Areal Elements Research Articles

THE MALE OPILLIA MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF RELIEF

The Male Opillia morphological analysis of relief has been carried out on the basis of constructed morphological maps on the scale of 1:50 000 for the key part of the Zubra – Sukhodilka watershed. The morphological mapping lies in taking into consideration dotted, linear and areal elements of relief. The absolute heights of the study area are between 255 and 405 meters high (highland level – 330-405 m, lowland level (main valleys) – 255–290 m). The relative heights of the Zubra River Basin are between 50 and 100 m, Davydivka–Sukhodilka River Basin – between 70 and 130 m. Four main linear elements of relief are thalwegs, combes, convex and concave bends. The most common linear elements are thalwegs. They are the bottoms of shallow river valleys, arroyos, and largest gullies. The main direction of linear reach is diagonal (NW–SE). The convex bends delineate the highland surfaces and flats. They also separate gentle watershed slopes from steep valley slopes. The concave bends usually are the borders of greater river valleys. These elements of relief are entirely isolated, which demonstrates a discernible contact between slopes and bottoms. The combes are the least common linear elements. It is connected with the roundness and alignment of highland surfaces and a small number of sudden changes of directions of horizontals on the straightforward slopes. The dotted elements of relief are submitted as high points. Most high points are rounded. The areal elements of relief are submitted as highland (watershed) surfaces, flats, bottoms of valleys, and different shapes of slopes, according to the cross-section and plan. The highland surfaces are quite noticeable. Their absolute height is estimated between 350 and 380 m. The highland surfaces don’t occupy the upper parts of interfluves; they are divided into two parts. The shape of highland surfaces is strongly stretched along. The nature of morphology of the surface of relief is weakly curved and flat according to the cross-section, and weakly curved and wavy according to the longitude. The surfaces of the flats are subhorizontal elements of relief, which are an intermediate position in relief. These surfaces are bounded by one or two concave bends. The bottoms of the valleys of the Zubra are 190–770 m in width, the Davydivka – 190–770 m, the Sukhodilka – 140-820 m. The shape of the cross-section is predominantly flat, and only in shallow valleys it’s partly concave. The slopes occupy much of the study area so that they prevail over subhorizontal surfaces. The convex slopes prevail; the least common are concave slopes. Key words: morphological analysis of relief; morphological map; elements of relief; Male Opillia.

Linear woody landscape elements may help to mitigate leaf surface loss caused by the cereal leaf beetle

ContextWoody semi-natural habitats serve as permanent habitats and hibernation sites for natural enemies and, through spillover processes, they play an important role in the biological control of insect pests. However, this service is also dependent on the amount and configuration of the dominating woody habitat types: linear landscape elements (hedgerows, shelterbelts), and more evenly extended plantations. Relating natural enemy action to the landscape context can help to identify the effect of woody habitats on biological control effectiveness.ObjectivesIn the Central European agricultural landscapes such as in the Hungarian lowlands, where our study took place, woody linear elements are characterised by high, while woody areal elements, mostly plantations, by low biological and structural diversity. In this study, we aimed to determine which composition and configuration of woody linear and areal habitats in the landscape may enhance the effect of natural enemy action on plant damage caused by the cereal leaf beetle (CLB, Oulema melanopus).MethodsHerbivory suppression by natural enemies was assessed from the leaf damage difference between caged and open treatments. These exclusion experiments were carried out in 34 wheat fields on plants with controlled CLB infections. The results were related to landscape structure, quantified by different landscape metrics of both woody linear and areal habitats inside buffers between 150 and 500 m radii, surrounding the wheat fields.ResultsThe exclusion of natural enemies increased the leaf surface loss caused by CLBs in all fields. Shelterbelts and hedgerows in 150–200 m vicinity of the wheat fields had a strong suppressing effect on CLB damage, while the presence of plantations at 250 m and further rather impeded natural enemy action.ConclusionsOur results indicate that shelterbelts and hedgerows may provide a strong spillover of natural enemies, thus contribute to an enhanced biological control of CLBs.

Geospatial and Artificial Neural Network Applications for Prioritization of Watershed Prediction

Characteristics of the river basin formed by natural factors and non-natural factors that makes up an ecosystem. One of the characters that create the river basin of the physical element is morphometry. Morphometry has three parameters such as linear, relief, and areal. The linear aspect consist of stream order (U), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb), stream length ratio (Rl), bifurcation ratio (Rb). Relief aspect consists of basin relief (Bh), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn). Areal elements comprise drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (T), form factor (Rf), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lg), constant channel maintenance (C). This study aims to analyze the characteristics of watershed morphometry and implement Geographical Information System (GIS) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to get watershed priority predictions. After analyze, the prioritization based on morphometry that is six sub-watershed with very high priority, two sub-watershed with high priority, four sub-watershed with medium priority and five sub-watershed have low priorities. From the test results by measuring method using a neural network based, it is known that neural network algorithms yield accuracy values 90.00%, and class precision 90.82 %. The model produced satisfactory results and showed a very good agreement between the predicted and observed data.

Morphometric Characteristics of Wadi Koysenjaq Basin In Erbil Using GIS

This study aims for building a database of the morphometric characteristics of the valley of Koysenjaq basin throughout the analysis of the digital elevation model (DEM), using a range of geographic information systems, such as (Arc GIS v. 10.3), (Global Mapper v.18), as a means of measuring raster, linear and areal elements. They integrate together to produce a large number of variables and morphometric measurements. The study has adopted digital elevation model data accuracy of distinctive accuracy (14) meters in addition to a range of maps and satellite images. The basin is located in the southeast southeast of Erbil Governorate and has a small area of about (549.56) km2, with a length of (34.26) km and long Perimeter compared with its large area (133.92) km. The basin has characteristics of different morphometric features as a result of the different climate change, geological nature, morphology, and characteristics of the soil, which indicates that the basin is at the beginning of its geomorphological cycle. The quantitative analysis shows that the value of the elongation is (0.68), circulation is (0.38) and the form factor is (0.46). This means that it is rectangular, and irregular in shape, and it obvious from the study of the characteristics of terrain that the value of basin relief is high (28.27) m/km, and passes in the early stage of maturity according to hypsometric integration value. The study shows the characteristics of the drainage network in the basin consists of (433) tributary distributed (6) arranged according to Strahler classification with low-density drainage (1.13) km/km2 and stream frequency for basin (0.78) stream/km2. This indicates that the number of tributaries of water is few compared with the area of the basin, so that the basin was not exposed to floods. The study recommends the use of more geographic information systems in determining the extent of seasonal drainage of the basin valleys in order to control the future flood risk, and good planning of the investment of these valleys in different fields through the construction of dam at the end of the basin for the purpose of harvesting water, and conducting morphometric studies compared to other river basins in Erbil Governorate to understand in detail its morphometric properties.

Surface charge method for molecular surfaces with curved areal elements I. Spherical triangles

Parametrizing a curved surface with flat triangles in electrostatics problems creates a diverging electric field. One way to avoid this is to have curved areal elements. However, charge density integration over curved patches appears difficult. This paper, dealing with spherical triangles, is the first in a series aiming to solve this problem. Here, we lay the ground work for employing curved patches for applying the surface charge method to electrostatics. We show analytically how one may control the accuracy by expanding in powers of the the arc length (multiplied by the curvature). To accommodate not extremely small curved areal elements, we have provided enough details to include higher order corrections that are needed for better accuracy when slightly larger surface elements are used.

The effect of volumetric (3D) tactile symbols within inclusive tactile maps

Point, linear and areal elements, which are two-dimensional and of a graphic nature, are the morphological elements employed when designing tactile maps and symbols for visually impaired users.However, beyond the two-dimensional domain, there is a fourth group of elements – volumetric elements – which mapmakers do not take sufficiently into account when it comes to designing tactile maps and symbols.This study analyses the effect of including volumetric, or 3D, symbols within a tactile map. In order to do so, the researchers compared two tactile maps. One of them uses only two-dimensional elements and is produced using thermoforming, one of the most popular systems in this field, while the other includes volumetric symbols, thus highlighting the possibilities opened up by 3D printing, a new area of production.The results of the study show that including 3D symbols improves the efficiency and autonomous use of these products.

Plant diversity and floristic characters of the alpine subnival belt flora in the Hengduan Mountains,SWChina

AbstractThere have been few studies of the alpine subnival belt flora in the Hengduan Mountains (HM), which host remarkable biodiversity. To extend knowledge of this flora, we examined published florae, herbarium specimens, and field observations (and material) collected by both ourselves and others. In total, 942 seed plant species have been recorded in the belt, representing 168 genera and 48 families. Twenty‐four large families (with ≥10 species) are present, represented by 873 species (92.68% of the total). These include Asteraceae, Saxifragaceae, and Brassicaceae (146, 82, and 71 species, respectively). There are also 27 large genera (represented by ≥10 species), collectively contributing 587 species (62.31%) to the flora, includingSaxifraga,Corydalis, andSaussurea(75, 55, and 49 species, respectively). Areal elements represented by the highest numbers of genera are the North temperate, Sino‐Himalaya, and Old World temperate elements (39.88%, 14.29%, and 12.50%, respectively), while the Hengduan Mountains, Sino‐Himalaya, and Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau elements are most species‐rich (355, 281, and 161 species, respectively), collectively accounting for 84.61% species of the known flora. Of these, 295 species (31.32%) are endemic to the Sino‐Himalayan alpine subnival belt and 151 (16.03%) strictly endemic to the alpine subnival belt of the HM. These findings indicate that the flora is young, strongly differentiated, probably developed as a result of the plateau's uplift, and speciation has been accelerated by the harsh environment and strong heterogeneity of niches.

On complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the velocity gradient

According to Bertrand’s Theorem [J. Bertrand, Théorème relatif au mouvement le plus général d’un fluide, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 66, (1867) 1127–1230], at any point in a continuum, at any time, there exists at least one infinitesimal material line element whose direction does not change, instantaneously. This direction is along an eigenvector of the velocity gradient tensor corresponding to a real eigenvalue. Corresponding to this eigenvalue there is also an infinitesimal material area element whose direction does not change, instantaneously. The Theorem does not address the question as to properties associated with complex eigenvalues of the velocity gradient. This note fills the gap. It is shown that corresponding to a complex eigenvalue there are two invariant ellipses, one associated with material line elements and the other with material areal elements.

Simulation of Oil Recovery By Polymer Flooding

Abstract An experimental and mathematical investigation of oil recovery and sweep efficiency obtained in a two-dimensional polymer flood, for both single and two-phase (oil and water) flow, is presented. The mathematical models developed utilize the concept 'of the polymer resistance factor, and its possible variation with throughput past any given point in the flow pattern. The models were validated on the basis of good agreement observed between the predicted and the experimental results. Experimental displacements were conducted in both homogeneous and heterogeneous two-dimensional transparent models, representing a quadrant of a five-spot pattern. Resistance factors under two-phase flow conditions were determined and it was shown that the average mobility of the displacing phase across a linear element of the porous medium used can be calculated as a function of throughput for this element. This technique was generalized for areal elements, and was incorporated in the mathematical models. The single-phase, two-dimensional model considered a flow system in which the mobility of the displacing liquid was changing with time behind the flood front. The two-phase, two-dimensional model involved the simultaneous solution of the basic partial differential equations for two-phase flow. The model was used to simulate experimentally observed behaviour and to investigate two-phase flow in various heterogeneous patterns. Good agreement was observed between the predicted and the experimental polymer floods. The improvement due to the use of polymer was approximately 12 to 20 per cent for oil recovery and 10 to 20 per cent for sweep efficiency. INTRODUCTION IN RECENT YEARS, much attention has been focused on the use of dilute solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymers as waterflooding agents. These polymers lead to an improvement in the water/oil mobility ratio, by increasing the viscosity and decreasing the effective permeability to water, as a result of which both the displacement and the sweep efficiencies (areal and vertical) are improved, so that the oil recovery is higher. It has also been shown that the use of polymer solutions produces a more uniform flood front, because flow of the displacing fluid in the more permeable zones of the reservoir is retarded, and viscous fingering and bypassing of the, less permeable sections is minimized. A number of authors have proposed methods for predicting the performance of a polymer flood. Graue(1) proposed a calculation technique applicable to a linear system composed of noncommunicating layers, similar to the method of Dykstra and Parsons(2) for waterflood performance prediction under similar conditions. Jewett and Schurz(3), and Patton and Coats(4) proposed computational methods for linear floods, adapted for a five-spot geometry through the assumption of a system of flow channels connecting the injection and production wells. In a recent publication, Mungan(5) presented results of an extensive investigation of the rheological characteristics, temperature stability, adsorption and oil recovery efficiency of "Dow Pusher" polymer solutions having various concentrations and salt contents. Results of polymer floods in a five-spot Hele-Shaw model were also reported, showing that, unlike linear flow systems, the oil recovery showed a considerable improvement when polymer solution, rather than water, was employed.

MECHANISM AND LAWS OF METROPOLITANIZATION

I. The purpose of the studyRegional planning must cover a wide area and have a long range plan. For that purpose, it is necessary to investigate and study the regional struture of a metropolitan area and the mechanism and laws of metropol itanization. II. The method of the study 1. The conception of metropolitanization is defined in this study as follows It is a process in which a metropolitan community with commerce-and-industry-centered system and metropolitan-domination-organization come into existence. 2. The validity of Nara Basin as a field is proved by area collation. 3. In order to investigate the laws and mechanism of the differentiation and resolution from agricul-ture-centered-system to commerce-and-industry-centered system: a) 437 regional cells are abstracted in Nara Basin; b) the differentiation and resolution of a regional cell are Strukturzuzammenhang of various regional elements from which economic functions, landscape and social structure are abstracted as dominatiog regional element complexes by factor analysis. c) Out of the features that show the differentiation and resolution of agriculture-centered system in the above-mentioned three regional element-complexes, four are chosen and indexed; d) in each of the three major regional element-complexes the differentiation and resolution gradients of 437 cells are measured and arranged with evolution at one pole and stagnation at another, and as a result, one dimentional (simple) continuum is obtained ; it is classified and 5-13 similar types are established; e) in establishing and arranging those similar types, Strukturzuzammenhang in the three element-complexes is analyzed by x2 authorization and dialectics. 4. In order to investigate the laws and mechanism in the reorganization process of the regional structure from medium and small city-centered organization to metropolitan-orgnization ; a) taking as an index the number of the commuters to and from Osaka City and a population that moves into there, Hanshin metropolitan area is abstracted; b) the extension of a metropolitan area is Strukturzuzammenhang of various regional elements and by means of factor analysis a metropolitan core and small medium city regional cell are abstracted as dominating regional structural units participating in this mechanism; c) taking as an index economic function area which is made up of three major regional structural units, Hanshin metropolitan area is classified into four functional unit areas; with each area, the structure of the three major regional units is examined, and according to the result of that examination, Hanshin metropolitan area is classified into four structural areas; d) dialectics is applied to the above-mentioned three major regional strucural units in order to clarify the relational mechanism-spatial order in four structural unit areas; III. Results 1. In metropolitanization the following process occurs; a) concentration of capital and population in a metropolitan area b) that concentration becomes structurally related with other areal elements c) it is transformed into regional energy in accordance with the law of Umschlagen von Quantität in Quantität d) regional energy extends in space and time to the areas which are not organized yet, following the law of chained reflex 2. There are two laws operating in the process of metropolitanization; that is to say, the differentiation and resolution of regional function from agriculture-centered system to commerce-and-industry-cen-tered system, and the reorganization of regional structure from small and medium city centered organization to metropolitan-domination-organization. These two functions interact and condition each other.