Food Processing Areas Research Articles

Culinary Hygiene and Sanitation: A Systematic Literature Review

Healthy food refers to food that is both sanitary and nourishing. Edible sustenance Hygienic food refers to food that is free from pathogens and contaminants that can pose a health risk. Food processed products typically exhibit vulnerabilities in terms of their safety, including biological or microbiological, chemical, and physical dangers. The occurrence of hazards or pollution, typically resulting from substandard raw materials, processing techniques, and insufficient sanitation and hygiene practices, has raised concerns regarding the awareness of workers or producers involved in handling processed food. This research aims to investigate the topic of Culinary Hygiene and Sanitation through a systematic review of existing literature. This review was conducted utilizing the latest and most advanced methodologies, following the recommended reporting items for reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) standards. The findings of this study clarify that food plays a multifaceted role and serves various purposes, including promoting health, reflecting political and social status, exerting power and fostering cooperation, influencing social and economic standing, embodying cultural values, responding to population density, reflecting changing times, and adhering to principles of hygiene and sanitation. The key elements of the facility are the physical location and structure, the sanitary facilities, the kitchen area, the dining room, and food storage area, the handling of food ingredients and prepared food, the food processing area, the storage area for food ingredients and prepared food, the food serving area, the presentation of food, the equipment used, and the labor involved.

Effectiveness of official food safety control in Barcelona city: Digital and traditional inspections

Analysing the effects of using a digital environment in official food safety control and understanding its benefits is crucial for competent authorities. The aim of this paper was to assess the effectiveness of official control carried out by the Barcelona Public Health Agency between 2015 and 2022 in Barcelona city (Spain) at retail outlets following the transition from a traditional to a digital inspection. Effectiveness is defined as the ability to detect non-compliance during inspections. This study assessed 2,188 inspection reports of risk-based planned inspections from 2015 to 2019 (traditional inspection) and 2022 (digital inspection) to compare the detection of non-compliances. The results show a significant increase in the detection of non-compliance when using the digital inspection. Compared to all inspection areas studied, the highest prevalence difference in the detection of non-compliance using a digital environment was found for the areas of food processing and handling procedures (34.0%) and own controls (16.7%). On the other hand, the areas of food labelling and general cleanliness of premises and equipment showed the lowest difference, 11.1% and 7.9%, respectively. The present case study shows that the use of a digital environment during inspections positively supports the control officers in structuring the compliance judgement and being more sensible to detect non-compliance. This fact results in a greater effectiveness of food control.

Characterization and Hydrolysis Mechanism Analysis of a Cold-Adapted Trypsin-Like Protease from Antarctic Krill.

Cold-adapted proteases are capable of efficient protein hydrolysis at reduced temperatures, which offer significant potential applications in the area of low temperature food processing. In this paper, we attempted to characterize cold-adapted proteases from Antarctic krill. Antarctic krill possesses an extremely active autolytic enzyme system in their bodies, and the production of peptides and free amino acids accompanies the rapid breakdown of muscle proteins following the death. The crucial role of trypsin in this process is recognized. A cold-adapted trypsin named OUC-Pp-20 from Antarctic krill genome was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant trypsin is a monomeric protein of 26.8 ± 1.0 kDa with optimum reaction temperature at 25 °C. In addition, the catalytic specificity of OUC-Pp-20 was assessed by identifying its hydrolysis sites through LC-MS/MS. OUC-Pp-20 appeared to prefer Gln and Asn at the P1 position, which is an amino acid with an amide group in its side chain. Hydrolysis reactions on milk and shrimp meat revealed that it can effectively degrade allergenic components in milk and arginine kinase in shrimp meat. These findings update the current knowledge of cold-adapted trypsin and demonstrate the potential application of OUC-Pp-20 in low temperature food processing.

Unveiling the potential of starch-blended biodegradable polymers for substantializing the eco-friendly innovations

The extensive industrialization of polyethylene during the 1950s resulted in the mass production of petrochemical-derived plastics that remain widely used today. However, the harmful environmental impact of these non-biodegradable plastics has become increasingly evident. The non-degradability of conventional plastics has led to the filling of landfill sites, raising water and land pollution, and rapid depletion of fossil resources. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable alternatives that can reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste. One promising solution is the production of starch-blended biodegradable polymers. These polymers are produced from renewable resources such as corn and have the potential to be biodegradable or compostable. The compatibility between starch and other biopolymers, like polybutylene succinate (PBS), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is being researched in several areas of food processing. The environmental impact and sustainability aspects of starch-blended biodegradable polymers are addressed, emphasizing their renewable nature, reduced carbon footprint, and potential to mitigate plastic waste. They offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative that can significantly reduce plastic waste and minimize the reliance on fossil resources. Studying starch-blended biodegradable polymers as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics is crucial in addressing the detrimental environmental effects of non-degradable plastics. The review discusses the influences of starch content, compatibilizers, and plasticizers on the mechanical, thermal, and barrier characteristics of the blends also provides valuable insights into the current research trends and applications of starch-blended biodegradable polymers, highlighting their potential to contribute to sustainability and environmentally friendly polymer materials in various industries.

Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Risiko Kecelakaan Kerja Pada Bagian Pengolahan Makanan Di Instalasi Gizi RSUD Bahteramas Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara Tahun 2023

Work accidents are adverse occurrences that can interrupt operational operations and arise from hazardous behaviors and conditions. According to the ILO data from 2018, over 2.78 million workers perish annually as a result of work-related accidents. Among these fatalities, around 2,000 (or 13.7%) are caused by work accidents, while the remaining 4 million (or 86.3%) are attributed to occupational diseases. One of these is located in the nutrition installation division of Bahteramas Regional Hospital, in the Southeast Sulawesi Province. The objective of this study is to ascertain the factors responsible for work-related accidents among food processing workers at the Nutrition Installation of Bahteramas Regional Hospital in Southeast Sulawesi Province. This study is a descriptive survey that aims to identify the elements contributing to risky actions and unsafe situations leading to work accidents in the food processing area of the Nutrition Installation at Bahteramas Regional Hospital, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The research sample comprised 37 individuals, selected from the population of workers in the food processing department at the Nutrition Installation at RSUD dr. Soedarso, Kalimantan Province, Bahteramas, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The majority of respondents demonstrated a satisfactory level of knowledge. Out of the total respondents, 12 individuals (66.7%) reported no work accidents. Among those who experienced work accidents, 66.7% exhibited poor work behavior. The compliant category showed a high usage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Out of the total respondents, 12 individuals (33.3%) did not have any work accidents, while 24 individuals (66.7%) did encounter work accidents. The primary aim of this study is to identify the characteristics that contribute to the likelihood of work-related accidents among food processing employees at the nutrition facility in Bahteramas Regional Hospital, located in the Southeast Sulawesi Province.

Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensor Based on Vernier Effect Using a Sturdy Double-cavity Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer.

Temperature measuring is a daily procedure carried out worldwide in practically all environments of human activity, but it takes particular relevance in industrial, scientific, medical, and food processing and production areas. The characteristics and performance of the temperature sensors required for such a large universe of applications have opened the opportunity for a comprehensive range of technologies and architectures capable of fulfilling the sensitivity, resolution, dynamic range, and response time demanded. In this work, a highly sensitive fiber optic temperature sensor based on a double-cavity Fabry-Perot interferometer (DCFPI) is proposed and demonstrated. Taking advantage of the Vernier effect, we demonstrate that it is possible to improve the temperature sensitivity exhibited by the polymer-capped fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (PCFPI) up to 39.8 nm/°C. The DCFPI is sturdy, reconfigured, and simple to fabricate, consisting of a semi-spherical polymer cap added to the surface of the ferrule of a commercial single-mode fiber connector (SMF FC/PC) placed in front of a mirror at a proper distance. The length of the air cavity (Lair) was adjusted to equal the thickness of the polymer cap (Lpol) plus a distance δ to generate the most convenient Vernier effect spectrum. The DCFPI was packaged in a machined, movable mount that allows the adjustment of the air cavity length easily but also protects the polymer cap and simplifies the manipulation of the sensor head.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to study the key role by which Ralstonia insidiosa induces Listeria monocytogenes to form suspended aggregates.

Ralstonia insidiosa can survive in a wide range of aqueous environments, including food processing areas, and is harmful to humans. It can induce Listeria monocytogenes to form suspended aggregates, resulting from the co-aggregation of two bacteria, which allows for more persistent survival and increases the risk of L. monocytogenes contamination. In our study, different groups of aggregates were analyzed and compared using Illumina RNA sequencing technology. These included R. insidiosa under normal and barren nutrient conditions and in the presence or absence of L. monocytogenes as a way to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the process of aggregate formation. In addition, sterile supernatants of R. insidiosa were analyzed under different nutrient conditions using metabolomics to investigate the effect of nutrient-poor conditions on metabolite production by R. insidiosa. We also undertook a combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data to further investigate the induction effect of R. insidiosa on L. monocytogenes in a barren environment. The results of the functional annotation analysis on the surface of DEGs and qPCR showed that under nutrient-poor conditions, the acdx, puuE, and acs genes of R. insidiosa were significantly upregulated in biosynthetic processes such as carbon metabolism, metabolic pathways, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, with Log2FC reaching 4.39, 3.96, and 3.95 respectively. In contrast, the Log2FC of cydA, cyoB, and rpsJ in oxidative phosphorylation and ribosomal pathways reached 3.74, 3.87, and 4.25, respectively. Thirty-one key components were identified while screening for differential metabolites, which mainly included amino acids and their metabolites, enriched to the pathways of biosynthesis of amino acids, phenylalanine metabolism, and methionine metabolism. Of these, aminomalonic acid and Proximicin B were the special components of R. insidiosa that were metabolized under nutrient-poor conditions.

Novel food materials: Fundamentals and applications in sustainable food systems for food processing and safety

With the increase in global population, environmental hazards, climate change, energy limitations, and a decrease in agricultural land, emerging techniques are critical to raising and enhancing food production and quality. This review aims to draw attention to the latest developments in technology that guarantee the quality and safety of food. It is devoted to highlighting several key materials-based derivatives, extraction methods, chemistry, mechanisms of action, safety considerations, and various other uses. The review discusses the utilization of cutting-edge food materials, including aerogels, C-dots, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and conjugates, in several areas of food processing and preservation. These materials offer unique properties that contribute to improving food quality, safety, and shelf life. The review also addresses research challenges and identifies future trends in this field. These challenges may involve optimising synthesis processes, understanding the long-term effects of these materials on human health and the environment, and developing sustainable production methods. By addressing these challenges, researchers can unlock the full potential of advanced food materials. In conclusion, this review underscores the significance of emerging techniques and materials in ensuring food quality and safety. The integration of science and engineering in the development of advanced food materials opens up new possibilities for sustainable food production and preservation. By addressing current challenges and focusing on future trends, researchers can contribute to the advancement of this field and meet growing global food demands.

Combined Infection Control Interventions Protect Essential Food Workers from Occupational Exposures to SARS-CoV-2 in the Agricultural Environment.

Essential food workers experience elevated risks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to prolonged occupational exposures in food production and processing areas, shared transportation (car or bus), and employer-provided shared housing. Our goal was to quantify the daily cumulative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for healthy susceptible produce workers and to evaluate the relative reduction in risk attributable to food industry interventions and vaccination. We simulated daily SARS-CoV-2 exposures of indoor and outdoor produce workers through six linked quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model scenarios. For each scenario, the infectious viral dose emitted by a symptomatic worker was calculated across aerosol, droplet, and fomite-mediated transmission pathways. Standard industry interventions (2-m physical distancing, handwashing, surface disinfection, universal masking, ventilation) were simulated to assess relative risk reductions from baseline risk (no interventions, 1-m distance). Implementation of industry interventions reduced an indoor worker's relative infection risk by 98.0% (0.020; 95% uncertainty interval [UI], 0.005 to 0.104) from baseline risk (1.00; 95% UI, 0.995 to 1.00) and an outdoor worker's relative infection risk by 94.5% (0.027; 95% UI, 0.013 to 0.055) from baseline risk (0.487; 95% UI, 0.257 to 0.825). Integrating these interventions with two-dose mRNA vaccinations (86 to 99% efficacy), representing a worker's protective immunity to infection, reduced the relative infection risk from baseline for indoor workers by 99.9% (0.001; 95% UI, 0.0002 to 0.005) and outdoor workers by 99.6% (0.002; 95% UI, 0.0003 to 0.005). Consistent implementation of combined industry interventions, paired with vaccination, effectively mitigates the elevated risks from occupationally acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection faced by produce workers. IMPORTANCE This is the first study to estimate the daily risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across a variety of indoor and outdoor environmental settings relevant to food workers (e.g., shared transportation [car or bus], enclosed produce processing facility and accompanying breakroom, outdoor produce harvesting field, shared housing facility) through a linked quantitative microbial risk assessment framework. Our model has demonstrated that the elevated daily SARS-CoV-2 infection risk experienced by indoor and outdoor produce workers can be reduced below 1% when vaccinations (optimal vaccine efficacy, 86 to 99%) are implemented with recommended infection control strategies (e.g., handwashing, surface disinfection, universal masking, physical distancing, and increased ventilation). Our novel findings provide scenario-specific infection risk estimates that can be utilized by food industry managers to target high-risk scenarios with effective infection mitigation strategies, which was informed through more realistic and context-driven modeling estimates of the infection risk faced by essential food workers daily. Bundled interventions, particularly if they include vaccination, yield significant reductions (>99%) in daily SARS-CoV-2 infection risk for essential food workers in enclosed and open-air environments.

New insights into chemical compositions and health‐promoting effects of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

AbstractBlack beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are most widely consumed in China, India, and America due to their unique taste and potent health benefits attributed to their higher content of phytochemicals. Researchers have extensively explored the phenolic profile and biological properties of black beans. This paper first attempt to review nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and health‐promoting properties of black beans. Black beans are reported to exhibit potent antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti‐cardiovascular diseases, and anti‐inflammatory properties due to the present of high level of various phytochemicals. Impacts of various processing technologies have also been extensively explored by researchers. However, the synergistic effects of black beans in combination with other food materials as final food products need to be studied in the future. This review paper will be helpful for researchers in food processing area for the development of novel black beans‐based functional food products.

Unique dentition of rhynchosaurs and their two‐phase success as herbivores in the Triassic

AbstractRhynchosaurs were key herbivores over much of the world in the Middle and Late Triassic, often dominating their faunas ecologically, and much of their success may relate to their dentition. They show the unique ankylothecodont mode of tooth implantation, with deep roots embedded in the bone of the jaw and low crowns that were rapidly worn down in use. During growth, the main area of oral food processing, located in the middle and posterior portions of the occlusal surfaces of the jaws, moved posteriorly relative to the anterior tips of the jaws, which curved up. As the maxilla and dentary grew by addition of new bone posteriorly, the dental lamina fed in new teeth at the back of the tooth rows. CT scanning of the holotype skull of Bentonyx sidensis from the Middle Triassic of England reveals previously concealed details of the dentition. Together with new dentary material from the same location, this has enabled us to examine the tooth replacement process and elucidate ontogenetic changes in dentition and jaw morphology as the animals aged. There were major changes in rhynchosaur anatomy and function through their evolutionary history, with the early forms of the Middle Triassic dying out before or during the Carnian Pluvial Episode (233–232 Ma), and the subclade Hyperodapedontinae, with broad skulls and adaptations to chop tough vegetation, subsequently diversifying worldwide in a successful ecological expansion until their global extinction 227–225 Ma.

Drying of pears in CO2 modified atmosphere

One of the biggest problem encountered in drying area of food processing are the losses in food quality. While drying process is held, there is an important damage done to vitamins, polyphenols and other important nutriments. Being easily affected by high temperature and oxygen exposure, our concern was to find out what will be the effect of convective drying in air flow and CO2 modified atmosphere upon pears, “Conference” variety quality. Testing took place with temperatures between 60 and 100°C for both drying methods, one also used three different CO2 concentration regimes for the modified atmosphere approach, namely 30, 60, and 80%. The usage of carbon dioxide instead of air inside the drying chamber is expected to reduce oxygen exposure of the product during drying process, thus reducing oxidative reactions. Using CO2 as air substituent for convective drying showed good results from the organoleptic point of view by preserving a more natural pear color closer to the row material one, reduced damage done to ascorbic acid and total polyphenols concentration presumably thanks to reducing oxygen concentration and a slight drying duration reduction. There was deducted and established a mathematical model for the convective modified CO2 drying atmosphere as well as a pilot drying installation was designed for combined dying methods equipped with a CO2 recycling system.

Relative Humidity Sensor Based on Double Sagnac Interferometers and Vernier Effect

A double Sagnac interferometer (DSI) and vernier effect sensor for relative humidity (RH) is proposed and experimentally implemented, in which two single Sagnac interferometers (SI1 and SI2) cascaded in parallel to construct the structure of the sensor. Owing to the approximate free spectral range (FSR) of the SI1 and SI2, the proposed sensor can produce fundamental and harmonic vernier effect. Theoretical analysis shows that the RH sensitivity of the sensor is only related to the lengths of polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs). The experimental results show that in the range of 30∼80%RH, the RH sensitivities of the spectral envelope can reach −0.48 nm/%RH, which is 60 times higher than that measured by the single Sagnac interferometer sensor (8 pm/%RH). The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The proposed sensor has the superiorities of high sensitivity, good repeatability, simple fabrication, and compact size, and it has potential applications in the areas of biopharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, food processing, and microbial sensing.

Inhibition of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria by Excreted Metabolites of Serratia marcescens Strains Isolated from a Dairy-Producing Environment

Serratia marcescens strains from a dairy-producing environment were tested for their inhibitory effect on Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Hartford, Yersinia enterocolitica and Escherichia coli. Inhibition of foodborne pathogens was observed in the case of a non-pigmented Serratia strain, while the pigment-producing isolate was able to inhibit only Y. enterocolitica. The co-culturing study in tryptone soya broth (TSB) and milk showed that the growth of Salmonella was inhibited in the first 24 h, but later the pathogen could grow in the presence of the Serratia strain even if its cell concentration was 1000 times higher than that of Salmonella. However, we found that (1) concentrated cell-free supernatants had stronger inhibitory activity, which confirms the extracellular nature of the antagonistic compound(s). We proved that (2) protease and chitinase enzymes can take part in this mechanism, but they are not the main inhibitory compounds. The presence of prodigiosin was observed only in the case of the pigmented strain; thus, (3) we hypothesized that prodigiosin does not take part in the inhibition of the pathogens. However, (4) the combined effect of different extracellular metabolites might be attributed to the inhibitory property. Application of concentrated S. marcescens cell-free supernatant can be an effective antibacterial strategy in the food industry, mainly in the form of a bio-disinfectant on surfaces of food-processing areas.

Intensified and controllable vaporization of phase-changeable nanodroplets induced by simultaneous exposure of laser and ultrasound

Phase-changeable contrast agents have been proposed as a next-generation ultrasound contrast agent over conventional microbubbles given its stability, longer circulation time and ability to extravasate. Safe vaporization of nanodroplets (NDs) plays an essential role in the practical translation of ND applications in industry and medical therapy. In particular, the exposure parameters for initializing phase change as well as the site of phase change are concerned to be controlled. Compared to the traditional optical vaporization or acoustic droplet vaporization, this study exhibited the potential of using simultaneous, single burst laser and ultrasound incidence as a means of activating phase change of NDs to generate cavitation nuclei with reduced fluence and sound pressure. A theoretical model considering the laser heating, vapor cavity nucleation and growth was established, where qualitative agreement with experiment findings were found in terms of the trend of combined exposure parameters in order to achieve the same level of vaporization outcome. The results indicate that using single burst laser pulse and 10-cycle ultrasound might be sufficient to lower the exposure levels under FDA limit for laser skin exposure and ultrasound imaging. The combination of laser and ultrasound also provides temporal and spatial control of ND vaporization and cavitation nucleation without altering the sound field, which is beneficial for further safe and effective applications of phase-changeable NDs in medical, environmental, food processing and other industrial areas.

Millennial Street Food Consumption: An Integrated Theory of Reasoned Action Approach

Street food vending is still prevalent in developing countries despite the enormous stride recorded in the areas of food processing. This study investigates the practicality of the extended theory of reasoned action for street-food patronage decisions. The framework is premised on six critical constructs- attitudes, subjective norm, past behaviour, Food safety concerns, patronage intention and actual patronage. Data were collected from 550 consumers in Gauteng to validate the integrated conceptual framework. Structural equation modelling (SEM) technique is used to analyse data relating to the hypothesised relationships in the model. The results indicated that subjective norms and food safety concerns positively and significantly influence patronage intention. Attitude towards street food and past behaviour negatively and insignificantly influenced patronage intention. Lastly, patronage intention had a positive and a significant influence on actual patronage. Drawing from the study’s findings, managerial implications are discussed, and limitations and future research directions are suggested. By and large, this study immensely contributes new knowledge to the existing body of consumer behaviour literature in Africa - a context that is often most neglected by some researchers in developing countries.

Trends in U.S. food consumption: priorities, and prospects

The subject of the article is an economic study of trends in food consumption by the US population over the past five decades. The multidirectional dynamics of the consumption of individual products under the influence of economic, social and demographic factors ensures a stable level of total food consumption in the country - it has not changed much over half a century. But the structure of consumption has changed significantly, which, combined with the growing popularity of fast food, has a direct impact on the food industry and the domestic food market, stimulates some and inhibits other areas of food production and processing. Noting positive trends in US food consumption, experts point out that Americans still fall short of the Federal Dietary Guidelines. According to ERS’s loss-adjusted food availability data, Americans consume too many foods and drinks high in fat and carbohydrates and too few foods and drinks rich in nutrients such as fruits, vegetables and skim milk.

Identification of microbial airborne contamination routes in a food production environment and development of a tailored protection concept using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation

Airborne microbial re-contaminations are among the most frequent causes of food spoilage, contributing to food waste and economic losses. Cleanrooms can help to avoid bioaerosol re-contaminations, but are not suitable for open food processing environments. The present study assessed airborne microbial levels and their contamination routes within bakery production. Current airborne mold and total viable counts (TVCs) were evaluated over 8 months, indicating mold and TVCs ranging from 20 to 960 CFU/m 3 and from 20 to 1600 CFU/m 3 , respectively. The relative contamination level of each source point towards the cooling zone was virtually reproduced. The overall aim of this study was to develop a tailored cost-effective and easy-to-apply partial protection strategy, based on filter fan units (FFUs). The FFU concept with an air velocity of 0.3 m/s resulted in a significant reduction of the relative contamination (99.94%). Hence, this study suggests an alternative FFU-based control strategy for airborne contaminations within open food processing areas. • Evaluation of microbial counts in a bakery production facility. • Investigation of airborne microbial transmission routes through numerical simulation. • Identification of (bio)aerosol carryover by passive scalar transport functions with computational fluid dynamics. • Reduction of airborne contamination (≤99.94%) by targeted filter fan unit protection strategy.

Mathematical modelling of cockroach involvement in foodborne disease transmission in human habitat

Cockroaches are among the most common pests in many houses and other food processing areas. Their co-habitation with humans have raised public health concerns and posed serious risks to humans health, as they are suspected to play an important role in the transmission of different intestinal diseases including diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, leprosy plague and typhoid fever. In this article, we present a mathematical model that depicts foodborne disease transmission to humans by cockroaches to incorporate control interventions such as insecticides use and regular environmental sanitation. The mathematical and numerical analyses are conducted to investigate the impact of these control interventions when considered as a single or combined strategies. The results reveal the efficacy level of the insecticides beyond which a total eradication is possible. Use of baits and trapping devices intervention is also explored and revealed to be the best.

Flies (Musca domestica, Calliphora vomitoria, Sarcophadigae) and Cokroaches (Periplaneta americana) Control Based on Botanical Insecticides in Outdoor Food Processing Areas

Abstract
 Background
 Pathogenic agents can be spread by flies and cockroaches. Food processing areas are favored by insects, Control is carried out to prevent contamination of food. The use of synthetic insecticides causes environmental damage, resistance, and contamination of food that is processed and served. Natural ingredients containing active ingredients can be used as insect repellents that are safer because they can be decomposed by nature.
 Research Objective
 This study aims to determine the ability to use the concentration formula and duration of exposure to clove flower extract and bay leaf extract against the repelling capability of flies and cockroaches in outdoor restaurants.
 Method
 This research is field experiment research, which studies the effect of concentration formulations and exposure time of clove flower extract and bay leaf extract in repelling flies and cockroaches in food processing facilities. Experiments were carried out with 3 levels of formulation: Clove flower extract and bay leaf extract, namely 20%: 25%, 20%: 30%, 25%: 30% with 3 levels of exposure time, namely 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes. Outdoor restaurant as a place to observe the density of flies and the density of cockroaches, the temperature and humidity of the dining room/food serving room. Data analysis using two-way ANOVA analysis and Tukey's test.
 Results:
 The results of this study indicate that the formula of clove flower extract and bay leaf extract has an effect on the density of flies and cockroaches in outdoor restaurants. The mixed formula of 25% -30% extract with 60 minutes of exposure can repel flies by 100% in the outdoor dining area.
 
 Conclusion
 The mixed formula of Clove flower extract and bay leaf extract can be used to control the density of flies and cockroaches in outdoor food processing areas.