Surface Area Of Substrate Research Articles

Manufacturing of carbon-supported platinum cathodes for proton exchange membrane fuel cell using the doctor blade process: Microstructure and performance

Catalyst layers (CL, the anode and cathode) properties do influence the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). CLs are prepared by depositing an ink made from a catalyst (carbon-supported Pt-based nanoparticles, NPs) and an ionomer in appropriate solvents on a substrate, followed by post-treatment (solvent evaporation, calendaring, hot-pressing). The literature rarely provides details and characterizations about CLs fabrication. This contribution investigates a way to prepare Pt/VC (Pt NPs supported on Vulcan XC72 carbon-black) and Pt/GC (Pt NPs supported on graphitized-carbon-black) PEMFC CLs. The ink formulation, mixing and deposition methods are evaluated and the areal homogeneity/texture of the formed CLs thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-Ray fluorescence. Light-ball-milling mixing enables to prepare homogeneous and agglomerate-free inks without degrading the Pt/C catalysts. The optimal ionomer-to-carbon ratio differs for Pt/GC and Pt/VC CLs; it not only depends on the BET surface area of the carbon substrate and its outer apparent surface (apparent carbon particles diameter), but should also be adapted to physicochemical surface properties of the Pt/C sample. Optimized I/C = 1–1.2 enables to improve the performance of Pt/GC cathodes by ca. 300 % versus I/C = 0.5 (at 80 °C, 80%RH), owing to hugely-depreciated proton-transport-resistance in the CL.

Bioinspired Surface Engineering with Dual Covalent Receptors Incorporated via Precise Post-Imprinting Modification to Enhance the Specific Identification of Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate

Expanding the specific surface area of substrates and carrying out precise surface engineering of imprinted nanocavities are crucial methods for enhancing the identification efficiency of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). To implement this synergistic strategy, bioinspired surface engineering was used to incorporate dual covalent receptors via precise post-imprinting modifications (PIMs) onto mesoporous silica nanosheets. The prepared sorbents (denoted as “D-PMIPs”) were utilized to improve the specific identification of adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP). Significantly, the mesoporous silica nanosheets possess a high surface area of approximately 498.73 m2∙g–1, which facilitates the formation of abundant specific recognition sites in the D-PMIPs. The dual covalent receptors are valuable for establishing the spatial orientation and arrangement of AMP through multiple cooperative interactions. PIMs enable precise site-specific functionalization within the imprinted cavities, leading to the tailor-made formation of complementary binding sites. The maximum number of high-affinity binding sites (Nmax) of the D-PMIPs is 39.99 μmol∙g–1, which is significantly higher than that of imprinted sorbents with a single receptor (i.e., S-BMIPs or S-PMIPs). The kinetic data of the D-PMIPs can be effectively described by a pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the main binding mechanism involves synergistic chemisorption from boronate affinity and the pyrimidine base. This study suggests that using dual covalent receptors and PIMs is a reliable approach for creating imprinted sorbents with high selectivity, allowing for the controlled engineering of imprinted sites.

Biomimetic Hierarchies for Universal Surface Enhancement and Applications in Water Treatment.

Hierarchical superstructures, ubiquitously found in nature, offer enhanced efficiency in both substance reaction and mass transport owing to their unique multiscale features. Inspired by these natural systems, this research reports a general and scalable electrochemical scheme for creating highly branched, multilevel porous superstructures on various electrically conductive substrates. These structures exhibit cascading features from centimeters, submillimeters, micrometers, down to sub-100 nm, significantly increasing the surface area of substrates, such as foams, foils, and carbon cloth by 2 orders of magnitude─among the highest reported enhancements. This versatile and low-cost method, applicable to a range of electrically conductive substrates, enables innovative flow-assisted water purification with enhanced energy efficiency. The performance, successfully removing 99% of mercury within 0.5 h at 540 rpm and meeting the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) safety standards for drinking water, further validates the advantages of these unique structures. Overall, the reported general, economical, and versatile scheme could broadly impact energy and environmental remediation.

How substrate surface area and surface curvature determine kinetics and titanate formation during non-hydrothermal alkali treatment of titanium microspheres

Titanium surface nanostructuring using alkali treatment gains significant attention in a wide range of fields, such as biomaterials, (photo)catalysis, (metal/ion) sorption, CO2 capture, electrochromism and sodium-ion batteries. Even though the physicochemical properties and application potentials of the surface nanostructures are fairly well understood, there is still debate about their exact formation mechanism, limiting knowledge based structural control through altered synthesis conditions. Moreover, this knowledge is largely focused on hydrothermal synthesis conditions, whereas non-hydrothermal conditions might provide benefits towards industrial application. Also the impact of substrate properties, rather than chemical reaction conditions, on the nanostructure formation is only limitedly reported in literature. This work reveals new fundamental knowledge of non-hydrothermal alkali treatment of titanium, using microspheres by implementing, for the first time, in-situ hydrogen measurement during alkali treatment in combination with the ex-situ determination of the sodium and oxygen content in the recovered alkali treated samples, providing critical information on the role of dissolution apart from the precipitation process. The effect of surface area and surface curvature on the dissolution and precipitation process, and the resulting impact on the physicochemical properties of the obtained titanate layer is studied. This shows the much larger impact on dissolution in contrast to precipitation, knowledge that is lacking in literature, but important when implementing alkali surface nanostructuring on complex (e.g. 3D printed) substrates, and considering the prospective shift from lab-scale to industry. The Ti dissolution step was found to be mainly controlled by the total surface area, while the rate determining step was found to be the titanate precipitation, not influenced by either surface area or particle size.The changes in oxygen content in the samples after transformation of titanate into TiO2 provided a novel method for its quantification. The microspheres were analysed chemically (Raman), structurally (XRD) and morphologically (SEM, MIP), screening the effect of surface area, particle size and reaction time on the growth behaviour of the titanate layer. The porous layer structurally corresponds to Na2Ti2O4(OH)2 for all evaluated conditions, with pores in the range of 10–600 nm. Increasing surface area and particle size results in local and non-uniform titanate growth, while titanate nanowire and strut formation between the microspheres were enhanced by reduced microsphere size and prolonged reaction times.

Recent Progress in the Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Dimethylfuran With Metal‐Containing Catalysts

AbstractLiquid fuel, such as 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF), from biomass, is an efficient, potential alternative to fossil‐based fuels due to its exceptional properties, including lower volatility, a remarkable octane number, heightened energy density, and immiscibility with water. DMF can be the starting substrate for producing bio‐based p‐xylene through the Diels‐Alder reaction with ethylene to produce biobased polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This review, thus, discusses the catalytic role of various precious and non‐precious metals on different supports, such as carbon, metal‐oxide, zeolite, and hydrotalcite, for the production of DMF via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) based on the previously reported literature. Various characteristic properties of the employed catalytic materials, such as particle size, metal‐support and substrate interaction, surface area, porosity, and acidic and basic sites, are delineated, playing a crucial role in the HDO of HMF to DMF. The influence of various reaction parameters, such as hydrogen atmosphere, solvents‐ including hydrogen donor solvents‐ and temperature are also discussed.

Macroporous p-SnO/n-SnO2 heterojunction photocatalysts via dealloying and thermal oxidation of immiscible Sn30Zn70 precursors to boost photodegradation

Controlled synthesis of macroporous tin photocatalyst with a SnOx surface layer (SnOx@P-Sn) was achieved via chemical dealloying then thermal oxidation. The microstructure of macroporous Sn was inherited from the immiscible Sn30Zn70 precursor. The chemical composition of surface SnOx and the concentration of oxygen vacancies on the Sn ligaments is dependent on the thermal oxidation temperature, with p-SnO/n-SnO2 heterojunctions being formed at 500°C. The obtained SnOx@P-Sn@500°C p-n heterojunction surface layer achieved an outstanding degradation efficiency of 96.7 % when used to catalyze the photodegradation of methyl orange azo dyes (MO). The Langmuir-Hinshelwood Kinetics model was modified to describe the photodegradation process with higher coefficient of determination. The reason for the superior degradation reaction rates of SnOx@P-Sn@500°C p-n heterojunction photocatalyst includes: large specific surface area of the Sn substrates, appropriate band gap formed via thermal oxidation, higher oxygen vacancies, and efficient separation of electron/hole pairs in the p-SnO/n-SnO2 heterojunction.

Synthesis of multifunctional Ti/RuO2-ZnO composite catalytic electrodes for electrochemical oxidation and hydrogen production from toluene-containing wastewater

Developing electrodes that effectively perform indirect oxidation on nondecomposable organic compounds is a key objective in electrochemical oxidation research. This study focuses on fabricating a Ti/RuO2-ZnO electrode through a simple pyrolysis method on a Ti substrate etched with hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid etching played a pivotal role in enhancing coating stability by markedly increasing the Ti substrate's surface area and hydrophilicity. Analyzing the linear sweep voltammetry revealed that the electrode exhibited a low overvoltage of the oxygen evolution reaction, reaching 221 mV at 10 mA cm−2, indicating effective use as an active anode. The electrode's performance was evaluated by removing toluene contained in a 0.1 M NaCl solution at pH 5. The electrochemical reaction generated active chlorine in the solution, oxidizing 98.66 % of toluene over 3 h and concurrently producing 25.62 mL of hydrogen. This study presents a simple and effective synthesis of a RuO2-based active anode, demonstrating its potential application not only in removing toluene from wastewater but also in hydrogen production.

High-loading Au nanoparticles on carbon by engineering surface charge and specific surface area of substrates

Energy transition towards net-zero society calls for utilization of renewable power to drive CO2 conversion in an efficient electrochemical way. The development of a commercial CO2 electrolyzer with positive tech-eco effect calls for active and durable electrocatalysts. High-loading gold on carbon (Au/C) with reduced particle size is the prerequisite for the highly-selective and highly energy-efficient CO production in such a CO2 electrolyzer, but a scalable synthetic method is missing. With combined control of ligand, substrate and pH value, Au/C catalysts with particle size within 5 ​nm and metal loading of 40 ​wt% and 60 ​wt% are synthesized on low and high surface-area carbon, respectively. We also provide a thorough investigation of the effect of the ligand type, surface charge of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and surface area of carbon substrate on the loading limit of Au/C.

Fast formation of large ice pebbles after FU Orionis outbursts

During their formation, nascent planetary systems are subject to FU Orionis outbursts that heat a substantial part of the disc. This causes water ice in the affected part of the disc to sublimate as the ice line moves outwards to several to tens of astronomical units. In this paper, we investigate how the subsequent cooling of the disc impacts the particle sizes. We calculate the resulting particle sizes in a disc model with cooling times between 100 and 1000 yr, corresponding to typical FU Orionis outbursts. As the disc cools and the ice line retreats inwards, water vapour forms icy mantles on existing silicate particles. This process is called heterogeneous nucleation. The nucleation rate per surface area of silicate substrate strongly depends on the degree of super-saturation of the water vapour in the gas. Fast cooling results in high super-saturation levels, high nucleation rates, and limited condensation growth because the main ice budget is spent in the nucleation. Slow cooling, on the other hand, leads to rare ice nucleation and efficient growth of ice-nucleated particles by subsequent condensation. We demonstrate that close to the quiescent ice line, pebbles with a size of about centimetres to decimetres form by this process. The largest of these are expected to undergo cracking collisions. However, their Stokes numbers still reach values that are high enough to potentially trigger planetesimal formation by the streaming instability if the background turbulence is weak. Stellar outbursts may thus promote planetesimal formation around the water ice line in protoplanetary discs.

A mechanistic approach to determine the relationship between film structure, electronic properties, and photocatalytic activity of ALD ZnO thin films on glass gibers

Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a high-conformality thin-film deposition technique, offers the opportunity to immobilize photocatalytic materials on high surface area substrates. Textile substrates are inexpensive, easily accessible materials with a fibrous nature, making them high surface area scaffolds for photocatalytic applications. This study applied ZnO thin-film coatings to fabric structures with different numbers of ALD cycles. The effect of coating thickness on the surface and electronic properties of the films and their photocatalytic properties were investigated. SEM, XRD, PL, and UV–Vis were used to examine the surface morphology, crystal structure, defects, and optical properties of the ZnO thin films. As the film thickness increased, the crystal sizes and the number of defects in the structure increased. Contact angle and Hall Effect measurements revealed that these structural defects are present on the surface of the films. Optimum wettability, mobility, and photocatalytic efficiency values were observed in the 15-nm coated samples, resulting in the highest photocatalytic activity and a turning point.

Full utilization of poplar sawdust with chemical-mechanical pretreatment for coproduction of xylooligosaccharides, fermentable sugars and porous carbon materials

In recent decades, one of the major challenges of biorefinery is the full utilization of lignocellulosic components for coproduction of value-added materials. In this context, we proposed an integrated process of acetic acid (AC) pretreatment, Papir Forsknings Institutet (PFI) refining and enzymatic hydrolysis to coproduce xylooligosaccharides, fermentable sugars and lignin-based porous carbon materials. Results showed AC pretreatment (170 ºC, 60 min, 5 w/v % acetic acid and 5% 2-naphthol addition based on dry mass of biomass) resulted in maximum xylooligosaccharids (XOS) yield of 51.08%. The integrated process of AC pretreatment assisted by 2-naphthol-7-sulfonate addition and PFI post-refining led to cellulose hydrolysis yield of 98.20% and lignin-based porous carbon materials with methylene blue adsorption capacity of up to 749.17 mg/g. Moreover, it was found lignin repolymerization inhibitors (i.e. 2-naphthol, 2-naphthol-7-sulfonate) in acid pretreatment helped increase the specific surface area of substrate and decrease surface lignin coverage, which enhanced cellulose accessibility to cellulase enzymes. Moreover, they enhanced lignin detaching during enzymatic hydrolysis, which reduced cellulase aggregation and promoted the ease of cellulose hydrolysis. Results demonstrated an efficient pretreatment strategy to maximize coproduction of xylooligosaccharids, fermentable sugars and lignin materials from lignocellulosic biomass for full utilization.

Influence of vegetation and substrate type on removal of emerging organic contaminants and microbial dynamics in horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands

Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer an efficient alternative technology for removing emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) from wastewater. Optimizing CW performance requires understanding the impact of CW configuration on EOC removal and microbial community dynamics. This study investigated EOC removal and microbial communities in horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs over a 26-month operational period. Comparison between tuff-filled and gravel-filled CWs highlighted the superior EOC removal in tuff-filled CWs during extended operation, likely caused by the larger surface area of the tuff substrate fostering microbial growth, sorption, and biodegradation. Removal of partially positively charged EOCs, like atenolol (29–98 %) and fexofenadine (21–87 %), remained constant in the different CWs, and was mainly attributed to sorption. In contrast, removal rates for polar non-sorbing compounds, including diclofenac (3–64 %), acyclovir (9–85 %), and artificial sweeteners acesulfame (5–60 %) and saccharin (1–48 %), seemed to increase over time due to enhanced biodegradation. The presence of vegetation and different planting methods (single vs. mixed plantation) had a limited impact, underscoring the dominance of substrate type in the CW performance. Microbial community analysis identified two stages: a startup phase (1–7 months) and a maturation phase (19–26 months). During this transition, highly diverse communities dominated by specific species in the early stages gave way to more evenly distributed and relatively stable communities. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes remained dominant throughout. Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Salinimicrobium, and Sphingomonas were enriched during the maturation phase, potentially serving as bioindicators for EOC removal. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the pivotal role of substrate type and maturation in the removal of EOCs in HSSF CW, considering the complex interplay with EOC physicochemical properties. Insights into microbial community dynamics underscore the importance of taxonomic and functional diversity in assessing CW effectiveness. This knowledge aids in optimizing HSSF CWs for sustainable wastewater treatment, EOC removal, and ecological risk assessment, ultimately contributing to environmental protection.

Iron-carbon micro-electrolysis facilitates autotrophic denitrification and Feammox in tidal flow constructed wetlands for enhanced nitrogen removal and reduced N2O emissions

This study focused on developing a tidal flow constructed wetland (CW) with an iron-carbon (Fe-C) substrate to enhance nitrogen removal efficiency. The results demonstrated significant improvements in the removal of NH4+-N and TN in the iron-carbon tidal flow constructed wetland (IC-TFCW) compared to traditional gravel CW. IC-TFCW achieved a 23.82 % and 31.01 % more effective removal, resulting in reductions of 82.45 % and 74.13 %, respectively. The large specific surface area and electron transfer effect of the Fe-C substrate facilitated pollutant retention and proliferation of denitrifying microorganisms. However, the Fe-C substrate inhibited plant growth and rhizosphere microorganisms, reducing plant nitrogen uptake by 2.69-fold. Galvanic cell reaction in the Fe-C substrate facilitated the release of iron and its oxides and promoted iron cycling under the alternating aerobic-anoxic conditions induced by tidal flow. This led to the enrichment of autotrophic denitrifying and Fe-reducing bacteria by 14.89 and 1.1 times, and increase in the relative abundance of denitrification genes nar (narG, narH, narI) and nap (napA, napB) by 60.94 %. The Fe2+ released during the galvanic cell reaction contributed electrons to denitrification, while the reduction of Fe3+ facilitated the Anammox process, resulting in the Feammox reaction. This created an autotrophic denitrification pathway (autotrophic denitrification and Feammox), synergizing with the heterotrophic denitrification pathway and the iron cycling process to significantly increase TN removal and reduce N2O emissions per unit of TN removed by up to 36.99 %. These findings elucidate the various denitrification pathways present in CW and provide insights into improving denitrification efficiency.

Engineering flower-shaped hierarchical micromotors on a sustainable biotemplate by teamed boronate affinity-based surface imprinting for effective separation of shikimic acid

Self-propelled nano/micromotors are the frontier of separation materials because they are capable of converting external energy in the surrounding environment into kinetic energy for their autonomous movement. In this work, a bioinspired flower-shaped hierarchical teamed boronate affinity (TBA)-imprinted Pt-free micromotor is introduced based on waste rape pollen as a biotemplate due to its merits of sustainability, rich source and low price. Such micromotor, composed of MnO2 nanosheets as a catalytic medium, Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanosheets as large surface area substrate and functional surface imprinted polymers as identification subject, exhibits autonomic motor behavior powdered by oxygen bubbles generated by the decomposition of H2O2 and selective recognition and separation for shikimic acid (SA). The hierarchical flower-shaped structure affords more accessible recognition sites for SA, which thus facilitates the separation process. Moreover, in combination with the TBA strategy, the micromotor can precisely recognize the target via boronate affinity between boronic acids and cis-diols from SA while showing strong binding capacity under neutral conditions. Benefiting from the pluripotent role of pioneering boronate affinity-covalent imprinted technique, hydrogen bonds interaction and nanoconfinement effect, the resulting affinity towards SA is evidently enhanced with maximal adsorption capacity of 129.51 mg g−1 at neutral pH in the presence of H2O2. After five capture/release cycles, the adsorption capacity remains above 85 %. This proposed flower-shaped hierarchical micromotor expands the scope of potential materials for the adsorption of SA and provides a new and promising direction for fabricating adsorbents applied in the separation and purification of natural products.

Atomic Layer Deposition of Ru Nanoparticles on Low Surface Energy Carbon Supports for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Platinum group metals such as Pt, Ru, Pd, Ir, etc., have superior performance for various catalytic applications.[1] Due to their scarcity, efforts were being made to reduce or replace these noble metals. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is one among the best technique to facilitate lowering of loading mass on a support of interest.[2],[3] Furthermore, ALD is the most suitable technology that can decorate high aspect ratio and high surface area substrate architectures by noble metal nanoparticles.[4] Due to the governing surface energy variations between noble metals and support surfaces, the growth initiates as nanoparticles (NP) and with a further increase in ALD cycles the agglomeration among NP’s dominates over the individual NP size increase, thus developing thin films of relatively higher thickness. The surface energy variations are also known to increase the nucleation delay of noble metals especially for Ru considerably. In this regard our efforts were laid to improve the functionality with pretreatments on carbonaceous supports which were shown promising to reduce the nucleation delay of ALD deposited Ru.For electrocatalytic applications, it is important to choose the right substrates. Among available substrates, carbon papers (CP) and titania nanotube (TNT) layers are best choices considering their physio-chemical properties, availability, vast literature, and low costs incurred using these as support substrates in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. Several surface modifications for CP’s and variations on morphological aspects of TNT layers had received a great attention form applied fields due to their improved surface area, conductivity and stability.[5]–[8] Uniformly decorating these CP’s and TNT layers by NPs or thin films of catalysts proved to be highly efficient with no boundaries on applications.[9] The presentation will introduce and describe the synthesis of different noble metal NPs by our ALD tool (Beneq TFS 200) on various aspect ratio TNT layers and CP substrates. It will also include the corresponding physical and electrochemical characterization and encouraging results obtained with alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction.

Quantification of Antiviral Drug Tenofovir (TFV) by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Using Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDFs).

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an ultrasensitive spectroscopic technique that generates signal-enhanced fingerprint vibrational spectra of small molecules. However, without rigorous control of SERS substrate active sites, geometry, surface area, or surface functionality, SERS is notoriously irreproducible, complicating the consistent quantitative analysis of small molecules. While evaporatively prepared samples yield significant SERS enhancement resulting in lower detection limits, the distribution of these enhancements along the SERS surface is inherently stochastic. Acquiring spatially resolved SERS spectra of these dried surfaces, we have shown that this enhancement is governed by a power law as a function of analyte concentration. Consequently, by definition, there is no true mean of SERS enhancement, requiring an alternative approach to achieve reproducible quantitative results. In this study, we introduce a new method of analysis of SERS data using a cumulative distribution function (CDF). The antiviral drug tenofovir (TFV) in an aqueous matrix was quantified down to a clinically relevant concentration of 25 ng/mL using hydroxylamine-reduced silver colloids evaporated to dryness. The data presented in this study provide a rationale for the benefits of combining a novel statistical approach using CDFs with simple and inexpensive experimental techniques to increase the precision, accuracy, and analytical sensitivity of aqueous TFV quantification by SERS. TFV calibration curves generated using CDF analysis showed higher analytical sensitivity (in the form of a normalized calibration curve average slope increase of 0.25) compared to traditional SERS intensity calculations. A second aliquot of nanoparticles and analyte dried on the SERS surface followed by CDF analysis showed further analytical sensitivity with a normalized calibration curve slope increase of 0.23 and decreased variation among replicates represented by an average standard deviation decrease of 0.02 with a second aliquot. The quantitative analysis of SERS data using CDFs presented here shows promise to be a reproducible method for quantitative analysis of SERS data, a significant step toward implementing SERS as an analytical method in clinical and industrial settings.

3D nanocake-like Au-MXene/Au pallet structure-based label-free electrochemical aptasensor for paraquat determination.

3D nanocake-like Au-MXene and Au pallet (Au-MXene/AuP) nanocomposite-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) were utilized to construct an ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical aptasensor through a self-assembly procedure for trace paraquat (PQ) residue detection. Benefiting from the excellent electrochemical (EC) performances (e.g., high conductivity and large surface area) of Au-MXene nanocomposites and AuP substrate, the developed Apt/Au-MXene/AuP/SPCE-based EC aptasensor displayed excellent specificity and anti-interference ability, good repeatability, and stability. A linear relationship between the log value of the change in current intensity [lg (ΔI)] and the log value of the concentration of PQ [lg (CPQ)] was obtained in the range 0.05-1000 ng/mL. The limit of detection was 0.028 ng/mL, and thesensitivity was 255.5 μA/(μM·cm2). Practical applications in malt and mint samples confirmed the accuracy of the EC aptasensor in complex matrices for PQ detection, providing a universal analytical tool for othertrace pesticides in differentfood samples by simply replacing the corresponding aptamers.

Study of the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nano-Sized Carbon Phases on {001} Silicon.

Different nano-sized phases were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. The deposition took place on {001} Si substrates at about 1150-1160 °C. The carbon source was thermally decomposed acetone (CH3)2CO in a main gas flow of argon. We performed experiments at two ((CH3)2CO + Ar)/Ar) ratios and observed that two visually distinct types of layers were deposited after a one-hour deposition process. The first layer type, which appears more inhomogeneous, has areas of SiO2 (about 5% of the surface area substrates) beside shiny bright and rough paths, and its Raman spectrum corresponds to diamond-like carbon, was deposited at a (CH3)2CO+Ar)/Ar = 1/5 ratio. The second layer type, deposited at (CH3)2CO + Ar)/Ar = a 1/0 ratio, appears homogeneous and is very dark brown or black in color and its Raman spectrum pointed to defect-rich multilayered graphene. The performed structural studies reveal the presence of diamond and diamond polytypes and seldom SiC nanocrystals, as well as some non-continuously mixed SiC and graphene-like films. The performed molecular dynamics simulations show that there is no possibility of deposition of sp3-hybridized on sp2-hybridized carbon, but there are completely realistic possibilities of deposition of sp2- on sp2- and sp3- on sp3-hybridized carbon under different scenarios.

Enhanced petroleum removal with a novel biosurfactant producer consortium isolated from drilling cuttings of offshore Akçakoca-5 in the Black Sea

Staphylococcus capitis, Achromobacter marplatensis (dominant strain), Enterobacter cloacae, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Bacillus velezensis, and Bacillus subtilis strains were isolated from drilling cutting samples. The potent biosurfactant-producing strains: S. capitis (A) &A. marplatensis (B) and non-biosurfactant-producing strains: E. cloacae (C) &O. anthropi (G) strains were combined (1:1) as AB, AC, AG, BC, BG, CG. The degradation efficiency of consortium AB was 90%, while that of consortia AC, BG and CG were 85%. Biosurfactant-producing strains belong to potent consortium AB facilitate petroleum uptake and biodegradation by increasing the solubility and surface area of substrate through emulsification activity. The physiological conditions of petroleum removal (92.5%) by potent consortium AB were optimized as: 1 g/L yeast extract, 1% petroleum, 3% NaCl at pH:7.0, 30 °C, 150 rpm for 7 days. GC/MS analysis revealed that the consortium AB not only degraded the short- and medium-chain n-alkane fractions, but also removed the long-chain n-alkanes. The biosurfactant produced (0.5 g/L) by potent consortium AB was purified by silica gel 60 chromatography, further characterized by its lipopeptide structure with TLC, FT-IR, and SEM analyses. A new halotolerant consortium AB will make a significant contribution to MEOR applications in marine ecosystem.

Fabrication of cellulose acetate/chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) scaffold as an efficient surface area substrate for immobilization of laccase

In this study, the properties of the immobilized laccase process on cellulose acetate (CA)/chitosan (CHI)/poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrospun nanofiber was studied. Trametes versicolor laccase's immobilization on the porous electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) with 89–119 nm diameter by polyethyleneimine (PEI) and glutaraldehyde covalent cross-linking was also investigated. Blending CA nanofibers with high hydroxyl (OH) groups and CHI with high reactive hydroxyl and amino functional groups leads to a strong affinity for various proteins and outstanding mechanical properties. In Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra, the vibrations at 1560 and 1640 cm−1 about NH stretching indicated that laccase was immobilized on ENFs. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that the thermal stability of CA/CHI/PEO improved with immobilization. The laccase loaded on the membranes was around 803 mg/g at pH 5.5, and the immobilized laccase relative activity was about 76.32%. The oxidation of ABTS determined the performance of immobilized and free laccases. Compared with free laccase, the pH and thermal stability of the immobilized laccase were remarkably improved. Over 50% of the immobilized laccase life was maintained for up to 5 cycles and had greater than 75.8% of initial activity and 64.87% of optimum activity. The immobilized laccase on CA/CHI/PEO ENFs with fine diameters enhanced the loading of the enzyme. Hence, immobilized laccase might be an ideal candidate for industry usage instead of free enzymes.