Characteristics Of Area Research Articles

Assessment Method of Modern Buildings Constructed in a Historical Area; as a Case Study İMÇ Blocks

The addition of new modern layers to the historic urban settings is a significant issue in conserving the historic area's characteristics. Thus, a method of evaluation for modern buildings built in historical areas is being devel oped. The objective includes assessing the maintenance of the historic area's qualities and designing qualified modern buildings. These two issues were evaluated by assessing the example of İstanbul Drapers and Yard Goods Bazaar, İMÇ blocks. First, historical house settlements in the construction area of İMÇ (1933) and then characteristics of İMÇ blocks (1967) were analyzed. In terms of mass proportions, the position of courtyards, circulation areas, street and square relations, and vistas, site plan organizations from 1933 and 1967 were compared, while the proportions and architectural details of the façades were compared. The assessment criteria for the evaluation of modern buildings and their impact on historical areas were determined based on international preservation standards and charters. The conservation criteria include respecting the qualities, vistas, and landmarks of existing historic structures, being recognizable and reversible, responding to the demands of the area, and providing new views, juxtapositions, and textures. Modern heritage criteria include technical, land use, aesthetic, historical, socioeconomic, intangible, canonical, and reference qualities. As a result, it is seen that the İMÇ blocks were designed in harmony with the environment and increased the spatial quality of the area. Even though the İMÇ blocks are large-scale due to architectural constraints, the orientation of the blocks, the placement of courtyards leading to the Süleymaniye Mosque, and the transverse and longitudinal continuous circulation between the blocks respected historical texture. Despite the size of the masses, their heights and architectural elements are consistent with the traditional house layout.

Sensitive Intervention Policy Recommendations to Reduce Stunting Rates Based on Spatial Analysis of Sanitary Factors on the Prevalence of Stunting in DKI Jakarta Province in 2021

The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of stunting in children under five and the percentage of proper sanitation, as well as recommendations for priority areas for stunting control interventions in the Province of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta in 2021. This study used a descriptive approach to present an overview of the percentage of sanitation and prevalence of stunting in children under five by sub-district in 38 districts in DKI Jakarta. Data is displayed as a map to show distribution areas based on high, medium, and low categories. An overlay was made between the distribution map of the percentage of sanitation and the prevalence of stunting to determine the areas with the highest risk. Analysis was carried out on the area's characteristics obtained from the spatial mapping results to determine the recommended intervention program policies. Based on the results of the overlay on the distribution of stunting prevalence and sanitation percentage maps, the recommended areas for priority intervention are Tambora, Sawah Besar, Johar Baru, Senen, Menteng, Jatinegara, Tebet, and Mampang Prapatan sub-districts. The recommended program to be carried out is sensitive interventions consisting of improving sanitation facilities and increasing knowledge and perceptions about sanitation. Improving sanitation facilities means increasing access to gooseneck latrines with septic tanks and access to clean water. Increasing knowledge and perception of the importance of sanitation to prevent stunting is carried out intensively and routinely through community activities and optimizing the role of community leaders.

Relationship Between Landscape Management, Land Use and Ecological Network in Nagykörű

In the summer of 2022, we experienced an extreme water shortage in the Great Hungarian Plain and the consequences influenced and still influence our lives in several ways. The long-term solution to the problem of drought is sustainable landscape management, which builds on the natural characteristics of the area – climate, soil, topography, hydrographic conditions and opportunities. The ecological network can provide a suitable framework for this concept, since the original idea intended to create balance between intensive and extensive land use. Our goal was to define the focus areas where the current cultivation is in conflict with the features of the landscape, and we identified the areas where it is necessary to change the cultivation method and those where other water retention proposals can gain space, thus ensuring water even in drier periods. The resulting land use will be in line with the water cycle, thereby increasing the area's resilience against drought. In our research, we chose the municipality of Nagykörű and its surroundings along the Tisza River as our study area, which - like the rest of the Great Plain - was hit by an exceptionally severe drought in the summer of 2022. On the 90 km2 research area, after fieldwork, we performed various GIS analyses. Based on these we examined the possibilities and suitability of the cultivation methods in the given area and worded our proposals. In the course of our research, we consulted with water management experts and local farmers in order to get a more accurate picture of the area's features, problems, and the feasibility of our proposals. The landscape architecture master students of MATE also helped us in preparing the analyses. The results showed that currently a significant part of the area is not managed in accordance with the geographical conditions. The deeper fields in the middle of the area, which currently are under intensive farming, would belo9ng, under natural conditions to the floodplain of the river Tisza. Here the extensive cultivation methods, such as orchards, gardens, or meadows are recommended. At the same time, the flood-free parts of the sample area are suitable for agriculture. If water retention strategies are used in the suitable areas, these will be more protected against the effects of drought.

Weak lesion feature extraction by dual-branch separation and enhancement network for safe hemorrhagic transformation prediction.

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is regarded as a safety endpoint of arterial ischemic stroke acute treatment and secondary prevention trials (Hutchinson and Beslow, 2019). Accurate HT prediction dramatically reduces the death rate from misdiagnosis. At present, HT predictions almost all rely on contrast images with perfusion agents, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive, causing secondary brain damage and high cost. Almost all machine learning algorithms cannot use non-contrast CT for HT prediction because of huge challenges. In this study, a Dual-branch Separation and Enhancement Network (DBSE-Net) is proposed for weak feature extraction and safe HT prediction without perfusion agents. DBSE-Net innovatively uses a dual-branch separation and fusion mechanism to achieve weak feature adaptive extraction. In the DBSE-Net's encoder submodules, Brain Compression Assessment Branch (BCAB) and Infarct Assessment Branch (IAB) are proposed to apply lightweight encoding structures with different receptive fields, which are adapted to the lesion area's characteristics. With the help of DBSE-Net's keyframe selection algorithm and area guidance knowledge, DBSE-Net removes redundant information and clearly describes the severity of lesions. In summary, DBSE-Net integrates global and local features to obtain multi-scale and multi-category brain status information, enhancing the weak features of non-contrast CT and realizes accurate HT prediction. Experimental Result: Among all 144 intracranial stroke patients diagnosed by doctors as having no HT risk, DBSE-Net identified 73 high-risk HT patients (88 HT cases in total). The result illustrates that DBSE-Net helps doctors secondary diagnose the HT risk of intracranial stroke patients and becomes a potential tool to prevent doctors from false HT risk diagnosis.

Remotely sensed effectiveness assessments of protected areas lack a common framework: A review

AbstractEffective protected areas reflect socio‐ecological values, such as biodiversity and habitat maintenance, as well as human well‐being. These values, which safeguard ecosystem services in protected areas, are treated as models for the sustainable preservation and use of resources. While there is much research on the effectiveness of protected areas in a variety of disciplines, the question is whether there is a common framework that uses remote sensing methods. We conducted a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of 44 peer‐reviewed scientific papers utilizing remote sensing data in order to examine the effectiveness of protected areas. Very few studies to date have a wide or even a global geographical focus; instead, most quantify the effectiveness of protected areas by focusing on local‐scale case studies and single indicators such as forest cover change. Methods that help integrate spatial selection approaches, to compare a protected area's characteristics with its surroundings, are increasingly being used. Based on this review, we argue for a multi‐indicator‐based framework on protected area effectiveness, including the development of a consistent set of socio‐ecological indicators for a global analysis. In turn, this will allow for globally applicable use, including a concrete evaluation that considers the diversity of regional parameters, biome‐specific variables, and political frameworks. Ideally, such a framework will enhance the monitoring and evaluation of global strategies and conventions.

The study on effects of personal attributes and area's characteristics on place attachment

The study on effects of personal attributes and area's characteristics on place attachment

Characterization of Kuala Lumpur bedrock subsurface limestone aquifer system by using borehole modelling analysis

Characterizing and monitoring bedrock aquifers is still a huge challenge with serious consequences. To effectively manage an aquifer, it is necessary to first understand how the aquifer works. Much research has been conducted on urban aquifers, but little on hard-rock metasediment aquifers, particularly in equatorial climates like Peninsular Malaysia. This groundwater concern is an issue confronting the Kuala Lumpur infrastructure development, with potential consequences to the existing substructures and underground construction works. 3D modelling is a common method to determine the complex geological, structural, and mineralogical conditions that exist in these areas, as well as to locate the aquifer system in the subsurface environment. In this work, an accurate geodatabase for geological data was built, and then a 3D model of borehole modelling representing the bedrock aquifer was created to represent the project area's features. At a depth of 25 m, limestone rocks dominated the bottom layer. There were fourteen (14) boreholes in total, with five (5) of them containing cavities, indicating the aquifer system of the study area. This detailed characterization was necessary to support the site conceptual model and demonstrated that domestic wells were not threatened.

Implementation of Flood Disaster Mitigation Strategy in Nagari Taram, Lima puluh Kota Regency

This study aims to analyze the implementation of flood disaster mitigation strategies in Nagari Taram, Limapuluh Kota Regency. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. They were collecting data using interviews, observation, and documentation study. The research informants were several heads of fields, section heads in the Regional Disaster Management Agency of Fifty Cities Distr2ict. The results showed that the implementation of disaster mitigation by the local government had been carried out in the form of the normalization of Batang Sinamar, brojong development along the Batang Sinamar watershed. However, the mitigation that has been implemented has not succeeded in reducing the risk and impact of flooding on the community in Nagari Taram. This study argues that local governments need to pay attention to regional characteristics in implementing flood disaster mitigation before carrying out river normalization because the area's characteristics affect the carrying capacity and carrying capacity of the river.

Scheimpflug Densitometry in Keratoconus: A New Method of Visualizing the Cone.

To report an observation made while performing Scheimpflug densitometry analysis on the corneal region affected in keratoconus (KC) that seems to delineate the base of the cone. Scheimpflug densitometries of 20 healthy subjects and 90 patients with KC were examined. Corneal densitometry was analyzed using both "1-layer" and "2-layer" approaches. The first considers the corneal transparency layer by layer at different depths, whereas the second averages densitometry between 2 corneal layers selected by the examiner. Fixed layers, 120 μm depth, and endothelium were selected. Repeated same-day scans and longitudinal series of scans were also evaluated to see whether the findings evolved over time. Eighty-eight of 90 KC cases displayed a bright area on the densitometry map that corresponded to the cone location. The area's characteristics, such as its brightness, contrast, and the presence of a delimiting arc correlated with KC severity and was more noticeable in advanced cases. No similar marks were found in any of the normal subjects. The shape, location, and extent of the mark were consistent over consecutive measures taken on the same day. Changes over time were also seen in eyes with known clinical progression but was also seen in eyes considered clinically stable. The densitometry mark seems to correspond with the zone most affected by KC and could be a supplementary tool for documenting KC stage, alongside conventional parameters. Further studies are required to ascertain whether it could prove useful in KC detection, to determine progression, and to relate it to corneal biomechanical behavior.

Influence of offshore shoals on spatial variability of storm surge

Idealized bathymetries were subjected to idealized cyclones in order to measure the storm surge response to a range of shoals, under various storm conditions, for the purpose of informing the development of bathymetry thinning algorithms. Nine bathymetries were considered, including eight large, offshore shoals and a featureless reference domain. Six storm realizations (two different sizes/intensities and three different landfall directions) were used as meteorological forcing. Shoal influence on surge was examined over the entire continental shelf throughout the surge event. Quantification of shoal impact on surge was performed prior to landfall, near the time of peak surge, and during surge recession. Three elevation difference contours (1.0, 0.5, and −0.5 m) were used to quantify the spatial variation in surge caused by the shoals at the three times examined. Positive contours (1.0 and 0.5 m) were used to show that a shoal increased surge locally and the negative contour (−0.5 m) to show that a shoal decreased surge locally. The influences of three shoal parameters (depth below mean sea level (MSL), cross-shore width, and distance from shore) were isolated and examined to see which characteristics caused the shoals to alter surge.In many cases, the shoals did not have much effect on the surge response. Only 13% of the samples used to quantify shoal impact on surge indicated any shoal influence whatsoever, and the shoals did not alter maximum elevation within the threshold considered (Δη≥|±0.5m|) anywhere in the domain. However, analysis of the elevation difference contours revealed multiple types of shoal influence. The shoals increased surge when they reduced setdown in storms with offshore winds prior to landfall and when they delayed surge recession after all storms. The shoals decreased surge when they impeded shoreward flow, delaying the arrival of surge. In cases when the shoals altered surge, 95% of the impact was caused by Shallow features (0.5 m below MSL). Also, there appears to be a maximum area over which a shoal can influence surge. All changes in surge greater than the threshold of Δη≥|±0.5m| occurred over the shoal or approximately between the shoal and the shore.The implications of our results for bathymetry thinning follow: In general, offshore shoals do not need to be resolved in bathymetry data sets used in surge modeling, especially if their impact on maximum elevation is the primary concern. Since a shoal's depth below MSL was an excellent indicator of whether it would impact storm surge, we recommend that feature depth below MSL be used as a bathymetry thinning criterion. Finally, a feature's maximum area of influence could be a useful property for determining whether it should be retained in a bathymetry dataset – if one's area of interest is outside of a feature's area of influence, the feature could be omitted regardless of its impact on surge.

Areas with declining vaccination coverage for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR in Brazil (2006-2016): maps of regional heterogeneity

Immunization is known to be one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions, resulting in the eradication and control of various diseases in the world. However, Brazil has experienced a worrisome drop in vaccination coverage, associated with the resurgence of various previously controlled or eradicated diseases. This study thus conducted a situational diagnosis weighing Brazil's different regions and time trends in vaccination coverage in order to identify areas with reduction in vaccination coverage for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR. This ecological study collected data on the number of children up to one year of age who had been vaccinated with these three vaccines from 2006 to 2016, according to municipality (county). Data were obtained from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department. A spatial scan was performed, analyzing spatial variations in the time trends for vaccination coverage. Downward trends were seen in the number of immunizations in Brazil, with reductions of 0.9%, 1.3%, and 2.7% per year for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR, respectively. Significant decreases were also seen in all five major geographic regions with time trends in the reduction of vaccination coverage. The study evidenced an important reduction in vaccination coverage in recent years, with major heterogeneity between municipalities. Thus, focused attention and strategic planning in keeping with each local area's characteristics are necessary to address both the reduction of vaccination coverage and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil.

Generalizing soil properties in geographic space: Approaches used and ways forward.

Soil is one of the most complex systems on Earth, functioning at the interface between the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere and generating a multitude of functions. Moreover, soil constitutes the belowground environment from which plants capture water and nutrients. Despite their great importance, soil properties are often not sufficiently considered in other disciplines, especially in spatial studies of plant distributions. Most soil properties are available as point data and, to be used in spatial analyses, need to be generalised over entire regions (i.e. digital soil mapping). Three categories of statistical approaches can be used for such purpose: geostatistical approaches (GSA), predictive-statistical approaches (PSA), and hybrid approaches (HA) that combine the two previous ones. How then to choose the best approach in a given soil study context? Does it depend on the soil properties to be spatialized, the study area’s characteristics, and/or the availability of soil data? The main aims of this study was to review the use of these three approaches to derive maps of soil properties in relation to the soil parameters, the study area characteristics, and the number of soil samples. We evidenced that the approaches that tend to show the best performance for spatializing soil properties were not necessarily the ones most used in practice. Although PSA was the most widely used, it tended to be outperformed by HA in many cases, but the latter was far less used. However, as the study settings were not always properly described and not all situations were represented in the set of papers analysed, more comparative studies would be needed across a wider range of regions, soil properties, and spatial scales to provide robust conclusions on the best spatialization methods in a specific context.

RESEARCH ON THE UNDERLYING SURFACE BY RADIATION OF GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM

The detection possibility of the reflection areas on the underlying surface and estimation of their parameters by using radiation of global navigation satellite systems are shown. The behavior of the signal levels for different satellites in urban areas is analyzed. The influence of the reflection area's characteristics on spectrum of the received radiations is considered. The method of determining the location of reflection areas is proposed.

Technology Gap, Convergence of Economic Growth: Empirical Test Based on Provincial Panel Data

This paper introduces technology gap to endogenous technology growth model,and examinesthe relationship of technology gap,economic growth and economic convergence with region panel data of1997—2013 in China. The results show that:( 1) Technological progress presents inverted V-shaped direction and area's feature is outstanding; there exists nonlinear relation between technology gap and economic growth;the threshold effect is remarkable; eastern regions are generally located in the left of the threshold and central and western regions in the right.( 2) The macro economics and regional economics behave the ! convergence and club convergence respectively; the eastern average annual convergence speeds faster than the western; the technical gap increase will hinder technological progress and growth. Therefore,areas in China should pinpoint their technology and economic level,and select technology which corresponds to their resources endowment.The minority of developed eastern areas which has crossed the threshold of technology gap shall pay more attention to independent innovation. We shall adjust the structure of human capital in order to fit physical capital accumulation,economic development level and the level of technology introduction,guide human capital from the eastern developed regions to central and western regions,strengthen basic education and construct multilevel education system,guarantee the long-term effectiveness and multi-levels of human capital,and train professional experts in order to solve the imbalance between supply and demand.

Linking Wide-ranging Geometrical and Non-geometrical Glazing Options for Daylight Effectiveness Estimation at an Early Design Stage

This paper consists a first numerical approach to evaluate the main geometrical and non-geometrical characteristics of glazed areas and evaluate their influence on the daylight conditions and the visual comfort in the adjoining spaces. Since visual comfort is the main factor of well-being and also influences the occupant to produce measurable, long term improvements in his professional performance providing higher quality services, we decided to focus our case study on an office room prototype (3m x 3m x 5.40m) where openings exist only in the one side. Hence, the present work is a case study where a numerical approach limited on daylight calculation is presented. As literature reveals, the transparency and the roughness of the glazed area as well as the length and the height are important parameters in the daylighting design of office buildings. So, the present paper presents a singular case study where a simplified methodology on the basis of a classic composite DOE method is employed, to predict the daylight factor for different simulation scenarios applied to a given 3D geometry. The entire numerical analysis is developed through computer simulation using DIALux 4.5© as a tool. Then a parametric study has been conducted, where the influence of each investigated parameter that concerns the main geometrical and non-geometrical glazed area's characteristics (length, height, transparency and roughness of the glazing area) is investigated and expressed in the form of adjoining coefficient values, while the mean daylight factor in the working plane is evaluated in detail. As a conclusion, the main aim of this paper is to define and evaluate the influence of each investigated parameter linking selected geometrical and non-geometrical characteristics through statistical modeling via a polynomial function, in order to provide essential information for daylight effectiveness assessment at early design stages to maximize occupant's visual comfort in office buildings according to the international standards.

Comparison of Preferred Features in Spatial Composition for Shared Housing between Rural and Urban Elderly

Shared housing for elderly people, where several elderly people live together, gains attention as a means to prevent the lonely death of elderly people and continuously maintain their social relations. The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics planned through rural and urban areas-residing elderly people's participation in the shared housing spatial composition by area. This study conducted a small scale workshop panel method that targeted small group, but through which extensive information can be acquired, as a qualitative method. This study targeted 16 elderly people aged 65 and over living in rented apartments in rural and urban areas by dividing them two groups by area, namely into four groups. A total of 12 workshop sessions were held with three sessions at a time through a certain time interval. As a result of the study, the elderly people showed positive responses to the shared housing, irrelevant of area. As time went on, the workshop panel method's effect was revealed through consolidated positive attitude and agreement of different opinions. The shared housing for elderly people is valuable as a residential alternative for elderly people, and differentiated supply of the shared housing for elderly people, according to residential area's characteristics, is suggested.

Classification of residential areas according to physical vulnerability to natural hazards: a case study of Çanakkale, Turkey

The selection of new settlement areas and the construction of safe buildings, as well as rendering built-up areas safe, are of great importance in mitigating the damage caused by natural disasters. Most cities in Turkey are unprepared for natural hazards. In this paper, Çanakkale, located in a first-degree seismic zone and sprawled around the Sartçay Delta, is examined in terms of its physical vulnerability to natural hazards. Residential areas are analysed using GIS (geographic information system) and remote-sensing technologies in relation to selected indicators. Residential areas of the city are divided into zones according to an evaluation of geological characteristics, the built-up area's features, and urban infrastructure, and four risk zones are determined. The results of the analysis show that the areas of the city suitable for housing are very limited. In addition, the historical centre and the housing areas near Sartçay stream are shown to be most problematic in terms of natural disasters and sustainability.

Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City

The Lower Side of Manhattan is rich in stories -- of poor immigrants who flocked there in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; of beatniks, hippies, and artists who peopled it mid-century; and of the real estate developers and politicians who have always shaped what is now termed the East Village. Today, the musical Rent plays on Broadway to a mostly white and suburban audience, MTV exploits the neighborhood's newly trendy squalor in a film promotion, and on the Internet a cyber soap opera and travel-related Web pages lure members of the middle class to enjoy a commodified and sanitized version of the neighborhood.In this sweeping account, Christopher Mele analyzes the political and cultural forces that have influenced the development of this distinctive community. He describes late nineteenth-century notions of the Lower Side as a place of entrenched poverty, ethnic plurality, political activism, and low culture that elicited feelings of revulsion and fear among the city's elite and middle classes. The resulting -- and ongoing -- struggle between government and residents over affordable and decent housing has in turn affected real estate practices and urban development policies. Selling the Lower Side recounts the resistance tactics used by community residents, as well as the impulse on the part of some to perpetuate the image of the neighborhood as dangerous, romantic, and bohemian, clinging to the marginality that has been central to the identity of the Village and subverting attempts to portray it as and improved. Ironically, this very image of urban grittiness has been appropriated by a cultural marketplace hungry for new fodder.Mele explores the ways that developers, media executives, and others have coopted the area's characteristics -- analyzing the Village as a style provider where what is being marketed is difference. The result is a visionary look at how political and economic actions transform neighborhoods and at what happens when a neighborhood is what is being consumed.

Geographic Information and Global Positioning Systems for Tree Management

Among the number of GIS software packages available, IDRISI and Maplnfo have the most wideranging applications to land use. For this project, Maplnfo was employed to process and store environmental and map data. Three tasks required attention prior to the analysis of data: 1) accurate cartographic survey and grid referencing of the area's features including tree positions; 2) formatting of map data to construct a GIS map; and 3) in-depth tree survey data collection including hazard assessment and amenity valuation.

Expert-based method for the evaluation of visual absorption capacity of the landscape

This paper describes a method for the evaluation of visual absorption capacity of open spaces rich in natural and visual landscape resources. “Visual absorption capacity” is defined as the landscape's ability to absorb physical changes without transformation in its visual character and quality. The method utilised evaluates the visual absorption capacity on the basis of two groups of factors: the first includes physical changes that are caused by development features such as earthworks, buildings and structures, linear development (pipelines, etc.), outdoor recreation facilities and forest plantations. The second is concerned with biophysical characteristics of the area, renewal potential of vegetation and the visual exposure of the area to observers. The method used is based on data processed from existing surveys and on intensive use of experts in the field to quantify, classify and evaluate the area's characteristics and of potential changes as a result of development of various land uses. Experts were used where there was a lack of documented information on the area; of knowledge on potential impacts and in cases where there was disagreement on the visual value of natural resources. The immediate outputs of the method were computer-printed maps displaying six levels—from low capacity areas, in which the location of an activity is likely to cause visual change in the character of the area, to high capacity areas, in which the visual impact of development will be minimal. The method has been used so far in several regions with various geographical characteristics and was found to be effective and easy to apply.