Bubble Area Research Articles

Experimental and numerical study on cavitation flow characteristics of refrigerants with different thermophysical properties in confined micro-clearance

In high-speed hydraulic machinery, its efficiency and reliability are affected by the cavitation in the bearing. Due to the confined effect of the bearing clearance, cavitation bubbles grow in a two-dimensional way. To uncover the cavitation process with confined and high speed shearing effect, the high-speed cavitation flowing of different refrigerants is researched experimentally based on the high-speed shearing test rig with micro-clearance. The influence of thermophysical properties on growth of cavitation bubble is evaluated and analyzed. The confined effect of micro-clearance and high-speed shearing effect has a significant influence on the cavitation bubbles evolution. The high-speed camera is used to record the morphology of cavitation bubbles for various refrigerants with different thermalphysical properties. Furthermore, the thermal-sensitive cavitation model is used to analyze the bubble-foam alternation from cavitation flow inside micro-clearance. For different refrigerants, the growth process of cavitation bubble area is exponential. Inside the micro-clearance, the cavitation inducing pressure drops of different refrigerants are analogous due to the similar thermodynamic properties. According to pressure drop during cavitation, different refrigerants are classified by introducing dimensionless numbers, σ·Re (Jie et al., 2009) [2] and σ·We. The pressure and temperature drop increase with the dimensionless numbers. The refrigerants with similar thermodynamic properties have a similar relationship between dimensionless number and supercooling degree.

Cavitation dynamics in creeping flow

We investigate the heterogeneous cavitation phenomenon in water when a spherical surface is abruptly separated from a nearby flat substrate, at a distance of approximately 10 nm. By tracking the surface separation using Newton ring positions, and capturing the bubble evolution with a high-speed camera on a microscope, we compare our experimental findings with hydrodynamic predictions at low Reynolds numbers. Upon upward movement of the spherical surface, the resulting bubble develops branched fingers through the Saffman–Taylor instability. Simultaneously, negative liquid pressures in the range $\sim$ 10 atm are observed. These large tension values occasionally lead to secondary nucleation events. The bubble sizes satisfy a predicted Family–Vicsek scaling law where the bubble area is proportional to the inverse bubble lifetime. The fact that creeping flow cavitation bubbles are more short-lived the larger they are separates them from bubbles that are governed by inertial dynamics.

The Influence and Mechanism of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of High-Performance Shotcrete

This study investigates the impact of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers on the mechanical properties and durability of high-performance shotcrete (HPS). Results demonstrate that PVA fibers have a dual impact on the performance of HPS. Positively, PVA fibers enhance the tensile strength and toughness of shotcrete due to their intrinsic high tensile strength and fiber-bridging effect, which significantly improves the material’s splitting tensile strength, deformation resistance, and toughness, and the splitting tensile strength and peak strain have been found to be increased by up to 30.77% and 31.51%, respectively. On the other hand, the random distribution and potential agglomeration of PVA fibers within the HPS matrix can lead to increased air-void formations. This phenomenon raises the volume content of large bubbles and increases the average bubble area and diameter, thereby elevating the pore volume fraction within the 500–1200 μm and >1200 μm ranges. Therefore, these microstructural changes reduce the compactness of the HPS matrix, resulting in a decrease in compressive strength and elastic modulus. The compressive strength exhibited a reduction ranging from 10.44% to 15.11%, while the elastic modulus showed a decrease of between 8.09% and 12.67%. Overall, the PVA-HPS mixtures with different mix proportions demonstrated excellent frost resistance, chloride ion penetration resistance, and carbonation resistance. The electrical charge passed ranged from 133 to 370 C, and the carbonation depth varied between 2.04 and 6.12 mm. Although the incorporation of PVA fibers reduced the permeability and carbonation resistance of shotcrete, it significantly mitigated the loss of tensile strength during freeze–thaw cycles. The findings offer insights into optimizing the use of PVA fibers in HPS applications, balancing enhancements in tensile properties with potential impacts on compressive performance.

Equilibrium configurations of two-dimensional bubbles in a channel: N -bubble case

Two-dimensional liquid foam systems comprised of an odd number N of bubbles arranged in a staircase configuration are studied as they are packed within a confined straight channel. Energy minimization is employed to characterize the permitted topology and geometry of the system at equilibrium. It is known that in an infinite staircase, bubble films are flat. The configuration for a finite number of bubbles, however, deviates from that of an infinite staircase at the edges. It is known that films near the edges are not flat and structures with a few bubbles (up to N = 3 ) are well characterized. To study what happens as more bubbles are added, and how the behaviour approaches that of an infinite staircase, structures comprised of N = [ 5 , 7 , … ] bubbles are studied here. For these N values, minimum and maximum bubble areas are found that can pack in a staircase configuration within a straight channel. However, for an infinite staircase and also for N = 3 , there are maximum areas, but no minima. Staircases with very short films, which make the structure susceptible to break in various ways, are also identified.

Micrometer-Scale Graphene-Based Liquid Cells of Highly Concentrated Salt Solutions for In Situ Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy.

In situ liquid-cell transmission microscopy has attracted much attention as a method for the direct observations of the dynamics of soft matter. A graphene liquid cell (GLC) has previously been investigated as an alternative to a conventional SiN x liquid cell. Although GLCs are capable of scavenging radicals and providing high spatial resolutions, their production is fundamentally stochastic, and a significant compositional change in liquids encapsulated in GLCs has recently been pointed out. We found that graphene-based liquid cells were formed in nano- to micrometer sizes with high reproducibility when the concentration of the encapsulated aqueous salt solution was high. In contrast, when we revisited conventional fabrication methods, water-encapsulated GLC was formed with low yield, and any electron diffraction spots from ice were not confirmed by a cooling experiment. The reason for this was the presence of intrinsic defects in the graphene, the presence of which we confirmed by the etch-pit method. The shrinkage of a water-encapsulated cell and a decrease in the bubble area in an aqueous (NH4)2SO4 solution cell suggested that volatile water molecules and gas molecules can leak from the cells during the fabrication and observation processes. Further revision of the conditions for the formation of liquid cells and a reduction in the number of intrinsic graphene defects are expected to lead to the provision of graphene-based liquid cells capable of encapsulating dilute aqueous solutions or pure water.

Laser heat conduction joining of polycarbonate and aluminum alloy

The present work demonstrates the laser heat conduction joining (LHCJ) of polycarbonate and aluminum alloy. The experiments are performed to examine the impact of scan speed and laser power on the joint’s strength and quality. The bonding between the substrates was assessed by examining the cross-section using a scanning electron microscope and conducting energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The fractured surfaces are inspected by an optical microscope to explore the bond morphology. A finite-element-based numerical model is developed for the estimation of interface temperature and validated with the experimental results. Results of lap shear tests show that the weld strength is significantly affected by the laser power, scan speed, interface temperature, and bubble area. Microscopic observations of the joint interface disclose bubble area and mechanical interlocking between polycarbonate and aluminum. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it was discovered that the interface experiences chemical bonding facilitated by the formation of Al-O-C bonds, which effectively enhances the strength of the joint.

Can ozone mass transfer in water treatment be enhanced through independent pressurized ozonation?

The dissolved ozone equilibrium concentration is hard to improve by increasing the gas phase partial pressure due to the low initial pressure and difficulty in pressurization. In this study, a novel hydraulic pressurization technology was developed to reliably elevate the ozonation pressure and improve the solubility of ozone. It was located downstream of the ozone generator to avoid generator overpressure. Specifically, at the optimal pressure of 0.30 MPa with an initial ozone flow rate of 1–6 L min−1, the specific surface area of bubbles and turbulent dissipation rate in the ozonation reactor were up to 2.5- and 1.5-fold that of the atmospheric aeration. Meanwhile, the dissolved ozone equilibrium concentration, redox potential, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient were up to 2.4-, 1.6-, and 2.7-fold that of atmospheric aeration, respectively. The increase in bubble-specific surface area and turbulent dissipation rate, synergistically enhanced the mass transfer, contributing 83.2–94.4 % and 5.6–16.8 %, respectively. As the reactor pressure was increased from 0 to 0.30 MPa, the decolorization time of Acid Red 18 was shortened from 20 to 8 min, and the COD removal rate increased from 48.0 % to 85.0 %. This work provides an alternative approach coupled with a novel device that enhances the ozone mass transfer during water treatment.

Experimental study on the hypersonic double incident shock wave/boundary layer interaction regulated by plasma actuation array

In the inlet passage of a hypersonic vehicle, multi-channel shock waves inevitably interact with the boundary layer, producing complex multi-channel shock wave/boundary layer interactions (SWBLIs). The flow separation caused by these interactions significantly decreases the intake efficiency and may prevent the intake from starting. The typical interaction mode of multi-channel interactions is through double incident SWBLIs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of double incident SWBLIs and identify relevant flow control techniques. In this paper, the characteristics of hypersonic double incident SWBLIs are first examined, and then the results of an experimental study on regulation using a plasma actuation array are reported. We find that plasma actuation can positively regulate the hypersonic double incident SWBLI, and the optimal control effect reduces the area of the separation bubble by 38.62%. The main regulation mechanism involves suppressing the low-frequency instability of SWBLIs through a high-frequency shock effect. The regional scale of the separation bubble can be controlled by regulating the shock wave oscillation range. Correlative results provide technical and method support for the application of plasma actuation in hypersonic double incident SWBLI regulation and present a new idea for the selection of flow control methods for advanced intake systems.

Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Cavitation at the Tongue of a Centrifugal Pump

Abstract The flow separation at the tongue of the centrifugal pump will cause a sharp reduction of local pressure, thus inducing the cavitation phenomenon, which hurts the stable operation of the pump. This article focuses on the centrifugal pump as the research object. The Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) method based on the SST turbulence model was employed to numerically simulate the cavitation at the tongue of the centrifugal pump. The typical characteristics and unsteady changes of cavitation were observed and studied, and the pressure at the tongue position was monitored for flow rates of 1.36 Q 0 and 1.54 Q 0. The results show that, in the cloud cavitation stage, the area of the cavitation bubble presents periodic changes, the main frequency of the cavitation area pulsation is twice the axial frequency, the periodic shedding of the cavitation bubble is caused by the attached vortex (re-entrant jet) and the pressure gradient, and the wall attached vortex will periodically shed and break. The high intensity vortices generated by flow separation at the tongue will change periodically with the rotation of the blade. With the increase of inlet flow, the pressure pulsation at the tongue increases, and the shedding and collapse of the cavitation bubble will enhance the pressure pulsation.

Surface activity, foamability, and foam stability of binary mixed systems based on siloxane-based Gemini and hydrocarbon surfactants

Aiming to explore the potential of siloxane-based Gemini surfactants in the development of environmentally friendly foam extinguishing agent to address the pollution caused by traditional fluorinated ones. A crucial step is to study the performance of binary mixed systems of siloxane-based Gemini and hydrocarbon surfactants in terms of surface activity, foamability, and foam stability. In this study, binary mixed systems of two types of siloxane-based Gemini surfactants and one siloxane surfactant with four different hydrocarbon surfactants are prepared. Parameters such as surface tension, foam height, drainage time, and coarsening rate are tested. The results show that the siloxane-based Gemini surfactant HY-4000 with double silane chains could effectively reduce the surface tension of hydrocarbon surfactants. In addition, the two types of Gemini surfactants performed better in enhancing the foamability of hydrocarbon surfactants. The siloxane OFX0193 even inhibits the foaming of cationic hydrocarbon surfactant CATC. Besides the HY-4000/APG0180 mixed system, the binary mixed systems of three silicone surfactants with AOS and APG0180 exhibit better foam stability, particularly the systems containing TEGO4100. For the coarsening process of foam bubbles, we develop a predictive model based on previous studies, where the relationship between bubble area and time follows a power function law. The findings of this study could provide guidance for the development of green foam extinguishing agent with siloxane-based Gemini and hydrocarbon surfactants as core components.

Frequency-selective acoustic micromanipulation platform

Acoustic micromanipulation methods offer versatile tools ranging from lab-on-chip diagnostic platforms to mobile microrobots. Acoustically oscillating bubble-powered microsystems are gaining increased attention owing to their low cost and convenient operation. To date, no studies have reported on the controllability of the driving frequency on acoustic micromanipulation platforms using Helmholtz resonators. Here, we introduce a Helmholtz resonant cavity into a bubble-powered microsystem to reveal the function of the oscillation modes and frequency selectivity. The Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) model was utilized to construct a topological interfacial state and bubble-powered working location. We experimentally observed that the microparticles were captured by the oscillation bubble and underwent orbital rotation at the topological frequency. However, the microparticles were tightly bound close to the oscillation bubble area when the driving frequency was outside the topological frequency range. Our acoustic micromanipulation platform implements multiple microparticle manipulation modes based on frequency selectivity that are independent of optical or magnetic properties, which can enrich the micromanipulation toolbox and exhibit enormous application potential in the biomedical field.

Characterization of organic fouling on thermal bubble-driven micro-pumps

Thermal bubble-driven micro-pumps are an upcoming micro-actuator technology that can be directly integrated into micro/mesofluidic channels, have no moving parts, and leverage existing mass production fabrication approaches. These micro-pumps consist of a high-power micro-resistor that boils fluid in microseconds to create a high-pressure vapor bubble which performs mechanical work. As such, these micro-pumps hold great promise for micro/mesofluidic systems such as lab-on-a-chip technologies. However, to date, no current work has studied the interaction of these micro-pumps with biofluids such as blood and protein-rich fluids. In this study, the effects of organic fouling due to egg albumin and bovine whole blood are characterized using stroboscopic high-speed imaging and a custom deep learning neural network based on transfer learning of RESNET-18. It was found that the growth of a fouling film inhibited vapor bubble formation. A new metric to quantify the extent of fouling was proposed using the decrease in vapor bubble area as a function of the number of micro-pump firing events. Fouling due to egg albumin and bovine whole blood was found to significantly degrade pump performance as well as the lifetime of thermal bubble-driven micro-pumps to less than 104 firings, which may necessitate the use of protective thin film coatings to prevent the buildup of a fouling layer.

Prior implantation of hydrogen as a mechanism to delay helium bubbles, blistering, and exfoliation in titanium

This study explores the delaying of the formation of helium bubbles and blisters in pure titanium by hydrogen pre-implantation. Titanium, implanted with helium (40 KeV, 5 × 1017 ions/cm²), exhibited large bubbles that cause exfoliation after heat treatment, whereas hydrogen pre-implantation inhibited bubble growth at room temperature and reduced the exfoliation after heat treatment.In the samples pre-implanted with hydrogen, we found evidence of helium diffusion delay by: (a) a fourfold reduction in bubble pressure (b) faceted cavities in the samples (c) a smaller increase in titanium lattice parameters (d) a 16-fold reduction in average bubble size and a sixfold reduction in bubble area fraction (e) a more than twofold decrease in exfoliation (f) a tendency toward the formation of larger bubbles as a result of heat treatment. We believe that it is reasonable to assume that the inhibition of helium diffusion between tetrahedral interstitial lattice sites takes place because of the occupation of the intermediate octahedral sites by hydrogen atoms.Evidence for the opposite effect, that is inhibition of the diffusion of hydrogen in the presence of helium, is found in the retention of hydrogen in the specimens at elevated temperatures. This retention allowed the existence of titanium hydride after heat treatment at 680 °C. The present study sheds light on the intricate interplay between hydrogen and helium in titanium, providing insights into mechanisms that can potentially mitigate helium-induced damage in materials.

Bubbles dominated the significant spatiotemporal variability and accumulation of methane concentrations in an ice-covered reservoir

Climate-sensitive ice-covered reservoirs are critical components of methane (CH4) release. However, the mechanisms that influence CH4 dynamics during ice-covered periods remain poorly studied. To investigate the effects of bubbles on CH4 dynamics, we conducted intensive field and incubation experiments in an ice-covered reservoir (ice growth, stability, and melt period) in Northeast China. We found that the mean dissolved CH4 concentrations in the ice (625.9 ± 2419.7 nmol L−1) and underlying water (1218.9 ± 2678.9 nmol L−1) were high, making them atmosphere CH4 sources. The visible bubble bands (bubble area) in the riverine zone and the vertical profile of the CH4 concentration in the ice reflect the distribution of trapped bubbles. The mean CH4 concentration in the ice of the bubble area (1674.8 ± 3926.8 nmol L−1) was 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of no-bubble area (53.7 ± 9.2 nmol L−1). Moreover, a large amount of CH4 accumulated under the ice in the bubble area. These findings suggest that bubbles determine the CH4 storage in ice and CH4 accumulation in the underlying water. Ice growth increases CH4 storage in ice and the underlying water because of the entrapment and re-dissolution of CH4 bubbles. However, ice melting releases the CH4 accumulated in the ice and underlying water. A comparison of the field and incubation experiments indicated that the deep-water environment of the reservoir had a CH4 burial effect. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that higher sediment organic matter content, median particle size, and porosity increased the production and release of CH4 bubbles, trapping more CH4 bubbles in ice. Overall, this study improves the mechanistic understanding of CH4 dynamics and predictability of CH4 emissions during ice-covered periods.

Investigation of cavitation characteristics in an aircraft centrifugal fuel pump

Cavitation is a classic gas–liquid two-phase flow phenomenon that needs to be restricted for the hydraulic performance enhancement of centrifugal pumps. However, due to the particularity of fuel mediums and rigorous aviation conditions, the characteristics of cavitation occurring in aircraft centrifugal fuel pumps have not been elaborated. In this research, cavitation characteristics in an aircraft centrifugal fuel pump with a high rotational speed of 14,000 rpm were investigated by considering the influence of the flow rate ranging from 0.2Qd to 1.2Qd and the fuel temperature ranging from 20 °C to 100 °C. An experiment for testing the hydraulic performance of an aircraft centrifugal fuel pump was built, and a corresponding numerical simulation of gas–liquid two-phase flow was employed. The distributions of the pressure, streamlines, and turbulence kinetic energy in the centrifugal pump for different flow rates and fuel temperatures were comparatively analyzed. The net positive suction head available (NPSHa) was defined to represent the cavitation degree, and the net positive suction head required (NPSHr) was introduced to characterize the critical cavitation occurrence. It was also found that a large area of cavitation bubbles was generated in the inducer and that this area grew to block the flow channel of the impeller when the NPSHa was close to or lower than the NPSHr, which was the cavitation mechanism of hydraulic performance degradation. Additionally, the developments of the NPSHr with the flow rate and fuel temperature were determined adequately using natural exponential curve fitting. It was deduced that the occurrence of cavitation was more sensitive to higher flow rates, especially when the flow rate was higher than the designed flow rate. The effect of fuel temperature variations should also be considered for the long-time high-speed operation of centrifugal fuel pumps in the aerospace industry.

Thermal and Visualisation Study of the HFE7100 Refrigerant Condensation Process

Abstract Technological advances are contributing to the search for highly efficient energy designs, and increasing interest in compact heat exchangers. Indeed, small channel diameters determine large heat transfer coefficients and condition a significant heat transfer area about the overall volume of the heat exchanger, as well as a smaller amount of refrigerant flowing in the system. Nevertheless, the operating stability and energy efficiency of compact heat exchangers are influenced by two-phase flow structures, which depend on thermal flow parameters. Knowledge of the structures formed during the condensation process is therefore essential for optimising the operation of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. This article presents the results from experimental studies of the HFE7100 refrigerant, from the hydrofluorocarbon group, condensation process in mini-channels with hydraulic diameters dh = 2.0 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.8 mm and 0.5 mm. Thermal flow characteristics were determined, and the forming structures of two-phase flow were recorded. The results of visualisation were subjected to morphological image analysis, based on a special algorithm written in MATLAB software. The algorithm makes it possible to determine the void fraction, which is necessary for calculating the vapour quality, as well as the area of vapour bubbles and their number, directionality and length along the x- and y-axes.

Bubble-particle detachment behavior during bubble coalescence: Role of bubble size

Studies have reported that bubble coalescence causes particle–bubble detachment in the flotation pulp and foam phases. Most coalescence experiments have been conducted using bubble pairs with the same diameter; however, this is not the case in real flotation. In this study, particle–bubble detachment behavior during the coalescence of two bubbles with different sizes was investigated using a high–speed camera, and the variation of the coalescing bubble area was fitted to a damped oscillatory equation and analyzed. To explore the intrinsic detachment mechanism of the bubble size effect, the flow field variation in the bubble periphery was simulated using COMSOL 6.1. Results show that the particle–bubble detachment probability decreased with increasing bubble size difference. The released energy is greatest when the two equal bubbles coalesced, thus leading to the strongest oscillation and highest detachment probability. The simulation results show that turbulent kinetic energy affects particle-bubble stability and is an important reason for inducing particle-bubble detachment. Notably, particle–bubble detachment did not occur at the maximum turbulent energy, because there was a delay due to the time required for the sliding contraction of the three–phase contact line. The research finding provides new insights into the mechanism of particle–bubble detachment.

Deep learning-enhanced characterization of bubble dynamics in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers.

The ever-increasing utility of imaging technology in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer research raises the demand for rapid and precise image analysis. In particular, for optical video recordings, the challenge primarily lies in the large number of frames that impede the delineation of bubble dynamics with standard methods. In order to address this problem, the present study supports the automation of data analysis to facilitate swift, comprehensive, and measurable insights from captured imagery. We present a deep learning-based framework to perform high-throughput analyses of bubble dynamics using optical images of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Leveraging a relatively small annotated imaging dataset of just 35 images, various configurations of the U-Net architecture were trained to perform bubble segmentation tasks. The best model achieved a precision of 95%, a recall of 78%, and an F1-score of 86% on the validation set. Subsequent to segmentation, the methodology enabled the rapid extraction of parameters such as time-resolved bubble area, size distributions, bubble position probability density, and individual bubble shape analytics. The findings underscore the potential of deep learning to enhance the analysis of polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer imaging, offering a path toward more efficient and informative evaluations in electrochemical research.

Effect of non-deformable and deformable bubbles on static yield stress of cement mortar

While extensive research has delved into the impact of single size distribution and volume fraction of bubbles on the static yield stress of cement mortar, this investigation pertains to previously underexplored variables. These encompass the ramifications of multi-size bubble distributions, variations in bubble geometries, disparities in air-liquid interfacial characteristics, and surfactant concentrations. In order to scrutinize these factors, bubbles exhibiting distinct volume fractions and size distributions were deliberately induced through the admixture of varying concentrations of nonionic surfactants, while maintaining a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.42 under controlled conditions at a temperature of 20 °C. Experimental testing involved the analysis of bubble deformation during the yield process of cement mortar, including a surface tension tester, micro-CT, and numerical simulations. Furthermore, the study investigated the influence of nonionic surfactants on the interaction forces between cement particles, employing comprehensive analysis methods such as a total organic carbon analyzer, Zeta potential measurements, and contact angle tests. The consolidated outcomes from experimental trials and numerical simulations substantiate that augmenting the concentration of nonionic surfactants does not amplify the interparticle interaction forces within cement particles. Rather, it solely leads to an escalation in the volume fraction of bubbles. During the cement mortar yielding process, bubbles exhibit two distinct states: deformable and non-deformable, characterized by the Bingham capillary number. Notably, the research reveals that the effect of increasing the volume fraction of non-deformable bubbles on the static yield stress is more significant than the impact of these bubbles on reducing maximum packing density. This effect is attributed to the increased number of contacts between particles. Additionally, the larger and flatter surface area of deformable bubbles promotes the orderly arrangement of cement particles, thereby reducing local shear dissipation. Consequently, an increase in the volume fraction of deformable bubbles and the Bingham capillary number contributes to a reduction in the static yield stress. In consideration of these discoveries, this study introduces a qualitative approach for characterizing the static yield stress of aerated cement mortar, leveraging the volume fractions of deformable and non-deformable bubbles, in conjunction with the maximum packing density and Bingham capillary number.

Hydrodynamics of a bubble passing through a Kelvin cell in microchannel with shear-thinning fluid

Open cell solid foams (OCSF) show great potential for process intensification in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions due to their favorable properties regarding heat-mass transfer, pressure drop and specific surface area (SSA). As one of the most ideal OCSF structure, Kelvin cell (KC) exhibits a fundamental importance in fully understanding the complex flow and transport properties of these reactions, but the research involving gas-liquid two-phase flow is still missing. In this work, the hydrodynamics of a bubble through a representative elementary volume with KC model in minichannel with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose aqueous solution are investigated by coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method. The regime of bubble penetration into KC is elucidated. The specific surface area and permeability of bubble are studied by systematically analyzing the influences of solution concentration, liquid velocity, KC's porosity and contact angle, as well as fluid type. Four penetration regimes of approaching stage, engraving stage, extruding stage, and deviating stage are identified, and a typical curve of SSA of bubble in terms of flow time is acquired accurately. It is found that the drastic changes in SSA and permeability are closely related to the engraving and extruding stages. The average SSA in two involved stages increases with solution concentration, decreases with KC's porosity. The maximum permeability corresponding to the transition point between two stages, decreases with solution concentration, increases slightly with KC's porosity. However, liquid flow velocity and KC's contact angle have no significant effect on both the average SSA and the maximum permeability. Compared with water, a small SSA tends to be obtained and the permeability climbs slowly but reaches a high peak in CMC solution.