance organizations (insurers). It has been established that the insurer, as a participant in insurance contractual relations, is a legal entity that, being specially created to provide insurance services and having received a license for this in the prescribed manner, undertakes the obligation, in accordance with the terms of the contract or an indication of the law, to provide insurance to the insured for a certain fee, to carry out an insurance payment (insurance compensation) to the insured or beneficiary as a result of the occurrence of a certain event (insured event). In insurance contractual relations, the insurer can only have a legal entity on its side, which is empowered to carry out insurance activities only after receiving a special permit (license), which indicates that legal entities - insurers have special legal personality. An insurance organization is endowed with the general legal capacity of a legal entity with a special scope of legal capacity as a financial institution. Attention is drawn to the fact that a significant factor in the modernization of the civil legislation of Ukraine today is the global trend towards unification and harmonization of private law regulation, the formation of optimal legal norms for many areas of private law relations, including insurance. In this regard, the need is justified to determine at the legislative level the requirements for the insurer when it carries out certain types of compulsory insurance, which have their own specifics and provide for the creation of increased guarantees of protection for those persons who, due to objective circumstances, are exposed to increased risk and the extension of insurance protection to cases possible violation of public interests by the method of guaranteeing receipt of insurance payment (insurance compensation). It is concluded that the recodification of the civil legislation of Ukraine opens up prospects for a qualitative update of the legal regulation of insurance contractual relations and will contribute to the development of the provision of insurance services, strengthening of legal institutions in the field of insurance, raising the standards of providing insurance services and ensuring adequate protection of the rights of participants in insurance relations

Трансформация государственно-правовых явлений как вид социальных изменений

Purpose. The study of the process of transformation of state-legal phenomena, as phenomena that exist and develop in accordance with the patterns inherent in the entire system of public relations. The task was to identify the reasons for the need to transform some state-legal phenomena, as well as the forms in which this process can take place. Methodology: as a system of methods, the application of which was justified by the provisions and conclusions contained in the article, formal legal; logical methods and the method of systematic analysis of legal phenomena were used. Conclusions. The authors, on the one hand, highlight stability and sustainability as integral characteristics of the state and law, and on the other hand, emphasize the fact that in this area of public relations there is a constant development, transformation of its substantial part. The characteristic of transformation is given in relation to the peculiarities of a number of state-legal relations. The place of transformation in the system of social changes is shown, the peculiarities of the transformation of definitions, legal structures and the content of state legal institutions are highlighted. Scientific and practical relevance. The interrelation of the process of development of state-legal phenomena with the processes taking place in public life in general is shown.

Legal Foundations of State Policy on Self-Defense Weapons: In Quest of a Balance between Public and Private Interests

The debate on the right of citizens to carry short-barreled weapons, including firearms of limited destruction, has been going on for more than 30 years. The essence of these debates goes far beyond the limits of administrative law, since it is not limited only by the administrative law mechanism for implementing the procedure for acquiring, carrying and using weapons, acting as part of the public legal mechanism for ensuring personal security, security of the society and the State. The relevance of the issues of civilian arms trafficking is aggravated by the complication of the criminal situation during periods of social or economic upheavals that determine the choice of the trajectory of development of state policy for arms trafficking as an area of public law relations. The arguments of supporters and opponents of the use of firearms for self-defense are usually accompanied by arguments based on faith and beliefs rather than on facts and measurements. The purpose of the study is to summarize the legal and empirical resources characterizing administrative law foundations of state policy in relation to lethal and non-lethal self-defense weapons; to assess domestic legislative decisions and determine the directions for further administrative law development of state policy regarding arms trafficking, the expediency of using short-barreled weapons, including firearms of limited destruction, as selfdefense weapons. The interdisciplinary approach made it possible to combine the results of legal and other humanitarian studies. In particular, the achievements of branches of legal sciences of Russian law are brought together: administrative law, theory and history of law, criminology and criminal studies, sociology of law. In conclusion, the paper provides the results of a theoretical study with due regard to the historical, delictological and sociological context of the problem. The author substantiates the necessity of changing the legal foundations of state policy in the field of trafficking in self-defense weapons and gives appropriate proposals.

Innervation of thumb carpometacarpal joint: implications for diagnostic block and denervation procedures

IntroductionOsteoarthritis (OA) of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is a common disorder that negatively impacts hand function. Denervation of the thumb CMC joint has emerged as a viable treatment option....

Субъектность территории реноваци

The article discusses the institution of integrated development of the territory of residential development. The inhabitants of the territory in respect of which a decision has been made on the integrated development of the territory are not endowed with independent subjectivity for the formation of the collective will as areas of relations. This situation creates a situation of lack of legal equality in the legal order, implemented in the ordinary regulation of local self-government issues, and in the legal order, formed by a set of documents for the integrated development of the territory in terms of ensuring constitutional guarantees of human and civil rights. In this regard, it is proposed to form a set of measures aimed at eliminating the identified shortcomings.

CONTEMPORARY STATISTICAL TRENDS OF FOREIGN TRADE BY SEA TRANSPORT BY COUNTRY GROUPS

Nino Abesadze E-mail: nino.abesadze@tsu.ge Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisis State University Tbilisi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6564-2771 Otar Abesadze E-mail: o.abesadze@gmail.com Associate Professor, Georgian National University SEU Tbilisi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-4995 Nino Paresashvili E-mail: nino.paresashvili@tsu.ge Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisis State university Tbilisi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-6491 Natalia Robitashvili E-mail: nato.robitashvili@bsu.edu.ge Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Batumi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-6491 Abstract. At the modern stage of economic development, under the conditions of deepening globalization, the use of correct logistics is becoming more and more relevant, which plays an important role in the development of trade relations between countries and ensuring correct fragmentation of the economy. Today, the situation is such that the presence of certain threats in sea transportation determines the high risk of the possibility of an increase in transportation prices, which is why its influence on price volatility is quite strong. Based on the current situation, the research of maritime logistics issues is becoming more and more relevant in this regard, because the analysis of quantitative indicators of shipments, determination of risk expectations, detection of trends, identification of problems, etc. is an indicator of increasing the effectiveness of maritime logistics. This issue becomes even more important when the issue concerns the activation of trade relations with groups of different countries of the world by sea transport. This process is actively taking place in Georgia today, which is a prerequisite for diversification of transportation by different types of transport and increasing its intensity in the future, and there are signs of this in the country. As of today, the geographical area of trade relations of Georgia in terms of types of transport is wide, although the quantitative characteristics of foreign trade are differentiated according to individual countries and groups of countries. The main goal of the paper was to identify and analyze the statistical trends of Georgia's foreign trade relations with EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, and EFTA countries. During the stages of statistical research, the methods of statistical observation, gathering-grouping, and analysis are used in the research process. Therefore, the article discusses studies and analyzes the dynamics of foreign trade relations of Georgia with EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, and EFTA countries groups by sea transport. The main statistical indicators of foreign trade turnover, export-import, local export re-export, and the characteristics of the commodity structure are analyzed according to all indicators. The main statistical trends of foreign trade with non-specified country groups are identified and regularities are established. Relevant conclusions are made. Conclusions. Foreign trade relations in Georgia are primarily carried out by road transport, although marine transport with a 32.6% share firmly occupies the second place in dynamics;In exports, the advantage of the use of road transport is evident, compared to imports. EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, EFTA countries, the rate of foreign trade by sea transport is increasing;In 2016-2023, on average, the share of the EU in foreign trade by country groups increased by 5.3%.Changing trends are observed in case of exports of EU, BSEC, OECD countries groups. From 2019, the predominant growth of the BSEC indicator was revealed, but in 2023, the EU was again the highest indicator with a share of 67.4%9 in export relations.In the case of imports to the EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, EFTA countries, there is a pronounced trend: the European Union is the undisputed leader in the group of mentioned countries. In 2016-2023, the EU's share of maritime transport imports grew by an average of 2.6% annually. The growth of EU indicators is recorded in local exports, while a completely different picture was revealed in re-exports of sea transport, due to the intensification of trade relations with the CIS countries.From these EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, EFTA countries, Motor cars, Petroleum and petroleum oils are the most imported to Georgia, the share of which in imports is 68% and 32%. Copper ores and concentrates are the most exported, whose share in the motor exports of EU, CIS, BSEC, OECD, GUAM, EFTA is 38% and 17%. No significant changes have been observed in the commodity structure of both exports and imports in recent years. Key words: Trends, Sea Transport, Export, Import, Country Groups. JEL classification: C0

Процедура медиации как проявление юридической превенции

The article is devoted to the consideration of the mediation procedure from the standpoint of legal prevention. The necessity of expanding the use of the mediation procedure in order to prevent negative phenomena, such as the workload of the judiciary, the escalation of disputes, the breakdown of partnerships and socially useful ties, is substantiated. A constructive dialogue is considered as the main preventive tool of the mediation procedure, attention is paid to the basics of a constructive dialogue in resolving a legal dispute. The preventive potential of the mediation procedure is revealed in resolving legal disputes arising in certain areas of public relations.