Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board Research Articles

Calligraphic interdigitated capacitive sensors for green electronics

This study presents a novel approach to fabricating interdigitated capacitive (IDC) touch sensors using graphite-based pencils on a wood substrate. The sensors were designed to detect touches and pressure variations, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for sensor fabrication. The fabrication process involved abrasion of graphite pencils on a wooden substrate to create conductive traces, followed by the integration of interdigitated electrode structures. Capacitance variations resulting from touch interactions were investigated to calibrate sensor responses for tailored tasks. The sensitivity of the sensor was found to be 1.2 pF/kPa, highlighting its responsiveness to pressure variations. Additionally, the sensors were interfaced with an Arduino Uno microcontroller board to demonstrate practical applications, such as replicating arrow key functionality. Additionally, the sensors exhibit sensitivity to environmental factors, with the relative change in capacitance increasing from 0.1 to 0.65 as relative humidity ranges from 30 to 90%. Furthermore, variations in temperature from 30 to 60ºC result in a relative change in capacitance increasing to approximately 0.5. The results indicate the feasibility and versatility of using wood-based substrates and graphite-based pencils for fabricating IDC touch sensors, offering promising prospects for sustainable and accessible sensor technology.

Automated Digital Wind Instrument using Arduino UNO Microcontroller

Recently, Blackstar Amplification Ltd. has introduced a Compact Carry-On Digital Wind Instrument (CDWI), mirroring the design of traditional recorder instruments in their size and shape. This CDWI can be played as a traditional wind instrument by blowing into the mouthpiece and simultaneously manipulating finger holes, enabling the production of desired musical notes. The main aim of this research work is the development of a prototype model to automate the CDWI, by utilizing the Arduino UNO microcontroller board and introducing the Automated Digital Wind Instrument (ADWI). The CDWI has a mouthpiece, nine finger holes, and one thumb hole, and the blowing mechanism can be automated by using a 12 Volts DC air blower and a servo valve. The author ingeniously develops a new servo valve using a plastic syringe, a ball, and a 5 Volts DC micro servo motor to regulate the air pressure blown into the mouthpiece. The ADWI fingers are meticulously crafted using plastic pen barrels, thrust tubes, and metallic springs to simulate the actions of a human music player's fingers. Positioned to maintain all finger holes in an open state by default, the selective closing of specific holes is achieved by ten micro servo motors to produce a specific musical note. In a preliminary test, the ADWI prototype is programmed to perform the Nursery Rhyme "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star." While evaluating the sound output by hearing, it is evident that the proposed ADWI effectively generates all the necessary musical notes. However, the noise generated by the air blower and micro servo motors introduces interference, impacting the clarity of the produced musical notes. Consequently, it is planned to integrate a noise reduction mechanism as part of future work.

SURVEILLANCE AND SECURITY MODELS BASED ON THE ARDUINO UNO INTERFACE

The issue demonstrated in the article covers construction of surveillance and security systems on Arduino UNO platform Technological and Software aspect which are based on Quality Semiconductor Sensor-MQ135; PIR Motion Sensor and use of blocking peculiarities. 
 The project model integration process in both a virtual and physical context is described in detail and analyzed in the paper. The following are specifically used: An Arduino UNO microcontroller board, the Arduino Software IDE (Integrated Development Environment), a local code editor on the PC, and the virtual online platform tinkercad.com. The work is supplemented by pertinent electronic diagrams, schemes, software code, descriptions of fundamental functionalities, links to virtual project simulation, real-world application, and links to video recordings of the experiment in order to demonstrate the project model's smooth operation.

AI Based Grass Cutting Rover Using Image Processing to Move the Obstacle

In today's technologies, automation is expanding quickly. Therefore, Automation is essential in the agriculture sector and beneficial to farmers. Grass cutters were manually operated portable instruments in former times. As a result, they used gas and petrol engines, which resulted in pollution and energy loss. Therefore, it is necessary to replace the old grass cutters with automated ones that use batteries as a power source for the system's guiding and obstacle detection. Additionally, It utilized a motor drive for the robot's wheels, a linear blade to cut the grass and using image processor for object detection, and an arm at the front of the rover to move the small obstacles which can protect the grass cutting blade and an Arduino UNO microcontroller board as the system's primary controller. A cordless electric lawn mower, which is self-powered by electricity, is another goal of the project. A Raspberry Pi microprocessor serves as the machine's brain and directs the movements of the lawnmower. It is made up of geared motors that manage the mover's speed and direction.and a high-torque motor that drives the cutting blades. The geared motors are switched on and off using a control circuit that is comprised of MOSFETS that are controlled by the raspberry pi. The mover has an onboard camera which is used by the microprocessor to detect objects and living beings and take the necessary action that being, to avoid themorstop moving. It is completely automated and renewable.

Output force and ratio of laparoscopic graspers: an evaluation of operating room ergonomics

"Laparoscopist's thumb," or thenar paresthesia, can result from prolonged or excessive grip force during laparoscopy, as can more general syndromes, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. This is particularly relevant in gynecology, where laparoscopic procedures are standard. Although this method of injury is well known, there is a paucity of data to guide surgeons in selecting more efficient, ergonomic instruments. This study compared the ratio of applied tissue force and required surgeon input in a sample of common ratcheting laparoscopic graspers in a small-handed surgeon, to provide potential metrics applicable to surgical ergonomics and surgeon instrument choice. Laparoscopic graspers with varied ratcheting mechanisms and tip shapes were evaluated. Brands included Snowden-Pencer, Covidien, Aesculap, and Ethicon. A Kocher was used as an open instrument comparison. Flexiforce A401 thin-film force sensors were used to measure applied forces. Data were collected and calibrated using an Arduino Uno microcontroller board with Arduino and MATLAB software. Single-handed, complete closure of each device's ratcheting mechanism was performed 3 times. The maximum required input force in Newtons was recorded and averaged. The average output force was measured with a bare sensor and the same sensor between 2 different thicknesses of LifeLike BioTissue. The most ergonomic ratcheting grasper for a small-handed surgeon was identified by the output ratio: the highest output force relative to the required surgeon input (the most force for the least amount of effort). The Kocher required an average input force of 33.66 N, with its highest output ratio of 3.46 (112 N output). The Covidien Endo Grasp was the most ergonomic, with an output ratio of 0.96 on the bare force sensor (31.4 N output). The Snowden-Pencer Wavy grasper was the least ergonomic, with an output ratio of 0.06 when applied to the bare force sensor (5.9 N output). All graspers except for the Endo Grasp had improving output ratios as tissue thickness and subsequent grasper contact area increased. Input force above that provided by the ratcheting mechanisms did not increase output force in a clinically relevant amount for any of the instruments evaluated. Laparoscopic graspers vary widely in their ability to provide reliable tissue force without requiring excessive input by the surgeon, and a point of diminishing returns often exists with increased surgeon input over designed ratcheting mechanisms. Output force and output ratio are potential quantitative measures of the efficiency of laparoscopic instruments. Providing users with this type of data could assist in optimizing instrument ergonomics.

Surveillance and Security Models Based on the Arduino UNO Interface

In the "digital era," where technology is advancing more quickly than anything else, security and surveillance systems are no exception (video surveillance cameras; fire alarms; security alarms; access systems; environmental measurement products detecting air pollution level, humidity, temperature etc.). This industry is constantly advancing in terms of technology. Artificial intelligence and many others are actively being introduced in this field. Of course, it is possible to buy the technological systems stated above. They are widely available online. However, their technological aspect and the principles behind creating such "smart" products are generally fascinating.  https://innotech.ge/full-color-technology-2/ ;   https://innotech.ge/. Today's most popular model  Arduino UNO platform is used as an example to demonstrate how to build surveillance and security systems using its interface, which is based on the AIR Quality Semiconductor Sensor-MQ135 and the utilization of the PIR Motion Sensor block's characteristics. The project model integration process in both a virtual and physical context is described in detail and analyzed in the paper. The following are specifically used: An Arduino UNO microcontroller board, the Arduino Software IDE (Integrated Development Environment), a local code editor on the PC, and the virtual online platform tinkercad.com. The work is supplemented by pertinent electronic diagrams, schemes, software code, descriptions of fundamental functionalities, links to virtual project simulation, real-world application, and links to video recordings of the experiment in order to demonstrate the project model's smooth operation.

An experimental study of surge protection in smart meter installation in the residential sector

This paper aims to construct an experimental system using the Arduino UNO microcontroller board to measure the electrical quantities and protect against surge circumstances in a single-phase power supply. The system utilized a voltage sensor and a current sensor, and data was transferred to a personal computer for graphical examination. The Root Mean Square (RMS) method was used to measure electrical values, and the system is allowed to decide whether to turn the load on or off based on the comparison of RMS voltage measurement to the lowest and maximum voltages. The Telemetry Viewer v0.5 software was used to create the monitoring interface, which monitored the system's RMS voltage, RMS current, active power, and trip signal.

EyeKids: Real-Time Tracking and Monitoring System for Child Safety

EyeKids is a tracking and monitoring system that implements Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for obtaining location data, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network for data transmission, and a cloud database for storing tracking data with the main purpose of allowing a parent to ensure their child safety remotely. Child safety is the number one priority of any parent. They are concerned about their child’s well-being and wanted to keep an eye on their child’s every movement. This project is meant to provide a solution to the concerned parents. This system includes three main components, a child tracking device, a parent-side application, and a cloud database. The tracking device is built using Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board, SIM808 GPS/GPRS/GSM module, and a push button. The tracking device sends its device ID, latitude, and longitude to the PHP server first using an HTTP request before it goes through the uploading process on the server to Firebase Database via HTTPS. Mobile EyeKids Parent-side application is based on Android where it is developed using the Flutter framework and implements Firebase Authentication for user authentication. The application consists of three main tracking functions, tracker, path tracking, and tracking analysis. The tracker function allows parents to track their child’s location based on the coordinate obtained which is displayed on a map. Path tracking functions show paths taken by children throughout a selected day on the map. Parents also are able to view analysis of child movement based on tracking data stored in the cloud database. The integration of hardware and software components of the system is evaluated to assess the correctness of the system through white box testing, black box testing, and user acceptance testing. The project follows a Rational Unified Process development model that has been adjusted to suit the size of the project and its requirements. The project has successfully developed and tested to be able to track child movement when the device is turned on and provide child location reports on a monthly basis.

Alat Deteksi Penggunaan Masker Era New Normal Covid-19 Di Sdn 1 Batu Nindan Berbasis Mikrokontroler

The existence of COVID-19 has had a very negative impact on the world of education. Currently, online learning is being carried out (on the network) which requires students to use mobile phones or computers to participate in these online learning activities. However, at SDN 1 Batu Nindan, they are currently carrying out face-to-face teaching and learning activities but not as usual, namely a student turnover system so as not to create a crowd, in 1 day only half the students are absent from class capacity and change hours every 2 hours. one hour. To raise awareness of the use of masks in students and teachers pay attention to students one by one, this is a manual method. Therefore, in this profesional program research the author will discuss how to design and build a prototype for detecting the use of masks at SDN 1 Batu Nindan using the Arduino Uno microcontroller board as Teachable Machine software in input data processing and hardware in output data processing, as well as I2C LCD support modules. 16x2 and there are also LEDs and Buzzers, which are used to detect the use of masks. If the tool detects an object using a mask, the output produced by the green LED will light up and the LCD will display text and if an object is detected without a mask, the red LED will light up and the buzzer will sound and will display text on the LCD. The test results show that the tool is sensitive to light, the level of accuracy will be high if the tool is placed in sufficient light and the tool can read the presence of objects within a maximum distance of 150cm and this tool is also sensitive to the color of the mask used.

Optimization of Medication Delivery Drone with IoT-Guidance Landing System Based on Direction and Intensity of Light.

This paper presents an optimization of the medication delivery drone with the Internet of Things (IoT)-Guidance Landing System based on direction and intensity of light. The IoT-GLS was incorporated into the system to assist the drone’s operator or autonomous system to select the best landing angles for landing. The landing selection was based on the direction and intensity of the light. The medication delivery drone system was developed using an Arduino Uno microcontroller board, ESP32 DevKitC V4 board, multiple sensors, and IoT mobile apps to optimize face detection. This system can detect and compare real-time light intensity from all directions. The results showed that the IoT-GLS has improved the distance of detection by 192% in a dark environment and exhibited an improvement in face detection distance up to 147 cm in a room with low light intensity. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between face recognition’s detection distance, light source direction, light intensity, and light color (p < 0.05). The findings of an optimal efficiency of facial recognition for medication delivery was achieved due to the ability of the IoT-GLS to select the best angle of landing based on the light direction and intensity.

Development of an educational device, based on Arduino, to facilitate the understanding of light diffraction

The Arduino board and its communication with several sensors are becoming more and more popular in the physical science community. They offer inspiring possibilities for learning different physical concepts. In this article, we focused on creating a very practical educational system for experimenting with diffraction of laser light and graphically visualizing the distribution of light intensity in space, which is impossible to perform it with the devices available in the educational laboratories of physics. The main elements of this configuration are the Arduino UNO microcontroller board, the BH1750 sensor and the NEMA17 motor and its A4990 driver. The results’ graph is displayed in real time on the computer using the Data Streamer add-in. We see that the abbreviated curve corresponds well to the theory. In addition, feedback from the participants in the test activity of the device showed that they were satisfied with its operation and its contribution to the understanding of diffraction. Therefore, we believe that the device presented can play a very important role in the diffraction phenomenon learning because of its high precision and reliability in the measurements.

An Arduino Investigation of the Temperature Dependence of the Speed of Sound in Air

The determination of the speed of sound in air is a classical experiment, usually performed with a resonance tube apparatus. The measured value can be checked against Eq. (1), which describes the temperature dependence of the speed of sound in dry air. A modern implementation of this speed of sound investigation uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller board, an HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor, and a DS18B20 temperature sensor. The distance sensor’s transmitter produces a burst of eight ultrasonic rectangular pulses that travel through the air, reflect on an object placed in front at a distance d, and then return to the sensor’s receiver after an echo time t. This Arduino investigation, unfortunately, is harder to perform than one might expect after a first reading of Ref. 1 or 2. In this article we discuss some sources of experimental errors that can complicate this laboratory activity, and we describe some important steps that must be included in the data collection and analysis procedure, in order to obtain successful results every time.

Arduino Based System Design for Measuring Heart Rate and Body Temperature

The aim of this study is to develop a multi-sensor and low-cost biosensor system using Arduino Uno microcontroller board. With this system, heart rate and body temperature can be measured digitally. In this way, the vital values of those with health problems will be monitored regularly, and sudden changes in vital values will be detected immediately. While developing the system, Arduino Uno control card, heart rate sensor and temperature sensor were used. In addition, a software sensitive to detecting changes in heart rate and body temperature has been developed. The system created is open to future additions and improvements. The data obtained through the sensors on the system can be easily tracked by transferring them to the computer over wi-fi. At the same time, it can be improved by placing more sensors in the system according to the purpose of use. As a result of the tests, it has been seen that the system successfully transmits the information received from the sensors to the users in the desired time and gives an audible warning at the determined critical values. Thanks to this system, vital changes in heart rate and body temperature can be accessed remotely and instantly, and it is thought that this will contribute to the field of medicine.

An IOT Based Approach for Monitoring Solar System Parameters using Arduino Microcontroller

Abstract: The solar parameters monitoring system is the most important system for monitoring solar systems. Solar energy is a renewable form of energy that is generated by solar panels. Solar energy is a renewable form of energy that is generated by solar panels. The parameters that the system measures include voltage, light intensity, and temperature. In the recommended monitoring system, an Arduino Uno microcontroller board is employed. The system includes solar panels, an LDR sensor, an LM 35, an Arduino microcontroller, and resistors. Light. In this system, an LDR sensor detects light intensity, an L35 sensor measures temperature, and a voltage divider circuit monitors the voltage. Keywords: Solar Panel, Monitoring, Renewable Energy, Solar Panel, Arduino Uno.

A Review on Monitoring Solar System Parameters Using IoT

Abstract: The most significant system for monitoring solar systems is the solar parameters monitoring system. Solar energy is a renewable energy source produced by solar panels. Solar energy is a renewable energy source produced by solar panels. Voltage, light intensity, and temperature are the parameters that the system measures. An Arduino Uno microcontroller board is used in the suggested monitoring system. Solar panel, LDR Sensor, LM 35, Arduino microcontroller, and resistors are used in the system. Light. LDR sensor is used to detect light intensity, L35 is used to measure temperature, and a voltage divider circuit is used to monitor voltage in this system. Keywords: Solar Panel, Monitoring, Renewable Energy, Solar Panel, Arduino Uno.

Design and implementation of a Social Distance Vest for Covid19 prevention (SODIV-COP)

According to research, it is discovered that amongst the Covid19 preventive measures, social distance is easily neglected especially in a public setting such as markets, trading centers, social and political gatherings. Furthermore, according to World Health Organization (WHO), not observing social distance is one the major ways that the corona virus is being transmitted. Hence, working on a vest that can help to remind individuals and alert them in cases where they are not observing social distance. The Social Distance Vest for Covid19 Prevention, is based on Arduino Uno microcontroller board, D6T-44L-06 thermal sensor which detects the presence of a person, HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor that calculates the distance from where the person is standing and an alert/warning system that is composed of a Light Emitting Diode and a buzzer. Finally, the whole system is mounted on a reflective vest. The prototype vest works perfectly, in that it is able to detect a person which was not possible in the previous covid 19 distance vests which had only messages, and it is able to calculate the distance from where humans are standing and finally, triggers an alarm in a case where the person is standing at a distance of less than 1 m. The varying temperature ranges were in an array form and from 35 to 38° Celsius it detected the obstacle to be a human and had some ranges of distance 0.334 m measured by the ultrasonic sensor. Key applications of the prototypes are in crowded places like stadiums hospitals and schools.

A Novel Standardized Peripheral Nerve Transection Method and a Novel Digital Pressure Sensor Device Construction for Peripheral Nerve Crush Injury.

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is common in all walks of life, and the most common PNIs are nerve crush and nerve transection. While optimal functional recovery after crush injury occurs over weeks, functional recovery after nerve transection with microsurgical repair and grafting is poor, and associated with permanent disability. The gold-standard treatment for nerve transection injury is microsurgical tensionless end-to-end suture repair. Since it is unethical to do experimental PNI studies in humans, it is therefore indispensable to have a simple, reliable, and reproducible pre-clinical animal model for successful evaluation of the efficacy of a novel treatment strategy. The objective of this article is two-fold: (A) To present a novel standardized peripheral nerve transection method in mice, using fibrin glue for modeling peripheral nerve transection injury, with reproducible gap distance between the severed nerve ends, and (B) to document the step-wise description of constructing a pressure sensor device for crush injury pressure measurements. We have successfully established a novel nerve transection model in mice using fibrin glue, and demonstrated that this transection method decreases surgical difficulties and variability by avoiding microsurgical manipulations on the nerve, ensuring the reproducibility and reliability of this animal model. Although it is quite impossible to exactly mimic the pathophysiological changes seen in nerve transection with sutures, we hope that the close resemblance of our novel pre-clinical model with gold-standard suturing can be easily reproduced by any lab, and that the data generated by this method significantly contributes to better understanding of nerve pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms of nerve regeneration, and the development of novel strategies for optimal functional recovery. In case of peripheral nerve crush injury, current methods rely on inter-device and operator precision to limit the variation with applied pressure. While the inability to accurately quantify the crush pressure may result in reduced reproducibility between animals and studies, there is no documentation of a pressure monitoring device that can be readily used for real-time pressure measurements. To address this deficit, we constructed a novel portable device comprised of an Arduino UNO microcontroller board and force sensitive resistor (FSR) capable of reporting the real-time pressure applied to a nerve. This novel digital pressure sensor device is cheap, easy to construct and assemble, and we believe that this device will be useful for any lab performing nerve crush injury in rodents.

A Battery Voltage Level Monitoring System for Telecommunication Towers

Voltage fluctuations in batteries form a major challenge the telecommunication towers face. These fluctuations mostly occur due to poor management and the lack of a battery voltage level monitoring system. The current paper presents a battery voltage-level monitoring system to be used in telecommunication towers. The proposed solution is incorporated with a centralized mobile application dashboard for accessing the live data of the installed battery, integrated with voltage-level, current, temperature, fire, and gas sensors. An Arduino Uno microcontroller board is used to process and analyze the collected data from the sensors. The Global Service Message (GSM) module is used to monitor and store data to the cloud. Users are alerted in the case of low voltage, fire, and increase in harmful gases in the tower through Short Message Service (SMS). The experiment was conducted at Ngorongoro and Manyara telecommunication towers. The developed system can be used in accessing battery information remotely while allowing real-time continuous monitoring of battery usage. The proposed battery voltage-level monitoring system contributes to the elimination of battery hazards in towers. Therefore, the proposed battery voltage level monitoring system can be adopted by telecommunication tower engineers for the reduction of voltage fluctuation risks.

Soft Pneumatic Exoskeleton for Wrist and Thumb Rehabilitation

A huge population of the world is suffering from various kinds of disabilities that make basic daily activities to be challenging. The use of robotics for limb rehabilitation can assist patients to recover faster and reduce therapist to patient ratio. However, the main problems with current rehabilitation robotics are the devices are bulky, complicated, and expensive. The utilization of pneumatic artificial muscles in a rehabilitation system can reduce the design complexity, thus, making the whole system light and compact. This paper presents the development of a new 2 degree of freedom (DOF) wrist motion and thumb motion exoskeleton. A light-weight 3D printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material is used to fabricate the exoskeleton. The system is controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller board that activates the relay to open and close the solenoid valve to actuate the wrist. It allows the air to flow into and out of the pneumatic artificial muscles (PAM) based on the feedback from the sliding potentiometer. The mathematical model of the exoskeleton has been formulated using the Lagrange formula. A Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller has been implemented to drive the wrist extension-flexion motion in achieving the desired set-points during the exercise. The results show that the exoskeleton has successfully realized the wrist and thumb movements as desired. The wrist joint tracked the desired position with a maximum steady-state error of 10% for 101.45ᵒ the set point.

Design and implement a smart traffic light controlled by internet of things

The rise of the population produces an increase in the number of vehicles on the road, which creates heavy traffic in the roads and that causes many issues for the citizens and traffic cops an extra two emergency instances so it’s necessary with developing technology to solve this problem. in this research, we used the Arduino UNO microcontroller board to build a new smart traffic light controller (STLC). Signal lights produce traffic congestion, and the system makes every attempt to alleviate it. In this paper, we designed a smart traffic control system by using Arduino to solve the problem of congestion at the intersection of the Dor al Moalemen in Wasit city , working to prevent traffic jam and reduce time, Using Arduino mega, ultrasonic sensor, and a camera esp32, the suggested technique analyses and manages everyday traffic at a three-line intersection. Furthermore, the suggested system achieves three-line intersection sync and implements a balance between the number of vehicles on each side and the green light. when Traffic violation the camera will capture the car number and send it to the database by using telegram.