Areal Contact Research Articles

О некоторых редких и малоизвестных военных терминах в монгольских летописях XVII в.

Goals. The study attempts etymological analyses of several rare military terms attested in 17th-century Mongol chronicles. The following terms are specifically touched upon in the article: aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ ‘base camp’, bayirildu- ‘to battle each other, fight a battle’, bulγaldu- ‘to fight each other or together’, čaγuraγul- ‘to send on a military campaign’, ide- ‘to capture and plunder (a city)’, nengde- ‘to attack unexpectedly’, niγtarqa- ‘to be in close order’, toyin ‘(military) camp’. All these terms are either totally unattested in the dictionaries of written Mongolian, or used with unique or rare meanings in sources, and reflect important features of military structure in the era of the Mongol Empire. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes three Mongol chronicles of the 17th century, namely: Quriyangγui Altan tobči ‘Brief Golden Summary’ (ca. 1604 to 1634, or mid-to-late 17th century), Erdeni tunumal neretü sudur ‘The Jewel Translucent Sūtra’ (ca. 1607), and Altan tobči ‘Golden Summary’ by Blo-bzaṅ bstan-’jin (ca. 1651 to 1655, or late 17th – early 18th century). The work employs a number of research methods inherent to comparative-historical linguistics and textology. Results. The article presumes the Mongol Empire’s military structure still remained more or less efficient — with some modifications — when the examined Mongol chronicles were being compiled, but completely lost its relevance in subsequent times. In view of this, only a small number of medieval military terms have survived in modern Mongolic languages, sometimes greatly changed in meaning (aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ), used only as obsolete forms (bulγa/bulγaldu-) or bound morphemes (ča’ur). Conclusions. The paper suggests some of the terms are of foreign origin and bear obvious traces of the intensive areal contacts between Mongolic and neighboring languages, notably Turkic (aγuraγ ~ aγuruγ, bulγa(-), toyi/n), Tungusic (nen(g)de-), and Khitan (ča’ur) ones. Some are attested as hapax legomena in individual chronicles (bayirildu-, čaγuraγul-, niγtarqa-), while others articulate highly specific meanings that have no parallels in our sources, and thus either correspond to the semantics of the donor forms (toyi/n) or possibly reflect the influence of local dialects of that time (ide-).

Retracing labial-velar consonants in Mbum (Adamawa)

Labial-velar consonants, which are typologically rather rare in the languages of the world, have been used for both genealogical and areal classification purposes. The claim that their occurrence mainly signals areal contact (e.g. Güldemann 2008), has been criticized by scholars (cf. Cahill 2017, Childs 2017) who point out a possible genealogical development in multiple language families of Africa. In this paper, we analyse contemporary and historical data on Mbum varieties from the Adamawa plateau in Cameroon and closely related languages of the Kebi-Benue family to approach the question whether labial-velars are transmitted merely through contact in these languages or warrant a genealogical explanation. The bottom-up approach leads to an interpretation of the current distribution of labial-velars that has both elements in it: There are arguments for reconstructing labial-velars for the Proto-Kebi-Benue level, but certain specifics of their geographical distribution also hint at a contact explanation.

Juncture-Verb Constructions in Northeastern Kalahari Khoe: A comparative perspective

Multiverbal predicates constitute a defining feature of the Kalahari Basin linguistic area of southern Africa encompassing the Kx’a, Tuu, and Khoe-Kwadi language families. Here, we focus on a complex predicate type restricted to the Khoe-Kwadi family’s Khoe branch which involves a linker morpheme and is thus referred to as Juncture-Verb Construction (JVC). While JVCs have synchronically been interpreted as Serial Verb Constructions (SVC), their origin and relationship with SVCs in the narrower sense as found in the Kx’a and Tuu families remain debated. The Kalahari Khoe languages Ts’ixa, Shua and Northern Tshwa spoken along the northeastern Kalahari Basin fringe present a convenient case study to expand the descriptive corpus on Khoe JVCs while addressing the limits of areal spread and contact influence. We show that all languages under consideration present JVCs with formal and functional properties corresponding to those found in other Kalahari Khoe languages, while also sharing features with SVCs as attested in the Kx’a and Tuu families. Both JVCs and SVCs contrast with conjoined predicates and are defined by single-eventhood. JVCs cover the same semantic domains found among SVCs of the Kx’a and Tuu families, can be subdivided into symmetrical and asymmetrical constructions, and show the same potential for lexicalization and grammaticalization, respectively.

Effective thermal conductivity of packed beds made of cubical particles

This work addresses the parameterization of the Zehner-Bauer-Schlünder model (ZBS), a standard model for the determination of the effective thermal conductivity of packed beds, based on thermal simulations in ANSYS. Data are presented for the effective thermal conductivity of packed beds of cubical particles, obtained from simulations of heat conduction in particle systems generated by rigid body dynamics using the open-source software Blender. The particle-to-gas thermal conductivity ratio is varied over many orders of magnitude in these simulations. Punctual validation is provided by heat conduction measurements with cubes made of plastic and aluminum in air. Structural results are validated by micro-computed X-ray tomography. Emphasis is set on bed porosity and on the relative interparticle contact area. Comparisons elucidate ZBS behavior at the limit of non-conducting particles. In the region of medium particle-to-fluid conductance, ZBS shape factor is for the first time evaluated for cubes. At high solid conductance, the effective thermal conductivity of the bed is dominated by areal contacts between particles. Such contacts are large with cubes, but they are also shown not to be thermally perfect. Contact imperfection limits the increase in bed conductivity with increasing particle conductivity and requires the introduction of an additional empirical parameter in the ZBS model. In total, a full parametric setting of ZBS is provided for cubical particles. Several sets of this kind would help to generalize the model for applicability to particles of arbitrary shape.

Issues of comparative Uralic and Altaic studies (10): On the local case markers in Mongolic

This paper discusses the diachronic status of the local case markers in Mongolic, as compared with the other “Micro-Altaic” languages. In spite of some striking superfi cial similarities, it is shown that the local case markers in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic have separate origins, though it cannot be ruled out that they have secondarily infl uenced each other in the context of areal contacts. Mongolic has two secondary “dative” (dative-locative) markers, *-DUr and *-D-A-, of which the former is likely to be based on the spatial *dota-r(-) ‘inside’, while the latter involves a combination of the spatial formative *-d- with the primary “locative” (locative-dative) case marker *-A. The suffi xalization of the spatial *dota-r(-) in Mongolic is parallelled by the analogous development of the spatial *doo ‘inside’ in Tungusic. The formal similarity of the spatial roots *dota- and *doo can be accidental, but it could also refl ect a material connection of either the areal or the genetic type.

Contact resistance optimization for development of thermoelectric modules based on bismuth telluride nanowires

This paper presents a study of the contact resistance between a metal M (M = Ni, Pt, and Au) and an array of n-type Bi2Te3−xSex thermoelectric nanowires deposited through the electrodeposition process in the alumina membrane. Contact resistances between different metals and thermoelectric nanowires have been tested and characterized after optimization of the mechanical thinning and polishing process of the top part of the membrane. A low areal contact resistance of 87 µΩ cm2 obtained with Au as the contact electrode is very encouraging for the development of thermoelectric modules based on nanowires in their membranes.

Words of Turkic origin in ancient Greek

The article notes the functioning of turkisms in many languages of the world, including Greek, English, French, Russian and other languages. It is known that the Turks established socio-political and cultural ties with many ancient peoples, and sometimes settled on the territories of these peoples or in areas close to them. Such areal contacts caused language and lexical borrowings.N.A. Baskakov in the book “Russian surnames of Turkish origin”, wrote that the origins of 300 noble Russian families go back to Turkic roots, including genealogy and the scientist A.Kh. Khalikov notes numerous Turkic words in the Russian language. In the book “500 generations of Turkish-Bulgarian-Tatar origin, known as Russian”, he explores 500 surnames of Turkic origin. In the book “Turks in the ancestral roots of the Russians” also gives information about the origin of the Turks and the Turkic generations, known as the Russian generation. According to Chingiz Aitmatov, one third of Russian words are Turkic.Similar language Turkish loanwords are observed in ancient Greek and modern Greek, which is the subject of this article. According to some researchers, the Indo-European languages on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula appeared thanks to the Greeks. Even in ancient times, researchers noted that in the territory of modern Greece once lived people who did not speak the Indo-European language, which is approximately 2500 BC. The era of 2500-1600 BC is associated with the Hittites, later the Greeks settled on the territory of Hellas.According to some researchers, the most ancient inhabitants of the territory of Ancient Greece were the traki, whose language was later assimilated with the language of the hittites, and then the Greeks. In ancient scandinavian sources, there are relics of the language of tracts belonging to the Western branch of the proturks, which is confirmed by the praturkian vocabulary and onomastics. The Greek-Turkic language substrata and units imprinted in ancient Greek confirm the presence of Turkic loanwords, which have not lost their relevance in modern language contacts between Turkish and Greek

Significance testing of the Altaic family

AbstractHistorical linguists have been debating for decades about whether the classical comparative method provides sufficient evidence to consider Altaic languages as part of a single genetic unity, like Indo-European and Uralic, or whether the implicit statistical robustness behind regular sound correspondences is lacking in the case of Altaic. In this paper, I run a significance test on Swadesh-lists representing Turkish, Mongolian and Manchu to see if there are regular patterns of phonetic similarities or correspondences among word-initial phonemes in the basic vocabulary that cannot be expected to have arisen by chance. The methodology draws onOswalt (1970),Ringe (1992),Baxter & Manaster Ramer (2000)and Kessler (2001,2007). The results only partially point towards an Altaic family: Mongolian and Manchu show significant sound correspondences, while Turkish and Mongolian show some marginally significant phonological similarity, that might however be the consequence of areal contact. Crucially, Turkish and Manchu do not test positively under any condition.1

Degree of Affinity Between the Korean *mōi(h), *mōró and Japanese *mǝ́rí against the Altaic *mōr[u] “tree, forest” (According to Starostin’s Version)

The article has an attempt to prove the genetic level of relationship between the Korean *mōi(h), *mòró “1) mountain; 2) forest” and Japanese *mǝ́rí “forest” that reach the Altaic *mōr[u] “tree, forest”. It is based on the comparison of the genetic matches of the Korean and Japanese languages, proposed by Starostin in The Global Lexicostatistical Database “Babel Tower”. The three versions of the degree of affinity between these languages are provided: genetic (according to Kyzlasov) and universal (according to Burykin), as well as its absence (according to Vynogradov). A historical note on the Korean-Japanese linguistic relations with the assumption of the areal contacts has been presented.Although the reconstruction of the Altaic took place based on the reconstructed etymons from different language groups: 1) Mongolian *mo-du (< *mor-du) “tree”; 2) Tungus Manchu *mō “tree”, the article focuses on 3) Korean *mōi(h), *mòró “1) mountain; 2) forest” and Japanese *mǝ́rí “forest”.In the process of the study, an attempt was made to prove the genetic relationship between the Korean and Japanese languages based on the phonomorphological processes that appeared to be common to these languages: 1) the law of prosody as a doctrine of emphasis in the Altaic languages, where the presence of low and high tones, as well as musical accent is observed; 2) the law of articulation; 3) the law of the morphemic structure of words, the effect of which is to fix the law of composition for the Korean and Japanese languages. In this case, the actions of certain laws are typical only for the Korean language: 1) the law of palatalization of the sonorat phoneme /m/, which hardness / softness becomes soft /m'/ in the Modern Korean language; 2) the law of articulation while pronouncing the palatalized consonants; 3) the law of harmony of vowels; 4) the law of prosody, in particular the presence of a long tone and force accent; the Japanese language: 1) the law of articulation, while pronouncing the velar consonants; 2) the law of the morphemic structure of words, in particular the law of the mora as a special unit of the Japanese language, which is absent in the composite languages, as well as the law of open composition.The comparison of the semantic structure of genetic matches has shown that the meaning of “forest” is common to the Korean *mōi(h), *mòró “1) mountain; 2) forest” and Japanese *mǝ́rí “forest” that reach the Altaic *mōr[u] “tree, forest”. Its choice is associated with the archeological culture of the Huns on the system of homebuilding and heating.

Improving Oil Recovery by Use of Carbon Dioxide in the Bakken Unconventional System: A Laboratory Investigation

Summary Compared with a conventional reservoir, the ultralow permeability in the Bakken Formation makes it very challenging to perform normal waterflooding or gasflooding operations. “Permeability-jail” effects cause low injectivity and prevent injected fluids from sweeping oil out of the matrix efficiently. Two distinguishable flow regimes have been identified in fractured, hydrocarbon-rich shale formations: viscous flow in high-permeability fracture networks and diffusion-dominated flow in the low-permeability matrix with high oil saturation. Improving hydrocarbon transport (and technically recoverable resources) in unconventional reservoirs relies on our ability to enhance diffusion-dominated flow from the oil-saturated matrix to the natural- or induced-fracture network, which is the focus of this study. To unlock the unproduced Bakken and Three Forks oil, high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) may be used to enhance the diffusion-dominated flow in the matrix and keep the viscous flow in the fractures under reservoir temperature and pressure conditions (e.g., 230°F and 5,000 psi). Core samples were collected from two Bakken wells, including all oil-bearing intervals: Upper Bakken (UB), Middle Bakken (MB), and Lower Bakken (LB) Members and the Three Forks (TF) Formation. Detailed core analyses were performed to measure petrophysical properties and characterize these units. Ten samples were selected for pore-size-distribution measurement and 21 samples (11-mm-diameter rods) were used for 24-hour CO2 exposures and hydrocarbon-recovery experiments. These experiments were conducted as CO2 “bathing” at reservoir conditions (rather than “flow through” tests) and were aimed at increasing our understanding of the microstructure and diffusion-dominated-flow ability within these tight geologic formations. CO2-exposure and hydrocarbon-extraction experimental results clearly showed the improvement of diffusion-dominated flow in all the Bakken members. The UB and LB samples, characterized by generally high total-organic-carbon (TOC) content (10–15 wt%) and small pore size (approximately 3–7 nm), yielded approximately 60% of the present mature hydrocarbon at the end of the 24-hour exposure. The MB and TF samples, characterized by lower TOC content (<0.5 wt.%) and moderate pore size (approximately 8–80 nm), provided more-favorable flow conditions for CO2 and hydrocarbons, yielding approximately 90% of the mature-hydrocarbon content. Because all experiments were conducted at reservoir conditions, the results demonstrate that diffusion plays a significant role in the mobilization of oil in tight reservoirs. CO2 greatly enhances the diffusion process to improve hydrocarbon transport in the tight matrix. This observation is especially useful for densely fractured shale-oil formations (high surface-area/volume ratio) where CO2 has greater areal contact with the reservoir, enabling CO2 diffusion into the matrix and hydrocarbon diffusion out of the matrix to occur more efficiently (increasing recoverable reserves), and where the fracture networks assist in alleviating potential injectivity challenges.

Phylogeography of asian sockeye salmon <i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i> from the data on variability of mitochondrial SNP loci: analysis of scenarios for post-glacial expansion of the species over Asian Pacific coast

Variability of three SNP loci allocated in the mitochondrial DNA ( One_CO1, One_Cytb_17, One_Cytb_26 ) is analyzed for sockeye salmon from its different habitats from Chukotka to Kuril Islands. Two basic haplotypes (GCC and GTT) are revealed in 20 samples of sockeye ( n = 33-100) from 15 lake-river systems. Their ratio is mostly equal, but GTT haplotype prevails in the populations from Kuril Islands (except Shumshu Island) and is absent in the sample from Commander Islands. This geographical pattern is presumably caused by historical-demographic events related to the species range formation in the middle-late Pleistocene: fragmentation of the areal and subsequent secondary contact between early diverged populations. Two scenarios are discussed, both with multiple expansions of the species to Asia during periods of oceanic transgression after Pleistocene glaciation. According to one of the scenarios, the GTT haplotype has more ancient origin somewhere on the mainland, whereas the GCC appeared much later in the central Kamchatka refugia. The second scenario presumes the origin of both haplotypes on Beringia Bridge where they diverged in the times of middle-Pleistocene (Wurm) glaciation.

Vibrational mismatch of metal leads controls thermal conductance of self-assembled monolayer junctions.

We present measurements of the thermal conductance of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) junctions formed between metal leads (Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd) with mismatched phonon spectra. The thermal conductance obtained from frequency domain thermoreflectance experiments is 65 ± 7 MW/m(2) K for matched Au-alkanedithiol-Au junctions, while the mismatched Au-alkanedithiol-Pd junctions yield a thermal conductance of 36 ± 3 MW/m(2) K. The experimental observation that junction thermal conductance (per molecule) decreases as the mismatch between the lead vibrational spectra increases, paired with results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, suggest that phonons scatter elastically at the metal-SAM interfaces. Furthermore, we resolve a known discrepancy between measurements and MD predictions of SAM thermal conductance by using a contact mechanics model to predict 54 ± 15% areal contact in the Au-alkanedithiol-Au experimental junction. This incomplete contact obscures the actual junction thermal conductance of 115 ± 22 MW/m(2) K, which is comparable to that of metal-dielectric interfaces.

‘To Kill’ and ‘To Die’ (and Other Suppletive Verbs) in Uto-Aztecan

Previous research has noted that verbal suppletion for ergative number agreement (i.e. agreement with the subjects of intransitives and the objects of transitives) is widespread throughout the Uto-Aztecan language family and is therefore reconstructable to Proto-Uto-Aztecan (PUA) (Langacker, 1977). However, no previous works have systematically surveyed the attested forms of suppletion in these languages nor posited specific proposals for reconstructions of particular suppletive morphs back to PUA. We redress this lacuna by surveying the suppletive verbs in the various subgroups of Uto-Aztecan and assessing which of those are sufficiently widespread to reconstruct to PUA. We argue for specific PUA reconstructions for two verbal domains: die and kill, arguing that there were three distinct suppletive verb stems for marking these functions: *muku die.sg, *ko(i) die.pl, and *mɨɁa kill.sg. The plural form of kill in PUA was derived by adding a causative suffix *-ya to the plural stem for die, yielding *ko-ya. Other suppletive verbs in the family are not as easily reconstructable to PUA due to variation in attested forms, although some semantic functions seem to be widespread enough to be reconstructable. The PUA forms serving those functions would have been altered in different ways at different times by a lexical replacement process endemic to cases of strong suppletion, i.e. incursion (Juge, 2000). We also consider the issue of potential areal contact involving suppletion patterns in the areas where Uto-Aztecan languages are spoken, finding limited but suggestive evidence for possible areal effects involving suppletion for verbal number agreement.

Enhanced Electrical and Thermal Interconnects by the Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle Necks Utilizing Capillary Bridging

This work presents enhanced composite joints that support both electrical and thermal transport in electronic packages. The joints are sequentially formed by applying a nanoparticle suspension, evaporating a solvent, self-assembling of nanoparticles by capillary bridging, and the formation of so called “necks” between micrometer-sized features. This sequence is used to either form low temperature electrical joints under copper pillars or enhanced percolating thermal underfills (ePTU) with areal contacts between filler particles of the composite. The report discusses processing aspects of the capillary bridges evolution and of uniform neck formation, it discusses strategies to achieve mechanically stable necks, and it compares the performance of the achieved joints against state-of-the-art solutions. The capillary bridge evolution during liquid evaporation was investigated in copper pillar arrays and random particle beds. The vapor–liquid interface first penetrates locations of low pillar or particle density resulting in a dendritic fluid network. Once the network breaks up, individual necks form. For aqueous nanosuspensions, highly uniform necks with high yield were obtained by evaporation at 60 °C. Isothermal conditions were preferred to yield equal neck counts at the cavity's top and bottom surfaces. Mechanically stable silver necks required an annealing at only 150 °C, dielectric necks an annealing at 140 °C with a bimodal approach. Therein polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles occupy interstitial positions in densly packed alumina necks, then melt and adhere to the alumina. The electrical necks showed a shear strength of 16 MPa, equivalent to silver joints used in power electronic packages. The thermal necks yielded a thermal conductivity of up to 3.8 W/mK, five-fold higher than commercially available capillary thermal underfills.

Three Dutch Creoles in Comparison

Three Dutch creoles, all of them extinct, have been documented, but not all to the same extent. Negerhollands of the Virgin Islands has been documented throughout a 250-year period, Berbice Dutch of Guyana during two decades of solid fieldwork in the 1970s and 1980s, and Skepi Dutch is only known through a handful of sentences and some 200 words collected in the 1970s. In this article, the lexical and grammatical data from the three creoles are compared, to the extent that they are available and comparable. The lexicons are compared on the basis of the etymological sources (from Dutch and other languages, and when the source is Dutch, whether the same or different words provide source for the same meanings), and the phonological and phonotactic patterns of the roots. The grammatical comparison is done initially on the basis of the 10 grammatical traits deductible from the scarce Skepi material, and then on the basis of a larger set of 22 traits, where Skepi could not be taken into account. Typologically, Berbice Dutch appears closer to Dutch than the other two creoles, but lexically it is farthest from Dutch. For some of the analyses, phylogenetic software was used to visualize connections and distances between each of the creoles and Dutch. The conclusion is that the three creoles came into being independently, with some areal contact between Skepi Dutch and Berbice Dutch. It is also argued that the varieties of the 20th-century Negerhollands had become so typologically distinct from those of the 18th century that they should be treated as varieties of two separate languages. The documented forms of the language show a gradual move away from Dutch and toward a more creole-like profile in the 20th century.*

Orthogonally-Oriented Nanotube Arrays: Experiment I

Recently a new type of self-assembling surface has been proposed that, in theory, possesses a number of desirable tribological, electrical, and thermal characterstics. The surface consists of arrays of carbon nanotubes partially embedded lengthwise in a substrate such that when two arrayed surfaces are brought together orthogonally, the areal contact between them is small, limited to a lattice of nearly point-like contacts. These orthogonally-oriented nanotube arrays (ONAs) are predicted to exhibit: (i) surface adhesion (stiction) 10-100 times less than for Teflon or other advanced perfluorocarbons; (ii) frictional coefficients up to 1000 times less than for conventional solids; (iii) ultra-low wear; and (iv) superior thermal and electrical conductivity. In this paper, laboratory methods are described for embedding nanotubes in trenched substrates. Using microscopically trenched substrates and a custom ultrasonic atomization source, experiments show that individual nanotubes can spontaneously and controllably entrench themselves via interfacial forces (capillary and surface tension). Results indicate ONAs might be relatively simply and inexpensively fabricated. More decisive experiments are proposed.

Different carbon based thin films and their microtribological behaviour in MEMS applications

Amorphous carbon based coatings are well known and typically used for high wear resistance and low friction in mechanical contacts and cover a broad variety of application on different metal, ceramic and to some extent also organic substrates. Especially for micro mechanical and micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) dry lubricants are very essential for applications due to the absence of additional sticking and adhesion phenomena usually induced by liquid lubricants. However, besides the development of thin tribological coatings further improvement of the frictional behaviour can be realized by optimizing the contact situation. Novel results on microstructured surfaces coated with a-C:H and a-C films will be discussed. Furthermore an oscillating friction tester for the investigation of flat to flat contact, closing the gap between the common pin-on-disc tester and the single asperity investigations by means of AFM method will be presented. The perspectives and limitations of the micro areal tester as well as the behaviour of areal micro contacts and microstructured surfaces will be discussed. For further reduction of the friction coefficient microstructures and load-optimized contact areas were investigated. Therefore the resulting contact area, correlated with the resulting local pressure, was varied over three orders of magnitude by variation of both width and spacing of the micro pattern in the range of 5–100 μm. For optimized combination of sliding carbon film and micro patterned surfaces the friction coefficient was reduced by more than 30% compared to full area contact.

Influencing factors on microtribology of DLC films for MEMS and microactuators

Due to the low coefficient of friction and the high hardness of diamond-like carbon films they are very interesting for application of microtribological coatings for MEMS and microactuators. In contrast to well established films with a few micron thickness of the microtribological properties of very thin films with a thickness below 300 nm will be influenced additionally by the substrate material and the roughness of the sample surface. Therefore, we investigated the behaviour of micrfriction and wear for substrate materials with varying Young's modulus. Also, the influence of the topography and the contact situation of the counterparts were studied. Using single asperity contact the coefficient of friction decreases with decreasing contact radius and lower Young's modulus of the substrate material (165, 70, 5, 6 GPa) by more than 20%. For areal contact an increase of Young's modulus leads to a decrease of friction. The microtribological properties of the thin films were investigated by AFM-methods, pin-on-disc tests, and a tape ballcratering test.

Wear and abrasiveness of hard carbon-containing coatings under variation of the load

The influence of load on the wear and abrasiveness of hard boron carbide (nominally B 4C) thin films is studied. We analyze the wear and abrasiveness data obtained from pin-on-disk tests in which the disks are coated and the counterparts (sliders) are steel balls. It is assumed that the dominant mechanism for slider wear by these nominally smooth coatings is mechanical abrasion of the slider by nano-scale asperities having relatively large attack angles, i.e. by sharp asperities. We propose a model in which we assume that (1) the abrasiveness of a contact is proportional to the number of asperities in the contact; (2) the areal contact density is uniform; and (3) the effect of increasing the load is to enlarge the initial apparent contact region between the ball and the disk. Using this model, the observed dependence of the wear rate on load follows relationships that are similar to Hertzian relationships.

Linguistische Typologie und Japanisch

Every language is unique as a range of specific cultural-historical phenomena, and so, as a matter of course, is Japanese. The paper argues that this is a trivial point; typological studies will bring insight beyond it. Linguistic typology asks. which constraints hold for a language to be a language, how much can it vary from other languages? In sequence, the paper, thus, takes up 1) typology of morpho-syntactic and lexical structures, 2) historical change of structural types in areal contacts, 3) linguistic behaviour as a social practice and types of such behaviour, and 4) and finally, language as a psychological resource. The fourth question has not yet attained a clear shape, but for 1)-3) it clearly can be shown that Japanese has figured prominently in typological studies and, in each case exhibits features shared with other languages. Japanese has attracted much more attention than other languages that did not belong to the Western domain, in which this kind of linguistics as a scholarly discipline has developed. This attention is due to political and economic concerns of Western states funding linguistic research.