Administrative Areas Research Articles

O PAPEL DO GESTOR NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

The theme of this study is the role of the manager today, due to changes in organizational culture that require greater capacity: leadership, motivation, spirituality, mastery of interpersonal relationships between the manager and his/her employees, in addition to the management of administrative, financial and human resources, in the constant struggle to promote greater productivity and benefits for the company and employees. The objective was to demonstrate the importance of the role of a manager for an organization to be efficient and remain competitive in the global market. Based on a review of updated literature, we sought to gather important data on business management and the role of the efficient manager. The deductive method with a qualitative approach and exploratory documentary research technique were used. The sample selection was based on 15 articles relevant to the object of study, to subsequently perform an analysis of these data and develop the theoretical framework. The research corroborated that an efficient manager must have leadership mastery, the ability to motivate his/her team, the ability to motivate, among other attributes. It is hoped that this work, with updated data, will serve as a reference for academics and professionals in the area of ​​Administration.

Epidemiological analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 among the population of the Republic of Cameroon using the quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS)

The results of a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 in the regions of the Republic of Cameroon in dynamics from 2020 to 2023 are presented. It was noted that COVID-19 cases were first reported in the Central Region of Cameroon, and then spread to the remaining 9 administrative regions of the country with an average weekly growth rate of 38.1 ± 18.6% in 2020, 15.3 ± 13.1% in 2021, and 13.4 ± 12.2% in 2022, respectively, however, the incidence rate varied significantly in time and space. Epidemiological analysis made it possible to rank the territory of Cameroon by the magnitude of the incidence rate. The highest rate was recorded in the North region (233.1‰), in the Coastal region (204.9‰) and in the Center region (173.7‰). The regions of Adamawa and the Far North had the lowest incidence rates (25.6‰ and 22.5‰, respectively). The results of a comparative analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 infection by time and territory and factors contributing to the rapid spread of infection are presented. Comparative mapping of reported COVID-19 cases in space and time was performed for the 10 administrative regions of the country using the full version of the QGIS (quantum GIS) LTR program; with the help of which the distribution of cases across the territory and dynamics over time was clearly shown. During the study period, the link between COVID-19 cases reported in Cameroon and neighboring African countries was demonstrated. It has been shown that the distribution of cases in the national territory does not always depend on the population density in administrative areas, but is also associated with other risk factors that may affect the occurrence and spread of COVID-19 cases.

A Study on the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Cover Change and Carbon Storage in the Northern Gulf Economic Zone of Guangxi Based on the InVEST Model

In recent years, the international community has increasingly focused on the “dual carbon” issue, as human-induced land use changes significantly impact ecosystem structure and carbon cycling. This study analyzes land use changes in the economic zone of the northern Gulf of Guangxi from 1980 to 2020, utilizing the InVEST model to simulate spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage and conducting zoning studies through spatial analysis. The findings reveal that ① forest land and arable land dominate the northern Gulf of Guangxi’s land use, with notable changes observed in forest land, unused land, and construction land areas. Forest land and construction land have increased by 1761.5 km2 and 1001.19 km2, respectively, while unused land has decreased by 1881.18 km2 from 2000 to 2020. ② The total carbon storage values in the northern Gulf of Guangxi in 1980, 2000, and 2020 were, respectively, 504.91 × 106/t, 487.29 × 106/t, and 500.31 × 106/t, with the expansion of construction land and conversion of forest land being the main reasons for the decrease in carbon storage. ③ In the northern Gulf of Guangxi, there is a slight upward trend in total carbon storage values over time. Spatially, higher carbon storage values are observed in mountainous and hilly areas at high altitudes, while the central and southern coastal areas exhibit lower carbon storage values. ④ The local spatial autocorrelation results reveal that Pu Bei County exhibits high–high clustering of carbon storage, while He Pu County undergoes a transition from high–low to low–low clustering, and several other administrative areas in Beihai demonstrates low–low clustering. Due to the imperative of economic development, the expansion of urban construction land encroaches upon ecological land, resulting in a decline in carbon storage. Therefore, in the Northern Gulf of Guangxi, it is essential to implement measures such as reforestation and establish ecological protection areas such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands to develop effective carbon sequestration methods and compensate for the carbon loss caused by the expansion of construction land.

BRAZILIAN SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION IN THE FIELD OF ACCOUNTING WITH A FOCUS ON ETHICS

This article presents a review of studies conducted that addressed the relationship between accounting and ethics. The periods analyzed were between 2007 and 2015 in national journals in the area of ​​administration and accounting classified as A2, B1, B2, B3 and B4 by Capes. The theme of ethics is not explored as it should be by business researchers, with only 41 publications in nine years (2007 to 2015). It is concluded that a deep reflection on the subject is necessary, both by professionals and by class entities and their leaders, as well as by the academic community.

All-cause Years of life lost due to death at municipality level in Norway. Association to educational attainment and median income

Abstract Background Norway, with 5.5 million people spread across 356 municipalities, has pursued an active policy to reduce social and geographical health inequalities. Despite, studies find significant health disparities linked to socioeconomic factors at the individual-level, although evidence at larger geographical-levels has been mixed. We used a key burden of disease (BoD) metric, Years of Life Lost (YLL), to examine spatial health inequities among Norwegian municipalities and their association with socioeconomic factors. Methods We analysed data from all residents in Norwegian municipalities with over 1000 inhabitants as of January 1, 2019. Data was sourced from the National Population Register and Statistics Norway. All-cause YLL were calculated based on age-specific aspirational life expectancy obtained from GBD 2019. Deprivation was measured using educational attainment and median income, categorized into quartiles. Geographical maps illustrating municipality-level all-cause age-standardised YLL rates for males and females were generated. Negative binomial regression models assessed associations between socioeconomic factors and YLL rates, adjusting for age, sex, and an index of centralisation. Results High-deprivation municipalities exhibited a 9% higher YLL rate in terms of education (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR] = 1.09, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.01-1.17) and a 10% higher YLL rate in terms of income (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02-1.08) compared to the least deprived, translating to absolute differences of 1391 and 1466 YLL per 100,000 population, respectively. Additionally, we discuss the potential expansion of this study to incorporate cause-specific outcomes and other BoD metrics based on previous county-level analyses. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using BoD methods to assess geographical deprivation and premature mortality at the municipality level, providing valuable insights for public health policy targeted at small administrative areas.

Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality among Japanese community-dwelling adults

Abstract Background Long-term exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller) is a risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular disease including stroke. However, there was limited evidence for the association between PM2.5 exposure and stroke in Asia where the major cardiovascular disease is stroke. Additionally, the causal association between PM2.5 and respiratory disease is still unresolved. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory disease mortality in a Japanese community-based prospective cohort. Methods This study included 46,974 participants (19,707 men; 27,267 women) from the second cohort of the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. The participants were followed up from baseline survey (in 2009) to 31 December 2019. We confirmed underlying causes by death certificates. Using the PM2.5 concentrations estimated by the inverse distance weighting methods based on ambient air monitoring data, administrative area level concentrations were assigned to each participant. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of mortality using a Cox proportional hazard model were presented. Results We identified 2,789 all-cause deaths during the 470,178 person-years of follow-up. PM2.5 exposure had no significant association with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The multivariable-adjusted HRs per 1 μg/m3 increase in the PM2.5 concentration were 0.94 (95% CI = 0.80-1.12) for coronary heart disease, 0.92 (95% CI = 0.81-1.04) for stroke and 1.09 (95% CI = 0.97-1.23) for non-malignant respiratory disease. Conclusions We observed little evidence of increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality by long-term exposure to PM2.5 whose concentrations ranged from 8.3 to 13.1 μg/m3. A somewhat increased trend for non-malignant respiratory disease mortality may not be negligible. Key messages • We found little evidence of increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality by long-term exposure to PM2.5. • Somewhat increased tendency for non-malignant respiratory disease mortality associated with PM2.5 exposure was observed.

Peran Operator Sekolah dalam Peningkatan Pelayanan Publik di Era Digital di SD Negeri 6 Watampone Kabupaten Bone

This research discusses the role of school operators in enhancing the effectiveness of public services in the digital era at SD Negeri 6 Watampone, Bone Regency. The research method used is qualitative. This study aims to understand the role of school operators in improving public services at SD Negeri 6 Watampone. The approach taken is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques including interviews and observations. The results of the study show that the role of school operators in the effectiveness of public services in the digital era at SD Negeri 6 Watampone, Bone Regency, can be observed through their performance in carrying out their duties as school operators. School operators handle educational administrative activities at SD Negeri 6 Watampone, starting from student administration, curriculum administration, teacher and staff administration, to facility and infrastructure administration. In terms of management, school operators meet the requirements through recruitment, followed by training and development processes. The development of the school operator’s performance focuses on their main duties in the area of educational administration at SD Negeri 6 Watampone. Additionally, school operators are granted data access rights related to SD Negeri 6 Watampone. Furthermore, the services provided by the school operators have been adequately fulfilled, as evidenced by their performance. Despite facing unexpected and undesired obstacles, the school operators were able to overcome these challenges and deliver good results.

DIGITIZATION DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN HUNTING MANAGEMENT IN HUNGARY

In the course of my scientific research so far, I have investigated many areas of professional administration from the point of view of how information communication devices (especially smartphones and drones) can improve and make the administration of the area more efficient. Of these, hunting management stands out for me and is particularly important, which is the main focus of this study. There are several reasons for this. On the one hand, I hunt myself, and as a senior official of the county's hunting civil organizations, I have a broader knowledge and network of contacts about the background of the area's administration and operating rules than the general citizen's perspective. On the other hand, in this area, I came to the formulation of a research result, which I hope will be able to be put into practice in the future, to convince the legislator of its raison d'etre. There are many opinions regarding what hunting can be considered: a leisure activity, a form of sport, or a way of life. I myself am a supporter of the latter definition, since we are talking about a complex activity that cannot be grasped solely from the aspect of one characteristic. Accordingly, the regulation of hunting is also a complex area of law covering several branches of law, which includes elements of civil law, criminal law and, of course, administrative law, but can also be approached from an environmental law point of view.[1] I believe that this fact also clearly shows that it is useful and by now even expected that the authorities can carry out better administrative processes in relation to the administration of the area with the help of the best possible technical support. In the following, I would like to support the applicability of drones and smartphones, especially by presenting the concept of the e-register of hunting

A harmonized data set of ruminant livestock presence and grazing data for the European Union and neighbouring countries

Improving the sustainability of the European livestock sector requires recent data at high spatial resolutions. Only then can we analyse potential negative impacts of livestock related to ecosystem degradation, and positive ones such as preserving cultural landscapes through grazing. Data on livestock numbers in Europe are provided by the European statistical office but at a coarse spatial resolution aggregated to statistical regions like NUTS2 or even coarser. While data on a more detailed level, such as local administrative areas, are available from individual national statistical offices, a collection of harmonized data has not been available until now, limiting the use of livestock data in environmental and agricultural studies. We collected data from all European Union Member States and neighbouring countries, resulting in the most up to date and spatially explicit dataset on livestock numbers publicly available to all researchers. We provide data on livestock numbers for more than 70,000 administrative units in 43 countries and territories. In addition, we provide data on the share of cattle that are grazing.

Has Environmental Regulation Promoted the Spatial Agglomeration of Hog Production in Administrative Border Regions? Evidence from the Yangtze River Basin in China

This study finds that the livestock environmental regulation (LER) imposed by China has promoted the spatial agglomeration of hog production in the administrative border areas, thereby posing a threat to ecological sustainability. We apply the difference-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) method to a unique dataset in counties along the main stem and 38 important tributaries of the Yangtze River basin in China from 2008 to 2019. Specifically, the slaughter volume and density of hogs in the most downstream border counties of a city are 7.87% and 9.56% higher, respectively, than those of otherwise identical counties within the same municipal jurisdiction. Conversely, in the most upstream border counties, these figures decreased by 12.02% and 15.35%, respectively. Moreover, we find that the fixed capital investment in the most downstream border counties is 22.54% less than that in otherwise identical counties. These findings imply that LER has driven the agglomeration of hog production in downstream administrative border areas, inadvertently shifting the pollution burden to these regions and posing potential challenges to the effectiveness of environmental policies.

Primary care physician density and mortality in the United States

BackgroundGeographic physician availability differences are associated with healthcare outcomes. However, the association between primary care physician (PCP) density and mortality outcomes is less well-established. MethodsThe study analyzed 2019 county-level nonfederal PCP data from the Health Resources and Services Administration Area Health Resource File and mortality data using the CDC WONDER (Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research). All-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)- related age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 population stratified by the number of PCPs per 100,000 quartiles were extracted. Using AAMRs as continuous variables, linear regression was performed to determine the association of AAMRs with PCPs per 100,000 (reference, first quartile), adjusting for the social vulnerability index (SVI). ResultsA total of 3142 counties were included in the analysis. Among counties stratified by PCPs per 100,000 quartiles, all-cause AAMRs were 828 (95% CI, 824-832) in the first quartile, 798 (95% CI, 796-801) in the second quartile, 737 (95% CI, 735-739) in the third quartile, and 679 (95% CI, 678-680) in the fourth quartile. Similar trends were seen in CVD-related AAMRs, which were 446 (95% CI, 443-449),439(95% CI, 437-441), 403 (95% CI, 402-404), and 365 (95% CI, 364-366), respectively. Counties without PCP (221, included in first quartile) had all-cause and CVD-related AAMR of 797 (95%CI, 783-812) and 430 (95%CI, 419-440), respectively. Compared with the first quartile, SVI-adjusted analyses showed β-coefficient (95%CI) of all-cause mortality for the second, third, and fourth quartiles of -4.11 (95% CI, -18.31, 10.08), -35.37 (95% CI, -49.57, -21.17) and -85.79 (95% CI, -100.10, -71.48). Similar results were observed for CVD-related AAMR. ConclusionHigher PCP per 100,000 is generally associated with better all-cause and CVD-associated mortality outcomes, however complex factors likely play a role in determining these outcomes in counties with lower PCP per 100,000, which warrant further investigation.

Brief Report on The Population Survey Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis [Raffles,1821]) in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Survey on the population and distribution of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis [Raffles, 1821]) in the administrative areas of West Nusa Tenggara Province have been conducted during June-July 2024 to examine the distribution and population status on the macaque. The on-road reconnaissance survey, interview and literature studies have applied to collect data. We recorded 6146 individuals from 307 groups of long-tailed macaques in eight regencies. Of the 6146 individuals of long-tailed macaques, 1532 individuals are recorded living in conservation area, while 4614 individuals live in outside conservation area, respectively. The number of individuals and troops of the monkey showed us the minimum number that can be recorded. Further study needs to be conducted in addressed to dig more information on the existence of long-tailed macaque in West Nusa Tenggara. Furthermore, population information and distribution of long-tailed macaques could be the basic knowledge on the population management efforts in the future.

Analysis of the scientific production on the implementation of knowledge management for supply chain sustainability

This research aims to analyze the scientific production on the implementation of knowledge management for sustainability of supply chain. The study is of a descriptive quantitative type, by performing a bibliometric analysis executed in the Scopus database where only the articles found in open access in the areas of engineering, business, administration and accounting sciences were considered. A total of 43 articles were detected. The authors with the major contributions were Tseng, M.L. and Mangla, S.K. The most productive institutions were Brunel University London and Brunel Business School. The country in which the largest number of research papers were published was The United Kingdom. The articles were published in 29 journals. A bibliometric map of co-authorship was carried out, which showed that these were grouped into four clusters and that of co-occurrence of keywords structured into six clusters, which identified six lines of research.

Screening of Serum Cholesterol Level Amongst Sri Lankan Women in Relation to Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR), Waist Circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-Thigh Ratio (WTR): A Cross-Sectional Study

Anthropometric measurements give a general reflection of any changes in lipid concentration in the human body. A disturbed lipid profile can be associated with cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum total cholesterol level and different anthropometric parameters related to obesity in a female population of two administrative areas in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Boral and Hiththatiya-Meda areas of Matara district, Sri Lanka. The systematic random sampling method was followed to select 314 females aged 18-60 years. Serum total cholesterol concentration was measured on a venous blood sample by Konelab 20XT biochemistry analyser with a commercially available reagent kit. Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-Thigh Ratio (WTR) parameters were calculated for each individual. Pearson correlation test, chi-squared test and t-test were done to analyse data using SPSS, 16 (P<0.05). The serum total cholesterol concentration is positively associated with abdominal obesity while showing a statistically significant positive correlation with BMI, WC, WHR, WTR and WHtR (r=0.217, r=0.590, r=0.315, r=0.347 and r=0.574 respectively; P≤0.05). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in the population was 8.6%. These results indicate that all main anthropometric parameters of this study are positively associated with serum total cholesterol levels and an increment of these risk markers can lead to an increase in risk of developing metabolic diseases associated with abdominal obesity among women.

Reference values for exhaled nitric oxide in healthy children aged 6–18 years in China: a cross-sectional, multicenter clinical study

BackgroundThe reference values of eNO have certain differences among people of different countries and races. We aimed to obtain the reference value of eNO in healthy children and adolescents (6–18 years old) in China and to explore the associations between the reference values with ages, gender, heights, BMI, and regions.MethodsWe measured FeNO50 levels in 5949 healthy Chinese children and adolescents, FeNO200 and CaNO levels in 658 participants from 16 provinces of 7 administrative areas in China aged 6–18. All persons were studied after obtaining informed consent from children and their parents.ResultsThe mean FeNO50 of 5949 Chinese children and adolescents aged 6–18 years was 14.1 ppb, with a 95% confidence interval of 1-38.1 ppb. The mean FeNO200 of 658 persons was 6.9 ppb with a 95% upper confidence interval of 15.0 ppb, and the mean CaNO was 3.0 ppb with a 95% upper confidence interval of 11.2 ppb. In the 6–11 age group, age and height were correlated with the logarithm of FeNO50 (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the logarithm of FeNO200 and gender, age, height and BMI (all P > 0.05). The logarithm of CaNO was correlated with gender (P < 0.05). In the 12–18 age group, gender, height, and region were correlated with the logarithm of FeNO50 (all P < 0.001). There was only a weak correlation between the logarithm of FeNO200 and height (P < 0.001). The logarithm of CaNO was negatively correlated with age (P < 0.05).ConclusionsHigher FeNO50, FeNO200 and CaNO values were found in healthy children and adolescents in China compared with foreign reports, and is affected by age, height, gender, and region. This study provides useful references for clinical application of eNO in children, especially Asian children.

Jewish women dermatologists who escaped the perils of National Socialism: Triumph over adversity

The period of National Socialism (1933-1945), including the Holocaust and World War II, has had a profound impact on dermatology. We have identified Jewish women dermatologists who escaped the perils of National Socialism, document their struggles, and describe their contribution to medicine and dermatology. Medical, history, and media databases were searched. Relevant contributions in languages other than English were translated into English. Fourteen dermatologists were identified, and for seven, there was sufficient information to describe their lives in more detail: Helen Ollendorff-Curth (née Ollendorff) (1899-1982), Bertha Ottenstein (1891-1956), Sidonie Fürst (1891-1973), Marianne Bauer (née Jokl) (1885-1980), Hedwig Fischer (née Hoffmann) (1888-1983), Vera Shukhman (1900-1987) and Lili Farkas (1899–1992). The challenges that confronted the dermatologists were sizeable. Status as a woman, antisemitism, persecution in various forms during National Socialism, murder of family and dermatology colleagues, untimely death of family members in other ways, loss of jobs and status, the stress of relocation, and myriad obstacles in a newly adopted country were among hurdles that they faced; nevertheless, collectively, the seven dermatologists could make a range of contributions in clinical, academic, and administrative areas. The dermatologists displayed courage, tenacity, and determination and served as role models of resilience for current and future generations of women in the dermatology field.

Vulvar Paget's disease: A population-based cancer registry descriptive study

BackgroundAlthough vulvar Paget's Disease (VPD) is a rare skin cancer associated with an excellent prognosis, high recurrence rates are associated with impaired quality of life. ObjectivesOur objective was to investigate the epidemiological and clinical features of VPD diagnosed in a French administrative area (Franche Comté). MethodsThis retrospective study investigated clinical, histologic, therapeutic and follow-up data of patients with VPD diagnosed between 1981 and 2021, including data from the Doubs cancer registry. ResultsAmong the 21 patients included (19 intra-epithelial and 2 invasive VPD), the median time to diagnosis was 24 months [0–110 months], with a median age of 72 years [38–88 years]. An associated cancer was present in 6 patients (29 %). At 5 years of follow-up, the recurrence rate was 26 %, but then increased to 42 % after a median follow-up of 145 months [31–503 months]. Among the 14 patients first surgically treated, incomplete resection (positive margins) was observed in all patients (100 %), associated with a postoperative recurrence rate of 86 % which was much higher than the rate observed in patients first topically treated (20 %). Postoperative adjuvant therapy (surgical revision, laser, imiquimod) significantly increased the recurrence-free survival (p < 0.001). ConclusionsPostoperative recurrence of VPD is frequent, mainly after 5 years, proving the importance of prolonged follow-up. Recurrence-free survival was significantly higher after postoperative adjuvant treatment.

The effect of anthropogenic activities on the behavior of novel brominated flame retardants in surface soil of Northern China urbanized zone

Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have emerged as an alternative to traditional brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and may pose risks to the environment and human health. However, the distribution pattern of NBFRs in urbanized zones and their association with multiple socioeconomic variables have not been adequately explored. Herein, seven NBFRs were investigated in surface soil samples from Tianjin, China, a typical urbanized area. The ∑7NBFRs ranged from n.d. to 101 ng/g, dry weight (dw) (mean: 12.6 ± 17.6 ng/g dw), which exhibited a relatively elevated level compared to NBFRs in soils from other regions worldwide. Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) was the main contaminant, and its concentration ranged from 0.378 to 99 ng/g, dry weight (dw) (mean: 11.4 ± 17.0 ng/g dw), accounting for 81 % of the ∑7NBFRs. Notably, NBFRs exhibited peak concentrations within residential zones, significantly surpassing those recorded in the remaining four regions (green, farmland, water environment and other) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the concentration of NBFRs in the soil of the Binhai New District within Tianjin was the highest, significantly exceeding that of other administrative areas, which was closely related to the intensive industrial activities in this region. The above results indicate that human activities are a key factor affecting the concentration of NBFRs in the soil. Moreover, a variety of statistical methods were employed to investigate the correlation between socioeconomic variables and the distribution of NBFRs. The concentration of NBFRs showed a significant correlation with population density and the gross domestic product (GDP) (p < 0.05), and the incorporation of administrative regional planning into structural equation models demonstrated an indirect influence on the spatial distribution of NBFRs concentration, mediated by its impact on population density. These results emphasize the association between NBFRs contamination and the degree of urbanization, thereby providing valuable insights for assessing the exposure risk of NBFRs among urban residents.

침략전쟁 시기(1931~1945) 朝鮮 馬政計劃의 추이와 건마보국운동

This study focuses on Colonial-Korean horse administration during the period of aggressive war (1931-1945) and analyzes: ①The progress of the 'Second Phase Korean Horse Production Plan' which began after the Manchurian War(1931).②The twists and turns surrounding the establishment of the 'First Phase Korean Horse Administration Plan' led by the Governor-General of Chosen before and after the Sino-Japanese War.③ The failure of the privately-driven horse production policies during the Pacific War, including the emotional movement such as the “Healthy Horse National Service Movement” and the process of frugal mobilization. These analyses confirm the deceptive nature of the colonial horse administration. To summarize the findings: Following the Manchurian Incident, the demand for military horses increased, leading the Governor-General’s office to plan ‘the first phase of horse production’ starting in 1932. This plan aimed to increase the number of military-eligible horses to 30,000, focusing on the three northern provinces of Korea. However, from 1935, Japan urged the Governor-General to expand the number of horses to 40,000 over an 18-year period. This was known as Japan's 'Second Phase Horse Administration Plan (1932-1936)'. Japan dismissed the Governor-General’s request for financial support and demanded an increase of 50,000 horses over the 18 years. In response, the Governor- General claimed that the 'reality of Korea' justified a target of increasing 30,000 horses over 15 years. After about a year of negotiation, the Korean Horse Administration 15-Year Plan was settled, aiming to increase the number of horses by 40,000 over 15 years. However, due to financial issues, the plan did not fully begin implementation until 1939. In the case of Hamnam, the second horse administration area, the plan was to secure approximately 16,000 horses from 1939 to 1951, primarily through the importation of about 9,000 horses from Japan. The plan emphasized importation over domestic production. In reality, the increase in the number of horses did not proceed as planned. The number of horses showed a decreasing trend up until 1938, and the numbers of donkeys and mules sharply declined until 1943. After 1938, Japan reduced Korea's role in its horse administration plans and increased the focus on Manchuria, leading to a stagnation of the plan. The Governor-General attributed this failure not to policy issues but to a lack of knowledge or enthusiasm among private breeders. With the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Governor-General anticipated a surge in demand for military horses. Consequently, the responsibilities of the existing 'Korean Horse Administration 15-Year Plan' were transferred to the semi-official private organization, the Korean Horse Society, and the National Mobilization Association, in an attempt to increase the voluntary efforts of horse production. The Korean Horse Society was established on April 1, 1942. However, its establishment undermined the plan to increase military-eligible horses through breeding with high-quality horses from Japan. Instead, the focus shifted to a so-called 'Korean Horse Mobilization Policy', which aimed to convert existing Korean horses into military horses. Yet, by early 1944, the increase in military horses had not been achieved according to the plan. As noted in the Korean Horse Society Chairman’s address on March 1, 1944, during the Healthy Horse National Service Movement, many of the horses in the horse administration area were 'useless broken-down horses.' In summary, while the Governor-General boasted about increasing the number of military horses to 40,000, the priority from the beginning was mobilizing Korean horses and importing Japanese horses rather than actual production. Even the Korean military did not trust Korean horses and preferred mobilization and importation over production.

KAJIAN KAPAL BERBENDERA INDONESIA YANG MELAKUKAN PENANGKAPAN IKAN TANPA SURAT IZIN PENANGKAPAN IKAN ANDON DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG PERIKANAN

Andon Fishing Permit is a written permit that must be owned by every fishing vessel to catch fish outside its administrative domicile area, but there are still parties who catch fish outside their domicile without an Andon SIPI as in Decision Number 23/Pid.Sus-PRK/2021/PN Lbj. The problem is 1) How are fishing business activities carried out by Indonesian-flagged vessels without an Andon Fishing Permit in Decision Number 23/Pid.Sus-PRK/2021/PN Lbj. reviewed from the Fisheries Law? 2) Is the Decision of the Labuan Bajo District Court Number 23/Pid.Sus-PRK/2021/PN Lbj. in accordance with the Fisheries Law? This normative legal research. The research shows that fishing outside the administrative domicile without an Andon Fishing Permit (SIPI) is prohibited under Law Number 45 of 2009 in conjunction with Ministerial Regulation KP Number 25 of 2020. Decision Number 23/Pid.Sus-PRK/2021/PN Lbj. aligns with Article 27 paragraph 1 of the Fisheries Law 2009. The conclusion is that fishing without a permit violates the Fisheries Law, and the court's decision complies with the legal provisions.