Area Traffic Control Research Articles

Efficient Traffic Control Using Graph Theory: A Comprehensive Overview and Application

The use of graph theory in the area of traffic control is presented in-depth in this article. Urban transport networks have recurring difficulties with congestion, safety, and traffic efficiency. Graph theory offers a methodical and practical solution to these issues. We examine the fundamental ideas of graph theory in further detail, including its applicability to transportation networks and the many kinds of graphs that are employed in traffic control, including their static and dynamic performance. The article shows how graphical algorithms may be used to improve traffic management, including the shortest path method, flow optimisation, and traffic light synchronisation. Furthermore, we show the usefulness of graph theory in smart city traffic light synchronisation, public transit routing, incident management, and ITS integration through case studies and real-world applications. Data collecting, scalability, and the influence of autonomous cars are just a few of the difficulties and future trends in this sector that are highlighted. In conclusion, this study emphasises the crucial part that graph theory plays in raising transportation efficiency and safety. Its incorporation into traffic control systems holds the possibility of creating more flexible and responsive transport networks, enhancing urban sustainability.

Mean Field Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Method for Area Traffic Signal Control

Reinforcement learning is an effective method for adaptive traffic signal control in urban transportation networks. As the number of training rounds increases, the optimal control strategy is learned, and the learning capabilities of deep neural networks are further enhanced, thereby avoiding the limitations of traditional signal control methods. However, when faced with the sequential decision tasks of regional signal control, it encounters issues such as the curse of dimensionality and environmental non-stationarity. To address the limitations of traditional reinforcement learning algorithms applied to multiple intersections, the mean field theory is applied. This models the traffic signal control problem at multiple intersections within a region as interactions between individual intersections and the average effects of neighboring intersections. By decomposing the Q-function through bilateral estimation between the agent and its neighbors, this method reduces the complexity of interactions between agents while preserving global interactions between the agents. A traffic signal control model based on Mean Field Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MFMARL) was constructed, containing two algorithms: Mean Field Q-Network Area Traffic Signal Control (MFQ-ATSC) and Mean Field Actor-Critic Network Area Traffic Signal Control (MFAC-ATSC). The model was validated using the SUMO simulation platform. The experimental results indicate that across different metrics, such as average speed, the mean field reinforcement learning method outperforms classical signal control methods and several existing approaches.

해양 수색구조 정보전달체계 개선 방안

From after the sinking of the Sewol ferry in 2014, ship accidents such as the sinking of small fishing boats have continued, leading to casualties. If the information delivery system is strengthened during the maritime search and rescue process after a ship accident, the loss of life will be reduced. The first way to strengthen maritime search and rescue information delivery systems is to use drones. When using drones, the search video can be shared in real time, and command-and-rescue operations can be effective. The second is the placement of VHF radio facilities. When the VHF radio station is installed in the general situation room in the Regional Headquarters of Korea Coast Guard, direct communication with the ship will be possible if necessary. Finally, it is suggested that the control of coastal passenger ships be expanded during the entire voyage from departure to arrival. Currently, however, passenger ships are controlled only within the vessel traffic service control area. If this information delivery system is improved, large-scale human casualties can be prevented.

IMPLEMENTASI AREA TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (ATCS) SEBAGAI PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI DINAS PERHUBUNGAN KOTA MALANG

The growth of cities and the movement of people who have experienced very rapid development is aimed at an increasing population, increasing income and increasing workforce. This raises the demand for transportation to increase so that it requires solutions to meet the conditions that occur in safe and orderly traffic. One form of solution in improving services on the transportation system is the presence of ATCS. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of the Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) as a public service at the Malang city transportation service. The theory used in this research is the implementation of policies according to George Edward III which there are 4 factors that influence the success or failure of policy implementation. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Data collection was done by means of interviews, observations, and documentation, then the data were analyzed by data collection procedures, data reduction and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the ATCS solution provided by the Malang City Transportation Service has been running well as evidence that the application of ATCS can reduce the level of accidents and congestion that occurs in traffic.

Microclimate investigation of vehicular traffic on the urban heat island through IoT-Based device

Anthropogenic is defined as one of the influencing factors of the climatic phenomenon, called Urban Heat Island (UHI), in which urban areas have higher air temperatures than their rural surroundings. Analyzing the impact of anthropogenic factors, such as vehicular traffic, has implications for the potential benefits of health monitoring systems; however, the spatiotemporal impact of anthropogenic factors, as well as vehicle mobility, has not been thoroughly investigated. This study incorporates vehicle mobility data by leveraging two different sensors; fixed station sensor instruments designed to integrate with the Internet of Things (IoT), and the camera of an area traffic control system (ATCS) that uses CCTV visualization with object detection. Using object detection and time-based traffic volume analysis, we obtain the level of the queue rate (λ) to present the level of the traffic flow based on the average velocity of the vehicle flow. Based on the results, it showed that the average temperature in urban areas is higher than in suburban areas, and the severe traffic jams caused a significant increase in temperature, that is until 7 Celsius when the weather is sunny. In addition, the theoretical UHI (UHIT) model developed in this study can be used to estimate the UHI which is influenced by the queue rate.

Performance Analysis of Bandung City Traffic Flow Classification with Machine Learning and Kriging Interpolation

This research focuses on making classification maps using the Classification And Regression Trees (CART), Random Forest and Ordinary Kriging methods. The dataset used is data from the Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) of the Bandung City Transportation Agency and the Google Maps application in April 2022. After the dataset is obtained, then the data pre-processing process will be carried out then the CART and Random Forest classification learning models will be made, after the CART and Random Forest classification learning is complete. From the CART and Random Forest classification models, traffic congestion classification map will then be made using the ArcMap application with the Ordinary Kriging interpolation method. The results of the comparison of classification maps made with Ordinary Kriging interpolation with the Gaussian Model semivariogram in both methods, namely CART and Random Forest. With the CART method has an accuracy of up to 88% while the classification map made with the Random Forest method has an accuracy of up to 90%. This proves that in this study the Random Forest method is far superior in building classification maps compared to the CART method

Planning bus networks by exploiting GPS trajectories collected by IoT‐enabled vehicles

SummaryGPS traces collected by IoT‐enabled vehicle sensors are highly informative and exploitable in the area of human mobility analysis and traffic control. In this work, we focus on generating effective bus routes and networks by analyzing and exploiting the Taxi GPS trajectories. Specifically, we develop a novel framework for yielding potential bus stations by analyzing passenger boarding and getting spots collected by IoT‐enabled vehicle sensors, a novel ant‐colony‐based heuristic for generating serving routes and further for yielding the bus network. For the model validation purpose, we perform extensive simulations upon a dataset of metropolitan traveling traces and illustrate that our approach definitely beats state‐of‐the‐art ones in terms of the number of people served.

An MFD Construction Method Considering Multi-Source Data Reliability for Urban Road Networks

Road network traffic management and control are the key mechanisms to alleviate urban traffic congestion. With this study, we aimed to characterize the traffic flow state of urban road networks using the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) to support area traffic control. The core property of an MFD is that the network flow is maximized when network traffic stays at an optimal accumulation state. The property can be used to optimize the temporal and spatial distribution of traffic flow with applications such as gating control. MFD construction is the basis of these MFD-based applications. Although many studies have been conducted to construct MFDs, few studies are dedicated to improving the accuracy considering the reliability of different sources of data. To this end, we propose an MFD construction method using multi-source data based on Dempster–Shafer evidence (DS evidence) theory considering the reliability of different data sources. First, the MFD was constructed using VTD and CSD, separately. Then, the fused MFD was derived by quantifying the reliability of different sources of data for each MFD parameter based on DS evidence theory. The results under real data and simulated data show that the accuracy of the constructed MFDs was greatly improved considering the reliability of different data sources (the maximum MFD estimation error was reduced by 22.3%). The proposed method has the potential to support the evaluation of traffic operations and the optimization of signal control schemes for urban traffic networks.

The Implementation of E-government in the Sector Transportation (Studi on Area Traffic Control System Program Resources in Sidoarjo District)

ABSTRACT
 Technological advancements are growing which make the government have to issue policies, due to the large number of road users who create congestion at every intersection in Sidoarjo, the implementation of the Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) program to optimize the implementation of traffic management control systems, in order to create control over traffic violators. traffic and minimize congestion at crossroads. This study aims to determine and analyze resources as for the following indicators; the human resources of the existing officers do their duties and functions well, the budgetary resources are adjusted to local revenues, the equipment resources provide the maximum possible service if there is damage it will be immediately repaired, the authority resources are related to the traffic transportation sector on the road, such as development, development, monitoring, control, and evaluation of communication systems.

Modeling the risk of wrong-way driving at the exit ramp terminals of partial cloverleaf interchanges

Introduction: Partial cloverleaf (parclo) interchanges with closely spaced parallel entrance and exit ramps are more prone to wrong-way driving (WWD) compared to other interchange types. In this study, a logistic regression model was developed to predict the risk of WWD at the exit ramp terminals of parclo interchanges. Method: The logistic regression model was developed using Firth’s penalized likelihood techniques based on the predictor variables such as exit ramp geometric design features, wrong-way related traffic control devices, area type, and traffic volume. Results: According to the model, the significant predictors of WWD at parclo exit ramp terminals include corner radius from crossroad to entrance ramp, type of median on crossroad, width of median on two-way ramp, channelizing island, distance to the nearest access point, “Keep Right” sign, wrong-way arrow, intersection signalization, and traffic volume at the exit and entrance ramps. This model was used to conduct network screening for all the exit ramp terminals of parclo interchanges in Alabama and Georgia to identify high-risk locations in these two states. Seven high-risk locations were monitored by video cameras for 48-hours to observe the occurrences of WWD incidents. Results suggest that two locations in Alabama and two locations in Georgia experienced multiple WWD incidents within 48-hours of a typical weekend. Conclusion: The observation of WWD incidents at high-risk locations demonstrates strong evidence that the model could identify the exit ramp terminals with high risk of WWD. Practical Applications: Transportation agencies can use this model to assess the risk of WWD at the exit ramp terminals within their jurisdictions and identify the high-risk locations for countermeasures implementation.

POINT: Partially Observable Imitation Network for Traffic Signal Control

• This is the first study in the area of traffic signal control that combines the optimization-based signal control algorithm with imitation learning network to generate optimal signal plans in real time. • The proposed model does not need 100% penetration rate of CVs or necessity of complete traffic information in online system. Instead, only partial observable traffic information collected in real time are required for the POINT model. • The proposed model accounts for the stochastic features of traffic flows and diversities of driving behaviors in offline expert signal plan collection. • The proposed model has largely reduced the online computational burden and ready to be implemented in real world. Smart traffic signals bring together transportation infrastructure and advance technologies to improve the mobility and efficiency of urban transportation network. Adaptive traffic signal control studies can be categorized into modeling-based approaches and learning-based approaches. In order to take advantages of these two systems, this study developed an offline-online combined Partial Observable Imitation Network for Traffic signal control (POINT). In the offline system, the traffic signal timing optimization problem was formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) given complete traffic information, i.e., second-by-second speeds and locations of all vehicles. The objective of MINLP is to minimize total travel delays considering individual vehicle trajectories under Connected Vehicle (CV) environment. The calculated optimal solutions under various traffic conditions were considered as the ”expert” decisions. In the online system, an imitation neural network model was developed to learn the ”expert” signal plans generated from offline system. Given partial observable traffic conditions in real time, e.g., the aggregate-level of traffic volume, the POINT model can compute the signal timing parameters in the online system. The numerical results demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed other state-of-the-art signal control method under high and unbalanced traffic demand levels in terms of reducing travel delays and queue length.

Service Quality and Efficiency-Oriented Training Design in Air Traffic Management

The main objective of the air traffic control (ATC) services is to ensure safe, efficient, and expeditious air traffic flow within an airspace or aerodrome according to international rules and regulations. Despite, the development of various automation systems to keep up with these objectives, air traffic control services still rely on radio-telephony (RT) communication which requires exchange of instructions and readbacks between air traffic controllers (ATCOs) and pilots. Although various studies indicate that the less number of instructions are correlated with less a workload and better quality of air traffic services, this is no always so, especially for the high traffic levels at which more instructions are required to maintain safe separation and efficient air traffic flow. Number of instructions can also differentiate depending on the characteristics of airspace and the type of air traffic control (area, approach or aerodrome). In order to obtain a broader insight regarding the quality of service including the air traffic and airspace characteristics, we need to include the effects of flight efficiency in the analysis. This study aims to explore correlation between the quality of service and flight efficiency based on real-time air traffic simulation experiments done on ATCO trainees in ATCOSIMA project. The experiments were carried out on two groups of trainees. The first group had only formal ATC training background while the second group went under an additional training focused on the flight efficiency and the service quality in addition to their formal training background. During the experiments, number of instructions per flight was collected as the indicator of quality of service while the total completion time of flights were collected as the indicator of the flight efficiency. The results of the analysis indicated that the number of instructions was decreased with the additional training but no significant change was observed in the flight completion time. A moderately significant correlation was also observed between the average number of instructions per aircraft and the completion time. In conclusion, a new training method focused on flight efficiency in addition to the formal training improve the quality of service and efficiency level of trainees. The findings of the study can provide important insights for the development of ATCO training and assessment. For the future work, the analysis can be expended for more efficiency indicators including effectiveness of trajectories and environmental impacts.

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN IPv4 DENGAN IPv6 PENGGUNAAN CCTV BERBASIS AREA TRAFFICT CONTROL SECURITY (ATCS)

Internet access is an activity that cannot be separated from the needs of the community, it can be seen from the many activities that use TCP/IP-based internet access. The use of the internet protocol using IPv4 which is currently starting to not meet human needs, it is recommended to be able to implement IPv6 which has a simple header and has a better QoS (Quality of Service). One of these IPv6 is applied to traffic CCTV cameras based on ATCS (Area Traffic Control Security) which works to unify and record traffic activities for 24 hours in the hope that the video streaming results have better network quality.

ConTraEmSis: The Congested Traffic and Emission Index Impact Analysis Amid the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (LSSR) of COVID-19 in Several Cities of West Java, Indonesia

In some metropolitan cities of West Java Province, the urban movability affects to the congested traffic. This study analyzes the congested traffic during the large-scale social re-strictions (LSSR) of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around some metropolitan cities of West Java Province in May-June 2020. The national government of the Republic of Indonesia declared a national’s LSSR just for some the essential and critical activities are being acquiesced still enforce. Our proposed method, namely, ConTraEmSis is contributed to analyze the congested traffic two months from May-June 2020. We exploit the geomatic of the congested traffic in the COVID-19 information & coordination center West Java province (PIKOBAR) dataset for Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi (Bodebek areas), Bandung areas, and whole West Java province areas. We exploit the road transport and traffic management center (RTTM) and area traffic control system (ATCS) and index their data for the Bodebek and Bandung areas. The ConTraEmSis demonstrates that the congested traffic the LSSR of COVID-19 reduces around 18%-49% every month. Instead, the Java government always launch the many good governance policies to support the LSSR of the COVID-19 system. proposed model shows that after the LSSR in 2019 and 2020, is reduced between 3.27% and 5.27%. On the week-day afternoon, we scale down between 4.52% and 4.74%. On the weekend morning, we cut down between 1.3% to 1.5% before and after LSSR of 2019 and 2020, respectively. The congested traffic trends get 24% and 41% in the weekdays and weekends, respectively, since the LSSRs. Onto the weekend afternoon, we perform 13.4% and 14.8% for reducing the CO2 emission index during the LSSR’s 2020. We achieve the important congestion get an emission index lower than 0.3.

IMPLEMENTASI AREA TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM DALAM KONTEKS KEPATUHAN BERLALU LINTAS DI KOTA SERANG

ABSTRACT
 The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of the Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) in the context of traffic compliance in Serang City. Data collection for this research was carried out at the Banten Province Transportation Agency as the party that manages ATCS in Serang City, Serang City Police, and area Serang City Intersection using a descriptive qualitative approach. The researcher Collect the data by using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The result of this research is that the motorists responded positively to the presence of ATCS in Serang City because the presence of ATCS was a form of progress in its own right in Serang City. Motorists are aware of ATCS at several intersection points in Serang City, and drivers feel that they are being watched so they are afraid to violate traffic. However, drivers regretted that the loudspeakers used were not heard clearly and warnings or reprimands were only recorded. This makes a lot of motorists feel indifferent and violate traffic when they are at the Serang City Intersection with ATCS installed. However, the implementation is still not optimal, because the goals and objectives have not been achieved. There are still many traffic violations, then a lack of human resources in terms of numbers or inadequate education, a lack of time resources, and a lack of financial resources. This is also added to the damage to the equipment and the absence of sanctions from ATCS which are the inhibiting factors in implementing ATCS. The determining factor is the support and respect of the community for the Serang city government for the procurement of ATCS.
 Keyword: Implementation, ATCS, Compliance, Traffic

Studi Penerapan Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) Di Beberapa Simpang Kota Semarang

The increasing of transport ation needs in big cities had almost a same problem, which is congestion on roads especially at the crossroads. Semarang is one of the cities located at a strategic point. Therefore, Area Traffic Control System came as a solution. Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) is a system that controlling road traffic intersections by using traffic lights where the setting of traffic light at each intersection was coordinated, so the road users could get a minimum delay. Government of Semarang plans to install ATCS at the intersection of PRPP and Madukoro. The location of study is intersections of PRPP and Madukoro, where the intersection is a cross-city connecting route that is crossed by heavy and light vehicles and vehicles that going to and out from A. Yani airport. The method that used in this study is a survey method, including surveying traffic volume, queue length, delays, and light phase. The results then processed using a formula from the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI'14). The results of this study is alternative coordination with a cycle time is 244 seconds for each intersection. Intersection I starts at 0 seconds, intersection II starts at 90 seconds. The degree of saturation obtained for the north and south PRPP intersections is 0. 28, for the east is 0. 36, for the west is 0. 42, while for intersection of north Madukoro is 0. 35 , for the south is 0. 36, for the east is 0. 39, and for the west is 0. 45 So that the application of the Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) can have a positive resolution for reducing congestion and get good traffic flow in the intersections of Madukoro and PRPP.

787. Evaluation of Clostridioides difficile Environmental Contamination Surrounding C. difficile Patients vs. non-C. difficile Patients in Outpatient Infusion Centers

Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of healthcare-associated infection. CDI and non-CDI patients (pts) are often treated at the same time in outpatient infusion centers (OICs). This proximity may allow horizontal transfer of spores. However, C. difficile (C. diff) spores are ubiquitous in nature and baseline contamination rates at OICs are unknown. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine toxigenic C. diff contamination in the OIC surrounding CDI pts receiving bezlotoxumab compared to non-CDI pts receiving another infusion in the same OIC before and after cleaning.MethodsOIC contamination rates were assessed at baseline, after infusion and after cleaning the environment of CDI pts receiving bezlotoxumab compared to non-CDI pts receiving other infusions. For each pt receiving an infusion, 11 areas were sampled at each time period; the infusion chair (n=4), medical and non-medical equipment (n=3), and the floor surrounding the infusion chair (n=4). Five high traffic control areas per sampling day were included. Swabs were cultured anaerobically and PCR was used to identify toxin genes. Proportion of toxigenic C. diff positive samples were compared between CDI and non-CDI pts for each time point. Cleaning was performed using a standard protocol of bleach (CDI pt) or non-bleach (non-CDI pt) products.ResultsSamples (n=709) were obtained from 10 pts in each group (329 CDI, 330 non-CDI, 50 high-traffic) from 7 OICs over 4 months. Overall, 55 patient area cultures (8%) were positive for C. diff. Positive sampling areas were highest for floors (13%) followed by infusion chairs (7%) and equipment (4%). Baseline contamination in high traffic areas was 6%. Contamination rates (Table 1) for CDI were 7% at baseline, higher after infusion (15%) and lower after cleaning (5%). For non-CDI pts, rates were similar at baseline (8%), after infusion (6%) and after cleaning (9%).Table 1. Proportion of toxigenic C. difficile-positive samples in the environment of CDI and non-CDI patients. ConclusionCompared to non-CDI pts, CDI pts had similar baseline but lower after cleaning contamination rates. These preliminary results suggest that with a proper cleaning protocol in place, the presence of CDI patients in an OIC does not increase the likelihood of C. diff transmission for other at-risk populations.Disclosures Kevin W. Garey, PharmD, MS, FASHP, Merck & Co. (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator) Richard L. Hengel, MD, Merck & Co. (Other Financial or Material Support, Grant Steering Committee Member) Timothy E. Ritter, MD, Merck & Co. (Other Financial or Material Support, Grant Steering Committee Member) Ramesh V. Nathan, MD, FIDSA, Merck & Co. (Other Financial or Material Support, Grant Steering Committee Member) Engels N. Obi, PhD, Merck & Co. (Employee) Lucinda J. Van Anglen, PharmD, Merck & Co. (Grant/Research Support)

Application of area traffic control using the max-pressure algorithm

ABSTRACT This paper proposes an application of max-pressure control for network-wide signal control at Bandung, Indonesia. The max-pressure approach is employed for a specific disturbed network system synthetic scenario, created with the aim to simulate spillback conditions which causing long congestion across road segments in real traffic conditions. The max-pressure controller is implemented for a network of six signalized intersections in PTV Vissim, a traffic micro-simulation platform. The validated model is generated before implementing in the Vissim traffic simulation. Three types of controller are studied: the currently implemented controller (fixed time controller), cycle-based max-pressure and slotted-based max-pressure. The simulation results show that max-pressure control is more powerful than the currently implemented technique in terms of the capability to avoid congestion by spreading vehicles to other road segments with respect to some events that can be seen as a disturbance.

Implementasi Fasilitas Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Di Kota Palangka Raya

The movement of people and goods is increasing in line with economic growth in society. This causes the potential for increased transportation activities in the City of Palangka Raya so it needs efforts to improve adequate transportation facilities and infrastructure. The application of technology-based Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) in Palangka Raya City is needed so that the management of the transportation system becomes more effective and efficient. This paper provides an overview of the application of ITS facilities and types in Palangka Raya City and provides recommendations for the use of new ITS facilities or optimizing existing technology so that ITS facilities can be utilized by stakeholders in traffic management and transportation systems in Palangka Raya City. Based on observations of the application of ITS in the City of Palangka Raya is applied to improve the performance of intersections and road services. The type of ITS facility is the Area Traffic Control System (ATCS), which is a vehicle traffic control system at the signal intersection to increase travel speed and travel time so that delays in travel can be minimized. It is also expected that the implementation of ITS in Palangkaraya City can also optimize the performance of public transport and traffic safety as well as the collaboration between stakeholders so that the improvement of the integrated transportation system can be well integrated.

Study on the Distribution Law and Speed Limit of Night Speed in Expressway Maintenance Area

In order to reasonably determine the maximum and minimum vehicle speed limit values at night and ensure the driving safety in the maintenance area of expressway, the distribution law of vehicle speed at night in the maintenance area of expressway is studied. Based on the investigation of one-way lane closure construction in the four-lane maintenance area of expressway, the location speed of the main traffic control area in the night maintenance area is analyzed, and the average speed, 85% vehicle speed, the speed difference in different areas and the speed difference in heavy-duty vehicle(HDV) and light-duty vehicle(LDV) workshops are determined. The results show that the standard deviation of vehicle speed distribution from warning area to transition zone to construction area is obviously reduced, and the speed difference between HDV and LDV is also obviously reduced. Finally, according to the distribution characteristics of night speed, the night speed limit model of maintenance operation area is given, the speed limit values of different models are calculated respectively, and the night perceived speed model is used to modify the speed limit value.