Open Space Area Research Articles

Co-disposal as an alternative method for waste rock and tailings management–a review of geochemical aspects

Abstract Gold mining and processing activities produce at least two materials with adverse impacts on the environment: waste rock and tailings. Waste rock is generally disposed of in a waste rock dump (WRD) or in-pit backfill, while tailings are disposed to facilities such as landfill, tailings dam, or in-pit backfill. This separation is a common practice that requires a large area and specific technical considerations of respective materials and locations. Geochemically, waste rock can be potentially acid forming (PAF) and produce acid mine drainage, while tailings geotechnically have low stability due to the very fine particles. Combining these two materials in one placement location, known as co-disposal, is expected to benefits the geochemical and geotechnical aspects. The present research aims to design a geochemically-safe co-disposal of waste rock and tailings. Field kinetic geochemical tests were carried out using a 200-liter barrel in an open space area with different co-disposal compositions and treatments to identify the leachate and surface water quality. The results show that co-disposal with a 2:1 ratio of waste rock to tailings composition with the addition of lime sand of 15 kg/ton of tailings and compaction process gives the best results on leachate water quality under the natural condition during the test. This series of tests concluded to determine geochemical factors in co-disposal quality, namely pH value of tailings, lime dosage, the quality and exposure period of the waste rock, and the compaction process of the co-disposal layers.

Effects of lift-up building design, building setback, and urban open space on pedestrian danger under the joint effect of floodwater and wind

Urban block layouts affect both the flow patterns of floodwater and wind in urban built environments and ultimately pedestrian danger within the urban building array. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate both the floodwater inundation process and the wind-blowing process within three kinds of urban block configurations under a floodwater-wind joint effect, including the lift-up building design, horizontal and vertical building setbacks, and urban open space. The obtained floodwater velocity, depth, and wind speed at the pedestrian level are adopted to quantify the level of pedestrian danger by using the instability threshold formula of a human body. A laboratory flume experiment regarding the stability/instability of a dummy that represents a pedestrian in a quasi-natural state is performed to qualitatively validate the numerical simulation results. Compared to the cuboid or triangular pillar that supports the lift-up building structure, the circular pillar yields the minimum resistance against floodwater and increases the wind speed at the pedestrian level, consequently leading to a large danger zone area. Horizontal building setbacks decrease the pedestrian danger, but vertical building setbacks intricately affect it. The existence of open space within the block decreases pedestrian danger to some extent depending on the location and area of open space. The wind plays the dominant role in triggering pedestrian instability for both the lift-up building design and the horizontal setback case. For both the lift-up building design and the open space configuration, the walking and running speeds of pedestrians decrease much more than the conventional urban block. The results of this study could be referred to by administrators and stakeholders in the design and management of urban building arrays to mitigate pedestrian risk in the content of resilient city management.

Formation of the spatial structure of the bird population in High-mountainous Dagestan and the concept of preserving its avifauna

The presented work is the concluding part of a previously published article (Vilkov 2023) and based on a mathematical analysis of the empirical material collected during route bird surveys in 1998–2021 in the High­mountainous Province of Dagestan. Based on the long­term average population density data for 96 birds nesting and likely nesting, a cluster analysis was carried out, during which the identified avifaunal communities were grouped according to the similarity of their abundance. Using correlation analysis, environmental factors were identified that determine the territorial variability of bird population abundance. Based on the estimates of the strengths of connections determined from the Jaccard­Naumov coefficients similarity data matrix, a graph was constructed that reflects the spatial structure of the bird population at the level of selected key areas. When interpreting the spatial structure of the bird population using cluster and correlation analysis data, as well as faunal and ecological ranking data, similarities between the compared avifaunal communities were revealed, and 4 main trends in bird population changes in factor space were identified. Based on the results of assessing the strength and generality of the relationships between structure­forming factors and the territorial variability of the bird population (taking into account the areas of landscapes), the most significant was the impact of afforestation, the area of open spaces and the area of residential landscapes. When interpreting spatial differences taking into account natural and anthropogenic changes, it is possible to create a predictive model of the transformation of avifaunal communities within the study area. Analysis of existing threats that have a negative impact on the number and species diversity of birds allowed developing a population management concept based on 4 strategic directions. 1. Gasification of High­Mountain Dagestan to prevent deforestation and restore the species diversity of forest birds. 2. To preserve the species diversity of meadow birds, redirect cattle grazing to areas of meadows with increased overgrowth of grassy vegetation. 3. Increase the area of fields for sowing grain crops to preserve the species diversity of granivorous birds. 4. To preserve the species diversity of birds of prey, install perches in a mosaic pattern in the fields of grain crops.

Analisis Karakteristik Fisik Lahan Kawasan Perumahan di Dusun Jering VI, Desa Sidorejo, Kecamatan Godean, Kabupaten Sleman

Land characteristics include land factors that can be measured or estimated in size such as slope, rainfall, soil texture, available water and so on. The study was conducted at a housing location in Jering VI Hamlet, Sidorejo Village, Godean District, Sleman Regency which is located on Mount Wungkal. The condition of Mount Wungkal before being used as housing had dense vegetation, but with the large-scale opening of housing land, there were changes that occurred on Mount Wungkal. The opening of the land caused several impacts on the environment so it is important to know the physical characteristics of the land in the area. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics of the land in the research area. The method used is the survey and mapping method in data collection and descriptive analysis. The results of the study obtained are the physical characteristics of the land of the Godean Jogja Hills housing area, there are several criteria that are appropriate and inappropriate. The criteria that are not appropriate are slope gradient, area of green open space, drainage infrastructure capacity, not located in a disaster-prone area (landslides, floods, erosion, and abrasion), not located in an agricultural/buffer cultivation area, distance to educational facilities, health facilities and trade and commerce facilities and the appropriate criteria are the area for building houses, water availability, not located in the border area of rivers/coasts/reservoirs/lakes/springs/irrigation channels/railways and safe flight areas, not located in protected areas, avoiding technical irrigation rice fields, wastewater disposal systems and garbage disposal systems

Desain Taman Atap pada Gedung SMP Pesat Bogor Berdasarkan Preferensi Pengguna

The increasing rate of urbanization on limited urban land has resulted in reduced Green Open Space (RTH) in urban areas. Therefore, the design of a roof garden on a school building can be a solution to increase the area of ​​green open space and a place for outdoor learning activities. This study aims to analyze the potential and constraints on the site so that a roof garden design can be developed according to user preferences. The stages of work refer to Booth (1983) which consist of project acceptance, research/analysis, concepts, and construction drawings. The design concept applied is inspired by the organically formed Falco peregrinus. The results of this study are in the form of a roof garden site plan as well as detailed pictures of the facilities used in the roof garden of building 3 SMP-SMA-SMK Informatika Pesat. The results of the study are expected to create a roof garden on a school building that can function as green open space and a refreshing area as well as a teaching and learning area.

Building sustainable mitigation through adaptive green open space on tanjung mas sub district

Abstract Mitigation is a step to reduce the risk of disasters in a particular area. Tanjung Mas sub-district is an area that has a high potential for land subsidence and tidal flooding because it is located on the North Coast of Java. Temporary evacuation points are urgently needed to protect residents from the dangers of tidal floods and distribute logistics from volunteers. Based on community preferences, the Green Open Space in Tambak Lorok are used as an evacuation point for flood disasters. The green open space, which was initially used for sustainable water absorption, was converted into an evacuation point as a flood disaster mitigation measure. This research aims to measure the suitability of green open space as a temporary evacuation site. The research method used is a Space Syntax approach and qualitative description analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, almost all the requirements for evacuation places by the green open space location. It is easily accessible because it is on the primary residential route, easily accessible by vehicles, and has building structures higher than the road. However, the area of green open space still needs to be increased for the minimum standard capacity per person. Apart from that, the infrastructure to support evacuation, such as electricity, communication equipment, or rubber boats, needs to be improved. The construction of green open space as a temporary evacuation site needs to be adjusted to minimum standards and the needs of the population. It is also hoped that the development of green open space will be the responsibility of not only the government but also cooperation between stakeholders. Green open space isn’t just for environment impacts, but can also increase the community resilience.

HUMAN PATHOGENS AMONG BATS

Bats are known to inhabit both caves and open space areas. Bulgaria is among the Еuropean countries with the highest number of bat species. The species found in the country are distributed over a wide area. They range from the Pyrenees and the British Isles to the Pacific region and the Far East. Many bat species are carriers of potential human pathogens. Bats play an important role in agriculture and act as a biological pest crop control agent. Bulgarian bat ecosystem comprises temperate climate and a wide range of abiotic factors, including humidity, darkness, sunlight, and temperature variations. The metabolism of bats and their body temperature vary significantly between the period of activity and the hibernation. Fluctuations in body temperature can potentially impact host microbiome biodiversity. Temperature variations may induce a high level of microbial mutagenesis. Additionally,the existence in large, mixed-species colonies, togeteher with a relatively long individual lifespan (4 – 16 years) and extensive travel distances, enhances the likelihood of encountering multiple pathogens in a single host organism. This, in turn, facilitates genetic variations and re-combinations among those microbial pathogens, thereby raising their potential to breach species barriers. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the available scientific information concerning the potential microbial human pathogens associated with bats, alongside with our preliminary data on the biodiversity of bats blood microbiome. Future research should focus on bats as both pathogens carriers and dynamic models for predicting emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases.

Driving forces and prediction of urban open spaces morphology: The case of Shanghai, China using geodetector and CA-Markov model

Urban open spaces offer both environmental and social benefits. However, comprehensive studies that integrate both quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the factors driving change in these spaces and their long-term predictions are lacking. Most existing studies concentrate on land-use development rather than conducting empirical research specific to urban open spaces in Shanghai. This study addresses this gap by employing a geographic detector (geodetector) to analyze the influence of various driving factors on open-space changes. These factors were then used as weight values in a multicriteria CA-Markov model to simulate and predict change in Shanghai's urban open spaces by 2050. The advantage of analyzing driving forces lies in their ability to capture the multifactor synergy influencing change in urban open spaces, aligning with the aim of this study to quantitatively evaluate the interaction between natural, climatic, and socioeconomic factors. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 policymakers and planners to assess the reliability of the quantitative predictions. The results indicate that socioeconomic factors are the primary drivers of change in urban open spaces. Specifically, the interaction between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and population density (PD) emerged as the most influential variables. For prediction outcomes, the unconstrained scenario predicts a decrease in open-space area from 5610.94 km2 in 2020 to 5124.36 km2 in 2050. The planning intervention scenario anticipates minimal changes in Shanghai's total urban open-space area with almost no floating changes. However, the economic development scenario predicts a rapid decline in open spaces. Experts and planners evaluated these three scenarios and confirmed the reliability and accuracy of the prediction models. The methods and findings of this study can support zoning planning for urban open-space systems in other cities and regions.

Evaluation of the implementation and development of green city concept in South Tangerang City

Abstract As the result from Tangerang Regency’s expansion, South Tangerang stands as one of the youngest cities in Indonesia. The strategic position located near Jakarta makes the suburban city a desirable choice for residence. Therefore, the green city concept exists to standardize sustainable efforts made to balance a city’s environment condition and the population’s life quality. This study aims to evaluate the availability of green open spaces using remote sensing and the implementation of the green city concept in South Tangerang City by utilizing the Asian Green City Index to assess its development and growth in 2010, 2015, and 2020. In 2010, the green open space area reached 3.518 ha (21,34%), then in 2015 ascended to 4.017 ha (24,37%), and eventually able to reach the criteria in 2020 with an area of 7.325 ha (44,43%). Aligning with the green open space’s availability’s escalation trend, the green city concept implementation evaluation also showcases the same growth. In 2010, the implementation performance is considered below average with an AGCI score of 25,61%. Afterwards, in 2015 and 2020, the performance score experiences an incline to the average category with AGCI scores of 44,93% and 59,75% respectively.

Contiguity of underutilized lands: Dynamic simulation taking their temporary uses into account

In Japan, shrinking densely built-up cities face the dual issue of lacking open spaces and increasing underutilized lands, such as vacant lots, lots with vacant houses, and parking lots. These unused land patches can be temporarily repurposed as open spaces for evacuation and recreation. However, identifying such clump is methodologically challenging. To address this issue, lot geometry is utilized. The study thus aims to investigate the frequency and size of contiguous underutilized lands, called the contiguity of underutilized lands, at a specific time point and under their temporary uses. A densely built-up area in Kobe city, Japan, was selected for the empirical case study. A comparison with simulation results shows that the observed static contiguity of underutilized lands tends to be more substantial than a uniformly random distribution. It shows a certain feasibility of a temporary use policy conducted in the case site. Specifically, when considering the temporary uses of underutilized lands, the maximum area of contiguous temporary open spaces is 583 m2, meeting the area requirement for a redevelopment project in Kobe. Utilizing parking lots can further extend the maximum area up to 945 m2. Nevertheless, policy makers need to promote the joint development of privately owned lots facing a wide roadway, as these are unlikely to become temporary open spaces. This study contributes not only to providing new methods for land use change simulation using lot geometry to analyse the contiguity of underutilized lands under their temporariness but also to demonstrating the feasibility and limitations of a temporary use policy.

Kebijakan Bidang Ekonomi Pemda Kota Metro terhadap Pengelolaan Lokasi Usaha di Nuwo Intan Kota Metro Tahun 2018

This research discusses efforts to develop Metro City as a city of the future, focusing on the successful integration of the Trans Sumatra Toll Exit in Batanghari Ogan. In the context of development, emphasis is placed on the importance of green open space areas to make Metro City beautiful and act as a model for the autonomy of other cities. Through a literature review, relevant research includes analysis of regional economic regulations and the role of regional government policies in development, with examples of scientific journals that support business contributions to regional income. Although the results of previous research already exist, this research more specifically explores the economic policies of the Metro City regional government regarding the management of Nuwo Intan business locations in 2018. The nature of this research is descriptive and qualitative, using qualitative analysis to describe the phenomenon and influence of the Metro City Regional Government's economic policies on street vendors' income in Nuwo Intan.

GIS Application For Mapping and Analyzing Urban Green Open Spaces (Case Study of Sragen City)

Abstract Green open space in cities is one of the environmental controls. In residential spatial planning, green open space is very necessary in the form of green belts and passive or active parks. Sustainable development must be supported by adequate residential green space, which must fulfill the function of absorbing CO2, increasing the volume of groundwater and being useful as a flood controller. The availability of green open space for the community can increase the aesthetic value of a city’s environmental area and can function as an economic value [9]. This research aims to determine the extent of green open space in Sragen City. From this research, we can analyze the development and need for green open space in Sragen City to study and develop a green city and a balanced environment. This research is aimed at understanding the area of green open space in Sragen City. From this research, we can analyze the development and need for green open space in Sragen City to study and develop a green city and a balanced environment. Sufficiency of green open spaces Needs Based on Area and City Area Sragen City’s green open spaces do not meet the minimum requirement of 30%. Of the green open space, the city forest managed by environmental services is included in it with an area of 2,500 m2. However, Sragen City’s green open space looks large because it includes moorlands, residential forests, state forests, and ponds. Meanwhile, 130.17 Ha is land managed by the Sragen City Regency Government. This research uses primary and secondary methods. To obtain a map of the green open space area of the research area, Quickbird image analysis is required. From the results of the research, it was concluded that the management and efforts to provide sufficient green open space were adequate, but in terms of area, the proportion of green open space that was determined was still not sufficient. There are seven types of green open space in Sragen City, namely in the form of urban forest green open space, green lane green open space for roads, pedestrian, open space, river border green open space, cemetery green open space, private and community property building green open space, as well as plantation and resident’s yard green open space.

Urban green open space in developing countries: Indonesia regulations, problems and alternative solutions

PurposeThis paper aims to work toward a new approach in providing green open spaces in the middle of urban land in Indonesia that has been densely built up and on it has attached land rights. An approach is needed through a specific spatial policy that contains zoning regulations for the provision of public green open spaces on top of residential houses built on the green zoning plans.Design/methodology/approachThis approach considers an interconnected ecological holistic approach, as previously existing regulations have not normatively identified the green open space as an ecological landscape consisting of blue open spaces and several objects that function as green open spaces.FindingsIndonesia in terms of green open space for local climate instrument is still identified as one of the three lowest countries in Southeast Asia in the number of green open space areas. We found that the regulating process of development rights and property rights, in the construction of Indonesian law, still requires many alternative efforts to this day in providing urban green open spaces. The delivery of desired outcomes depends on the alternative policy as a form of legal politics in compensating planning and community interests through developing green open spaces in an ecoregion approach.Originality/valueThis writing was shaped by the understandings of the author with regards to the development of urban green open space regulating issues in Indonesia as one of the emerging country group in Asia and Jakarta as the second-most populous urban area in the world. This paper aims to work toward providing green urban open spaces in Indonesia that has been densely built up and on it has attached land rights, through a specific spatial policy that contains zoning regulations for the provision of public green open spaces on top of residential houses built on the green zoning plans.

A pathway to urban resilience: investigating green open space priority areas to mitigate the urban heat island phenomenon in Samarinda City, Indonesia

PurposeThe potential for massive economic growth exists in Samarinda City due to the intensification of activities in built-up areas. This suggests the potential for increased urban disease in the relocation of Indonesia’s new capital city to a location adjacent to Samarinda. One of the most striking impacts is the urban heat island (UHI). The increase in this phenomenon can be addressed effectively and efficiently through the provision and arrangement of appropriate vegetation-based actions. Therefore, this study aims to identify priority areas of green open space (GOS) based on UHI levels. In addition, this study also aims to present alternative mitigation measures to reduce the risk of disasters due to UHI.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-method approach was used in this research, involving an initial land surface temperature analysis to identify the UHI class. This analysis was complemented by quantitative spatial analyses, such as scoring, overlay and intersect methods, to determine the priority level class and the typology of GOS priority. A qualitative analysis was also conducted through data triangulation or comparison methods, such as examining existing land use, GOS priority maps and spatial plan policies.FindingsThe findings show that the total UHI area in Samarinda City was 6,936.4 ha in 2019 and is divided into three classifications. In Class 1, the UHI area is very dominant, reaching 87% of the total area. Meanwhile, the main results identified two priority classes of GOS in Samarinda, namely, the medium and high categories with an area of 960.43 ha and 113.57 ha, respectively. The results also showed that there were 17 typologies associated with five alternative mitigation measures: green industry, greening parking lots, improving urban green infrastructure and buildings, urban greening and mining restoration.Research limitations/implicationsSpecific to assessing UHI, image data were available only in medium spatial resolution, leading to a consequence of detailed accuracy. In addition, since the determination of mitigation considered local policies, the method should be used in other locations requiring adjustments to existing regulations, specifically those related to spatial planning.Originality/valueThis study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the UHI phenomenon in Indonesia, especially in the urban areas of Kalimantan Island. In addition, the study presents new insights into alternative mitigation actions to reduce the risk of UHI. Innovatively, this study introduces a typology of regions associated with appropriate alternative mitigation actions, making it an important achievement for the first time in the context of this study.

Perencanaan dan Perancangan Desain Linear Open Space di RW 04, Kelurahan Bener, Kecamatan Tegalrejo, Kota Yogyakarta

One of the spaces needed for urban communities, one of which is the public area (public space). The condition of open space / open space RW 04 Kelurahan Bener Yogyakarta City is quite interesting to note. Some areas of open space are used by the community not according to their main function. It is hoped that the solution of the design to problems that exist in the field can provide benefits to the surrounding community, such as making areas that look unorganized become designed and do not create a slum impression. The use of linear open space with a good design in dense areas can give an aesthetic impression to an area and provide many benefits, especially in social terms, cleanliness can also be reflected because in general, slum areas often occur / form slums. In addition, the design proposal with the concept of the character approach that is owned by RW 04, Kelurahan Bener is a KB village. by applying it as a social, economic, and ecological function. Point one is focused on bringing out the village character, the second point is character and improves the function of the information board and the third point is improving the function of the gathering place.Keywords: Open Space, Linear Open space, KB Village, Ecology

Monitoring Urban Heat Island Spatial Variability over Urban Structure Types – A Case Study from a Fast-growing City in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

This study aims to assess the variation in the temperature patterns for different urban structure types (USTs) in Can Tho City, Vietnam. The study involves extracting thermal infrared data from Landsat imagery to determine the Land Surface Temperature (LST). Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) intensity is then calculated by analyzing the temperature differences between urban and non-urban areas. An overlay method was applied to analyze the variations in SUHI intensity within four distinct USTs categories: residential (R), public and special use (P), industrial (I), and green and open spaces (G), as defined based on 53 USTs derived in original data. The results highlight that the highest SUHI intensity was primarily concentrated in the industrial (I) areas, covering over 50% of the region, while residential (R) and public and special use (P) areas exhibited moderate SUHI intensity. Although the green and open space (G) category had a substantial area of open space, it still experienced a low-intensity SUHI, mainly concentrated in heavily sealed areas. This study provides valuable insights into the presence of SUHI in contemporary, rapidly developing cities. It underscores the significance of understanding and addressing SUHI issues, particularly useful for the real-world planning of urban environments.

Assessment of Portuguese fitness centers: Bridging the knowledge gap on harmful microbial contamination with focus on fungi

The lack of knowledge regarding the extent of microbial contamination in Portuguese fitness centers (FC) puts attendees and athletes at risk for bioaerosol exposure. This study intends to characterize microbial contamination in Portuguese FC by passive sampling methods: electrostatic dust collectors (EDC) (N = 39), settled dust (N = 8), vacuum filters (N = 8), and used cleaning mops (N = 12). The obtained extracts were plated in selective culture media for fungi and bacteria. Filters, EDC, and mop samples' extracts were also screened for antifungal resistance and used for the molecular detection of the selected Aspergillus sections. The detection of mycotoxins was conducted using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) system and to determine the cytotoxicity of microbial contaminants recovered by passive sampling, HepG2 (human liver carcinoma) and A549 (human alveolar epithelial) cells were employed. The results reinforce the use of passive sampling methods to identify the most critical areas and identify environmental factors that influence microbial contamination, namely having a swimming pool. The cardio fitness area presented the highest median value of total bacteria (TSA: 9.69 × 102 CFU m−2.day−1) and Gram-negative bacteria (VRBA: 1.23 CFU m−2.day−1), while for fungi it was the open space area, with 1.86 × 101 CFU m−2.day−1. Aspergillus sp. was present in EDC and in filters used to collect settled dust. Reduced azole susceptibility was observed in filters and EDC (on ICZ and VCZ), and in mops (on ICZ). Fumonisin B2 was the only mycotoxin detected and it was present in all sampling matrixes except settled dust. High and moderate cytotoxicity was obtained, suggesting that A549 cells were more sensitive to samples’ contaminants. The observed widespread of critical toxigenic fungal species with clinical relevance, such as Aspergillus section Fumigati, as well as Fumonisin B2 emphasizes the importance of frequent and effective cleaning procedures while using shared mops appeared as a vehicle of cross-contamination.

Analisis Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kota Medan

This research aims to analyze the area and percentage of green open space in Medan city, formulate the direction of recommendations and strategies to meet the needs of public green open space. This research is descriptive in nature using quantitative methods. The primary data of the research was obtained from 40 respondents consisting of the Medan City Environment Office, the Housing and Settlement Office of Cipta Karya and Spatial Planning and the Community. The results showed that green open space in Medan City has an area of 11642.90 Ha or 41.35% of the overall total in Medan City and there are 14 sub-districts that do not meet the established green open space requirements. The implication of this research contributes to the importance of urban planning practices. Strategies to increase the provision of green open space in Medan City can be achieved by applying a combination of intensification and extensification measures in the development of green open space.

Functional Method for Analyzing Open-Space Ratios around Individual Buildings and Its Implementation with GIS

An open-space ratio is often used as a first basic metric to examine the distribution of open space in urbanized areas. Originally, the open-space ratio was defined as the ratio of the area of open space (unbuilt area) to the area of its building site. In recent years, residents have become more concerned with the open-space ratios in the broader neighborhoods of their individual buildings than with their own building sites. To address this concern, this paper proposes a method for dealing with the open-space ratio in the variable x-meter buffer zone around each building, called the open-space ratio function, and implements it using standard GIS operators. The function and its implemented analytical tool can answer the following questions. First, this function shows how the ratio varies with respect to the bandwidth to discuss the modifiable area unit problem. Second, as the ratio changes, the function shows in which bandwidth zone the ratio is the highest, indicating the best open-space environment zone. Third, in the pairwise comparison for housing selection, the function shows in which bandwidth zone a specific house is better than another. Fourth, the function shows in which bandwidth zone the variance among all buildings in a region is the greatest. Fifth, in this zone, buildings are clustered in terms of open-space ratio. The resulting clusters are the most distinct. Sixth, to examine the open-space ratio around a clump of buildings (such as a housing complex), the function shows how to obtain clumps. Seventh, it is shown how the open-space function provides a wide range of applicability without changing the mathematical formulation. Finally, this paper shows how to implement the function in a simple computational method using operators and a processing modeler provided by the standard GIS without additional software.

Evaluasi Kesesuaian RTH terhadap RTRW Kota Pariaman

This research is related to assessing the reasonableness of the area of green open space (RTH) towards the development strategy of Pariaman City as stated in the Regional Regulation (Perda) of the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) of Pariaman City for 2010-2030, namely 30% and aims to, 1) Find out distribution and extent of availability of green open space (RTH) in Pariaman City. 2) Knowing the suitability between green open space (RTH) and Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW). This research is a quantitative exploration using spatial methodology. Using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) identification method, the analysis used focuses on the distribution of green vegetation throughout Pariaman City. The vegetation distribution obtained was overlaid with shapefile data (SHP) obtained from the digitization of the Regional Regulations (Perda) of the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) of Pariaman City for 2010-2030, so that the area, distribution and suitability are known. The results of identifying 3946.09 Ha of green open space (RTH) from 4118.76 Ha which were planned in detail, namely; City Park RTH, planned area 3214.16 Ha and area in the field 3087.12 Ha, City Forest RTH, planned area 174.8 Ha and area in the field 174.23 Ha, Cemetery Open Space, planned area 4.72 Ha and area in field 4.67 Ha, RTH Road Route, planned area 504.14 Ha and area in the field 472.53 Ha and RTH Tourism Area, planned area 220.94 Ha and area in the field 207.54 Ha. The percentage of Pariaman City's green open space to the area is 59.57% and has fulfilled the provisions of the RTRW Regional Regulation, namely a minimum green open space of 30%.