Arduino Research Articles

Preliminary Application of a Low-cost Smart Collar Developed for Wild Animal Tracking

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has been used in many different fields for many years. In recent years, GPS technologies have started to be preferred along with telemetry method in the monitoring and tracking of wild animal. This technology has been widely used especially in developing collars for wild animal tracking. However, due to the high cost of such devices and limited user intervention, they are not commonly used by practitioners or researchers with limited budget. Today, many hardware-based platforms have been developed with the developing technology. The Arduino platform, one of the prominent ones with its technical features, has great advantages of having different sensors and hardware work on single device. Besides, it is possible to produce cost-effective devices using this platform. Within the scope of this study, an Arduino-based wild animal tracking device (FiT-SMART Collar 2.0) with GPS support and remote data transfer via GSM was produced. The produced device was preliminary tested with a vehicle in the city traffic of Bursa, Türkiye. According to the results, the accuracy of the tracking data provided by smart collar was within the acceptable range of 2-3 m. Besides, instant tracking data has been successfully received in the system application using the GSM data transfer system attached on the platform.

IoT based Climate Monitoring System using Arduino

The Internet of Things (IOT) defines the interconnection of devices & people through the traditional internet & social networks for various day-to-day applications like climate monitoring, Healthcare systems, smart cities, irrigation fields & smart lifestyles. The climate monitoring system plays important role in our daily life So, in this paper, we present an automatic climate monitoring system that permits having real-time climate data of a particular place. The advanced system uses ESP 8266 module & which is implemented on the Arduino platform and is used to recover the data from the cloud. The main purpose of this system is to sense the climate parameters, like temperature humidity, rain & survival of some gases based on the sensors & sends the information to the Thing speak server & then plot the sensor data as graphical statistics. Updated data from the implemented system can access the internet from anywhere in the world.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring dan Uji Analisis Performansi Tranformator berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)

Maintenance on transformers is currently carried out on a monthly basis, which activities are carried out manually so that it is difficult to detect transformers experiencing abnormal conditions if there is a disturbance outside the maintenance schedule. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of making a prototype of a transformer condition monitoring system and monitoring parameters on the transformer remotely through the Blynk application in real time. In making this tool, the PZEM-004T sensor is used to read electrical parameters, the DS18B20 sensor to read the temperature on the transformer winding and the Arduino MEGA 2560 With WiFi Built-in - ESP8266 to process the data read by the sensor which is then sent to the Blynk application. The results of this study indicate that the average error value for the comparison of current readings is 0.68%, the average error value for the comparison between phase to neutral voltage readings is 0.91%, the average error value for the comparison of voltage readings between phases is 1, 00%, the average error value of the Cosφ reading comparison is 0.02% and the average temperature reading comparison error value is 1.73%.

THE USE OF VISUAL ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS MODELLING AND DESIGNING SOFTWARE FRITZING IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The article analyzes the current state of the issue of STEM-education in general secondary education of Ukraine, considers the prospects of introducing elements of circuitry within the school course of computer science (CS) as one of the elements of STEM-education, moreover, it reviews the possibility of implementation of the mentioned part as one of the components of professional training of computer science teachers. The analysis of the recent researches and publications on a problem of use of electronic devices in educational process is carried out; the choice of the open software platform Arduino as an auxiliary didactic tool for studying the elements of computer circuitry is substantiated. The most common Arduino model series are described and the examples of their applied use in real-life projects are given. The main technical specs and features of Arduino Uno electronic components are given and explained. The Atmega328P microcontroller, the main computing center of the platform, and its main structural elements are considered in detail; in order to substantiate the offered method, a program suite for creating visual electronic circuits – Fritzing is taken as an example with detailed description of its functions and capabilities. This software product provides the opportunity to visually present the project in different forms (layout, scheme and/or printed circuit board). Any of these views can be used as the main work environment of the project and can be selected at any time. Fritzing has a library of ready-made projects, which greatly facilitates the learning process. For greater clarity, all the processes of creating a prototype of the electronic game "Hunter" in the Fritzing environment are described and illustrated, as well as a description of the process of creating the game itself. Mentioned software product is used in the process of professional training of future teachers of computer science, mathematics and physics at Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University. The authors outline prospects of research in this area.

Differential Flavonoid and Other Phenolic Accumulations and Antioxidant Activities of Nymphaea lotus L. Populations throughout Thailand.

Nymphaea lotus L. is a potential plant in the Nymphaeaceae family that is well-recognized as an economic and traditional medicinal plant in Thailand and other countries. Its pharmacological and medicinal effects have been confirmed. However, there is no study going deeper into the population level to examine the phytochemical variation and biological activity of each population that benefits phytopharmaceutical and medical applications using this plant as raw material. This study was intensely conducted to complete this important research gap to investigate the flavonoid profiles from its floral parts, the stamen and perianth, as well as the antioxidant potential of the 13 populations collected from every floristic region by (1) analyzing their flavonoid profiles, including the HPLC analysis, and (2) investigating the antioxidant capacity of these populations using three assays to observe different antioxidant mechanisms. The results indicated that the northeastern and northern regions are the most abundant floristic regions, and flavonoids are the main phytochemical class of both stamen and perianth extracts from N. lotus. The stamen offers higher flavonoids and richer antioxidant potential compared with the perianth. This finding is also the first completed report at the population level to describe the significant correlation between the phytochemical profiles in floral parts extracts and the main antioxidant activity, which is mediated by the electron transfer mechanism. The results from the Pearson correlation coefficients between several phytochemicals and different antioxidant assessments highlighted that the antioxidant capability of these extracts is the result of complex phytochemical combinations. The frontier knowledge from these current findings helps to open up doors for phytopharmaceutical industries to discover their preferred populations and floral parts that fit with their targeted products.

Low-cost high-resolution measurements of periodic motions with Arduino in physics teacher in-service education

In this paper, we would like to briefly illustrate the situation a physics teacher-to-be or a practising physics teacher has to face when assigning a role to modern experiments in his or her physics lessons. Afterwards, we would like to present good practices that suggest that computer-aided experimentation has entered public education in the country. We summarize the main aims and some results of the HAS Research Group of Technical Informatics Methodology in combining technical computer sciences with the education of physics. Finally, we present some typical ‘textbook experiments’ for basic conceptions of physics reconsidered using the Arduino platform and low-cost experiment setup.

A survey of security and smart home automation based on internet of things technology

The <span>internet of things (IoT) refers to the physical tools that are embedded with Internet, software, electronics, sensors and network connectivity. This involves many different systems, for example, healthcare, smart home and so on. The security problem of the Internet of Things and the Smart Home infrastructure is considered, which has become an urgent issue due to the high popularity, low systemic research and the growth of threats to "us" (people seeking comfort) from "them" (surrounding things, which becoming increasingly intelligent, automated). The research is based both on a systemic, infrastructure understanding, and on an architectural, problem-oriented level. Key security risks for the infrastructure of various types-software and technical, technological, socio-psychological and others-were analyzed. The evolutionary problems of the internet of things and factors influencing the vulnerability of infrastructures have been investigated. In addition to traditional network security tasks, specific tasks (direct and reverse, for identification) are highlighted in IoT interactions and environments. This paper provides an overview of the related work in IoT, together with the open challenges and future research directions using Arduino platform (such as "thick server-thin client") to simulation modeling of time delay probability distribution based on identified simple model.</span>

Multi-functional topology optimization of Victoria cruziana veins.

The growth and development of biological tissues and organs strongly depend on the requirements of their multiple functions. Plant veins yield efficient nutrient transport and withstand various external loads. Victoria cruziana, a tropical species of the Nymphaeaceae family of water lilies, has evolved a network of three-dimensional and rugged veins, which yields a superior load-bearing capacity. However, it remains elusive how biological and mechanical factors affect their unique vein layout. In this paper, we propose a multi-functional and large-scale topology optimization method to investigate the morphomechanics of Victoria cruziana veins, which optimizes both the structural stiffness and nutrient transport efficiency. Our results suggest that increasing the branching order of radial veins improves the efficiency of nutrient delivery, and the gradient variation of circumferential vein sizes significantly contributes to the stiffness of the leaf. In the present method, we also consider the optimization of the wall thickness and the maximum layout distance of circumferential veins. Furthermore, biomimetic leaves are fabricated by using the three-dimensional printing technique to verify our theoretical findings. This work not only gains insights into the morphomechanics of Victoria cruziana veins, but also helps the design of, for example, rib-reinforced shells, slabs and dome skeletons.

Health Mirror

Abstract: This paper describes and explains design and working of a mirror made smart enough to be a health mirror which is IoT based and works with Arduino mega. This health mirror act as a personal health assistance which helps to do regular health checkups within few seconds. It does following tasks like, contactless human body temperature measurement, oxygen level measurement and pulse rate measurement. When body temperature or oxygen level or pulse rate goes above limit, it gives warning in form of voice command and captures the image of the person standing in front. It also displays current date and time and room temperature and humidity. The health mirror can be used in our home as well as at entrance of any organization. Keywords: Health mirror, Smart mirror, Smart personal health assistant, Arduino mega, Contactless

Vertical Farming Using Internet of Things

Abstract: Vertical farming is the practice of planting the plants in vertically stacked layers which optimize the land usage as it can be implemented in an indoor environment. The main idea of vertical farming is to use a controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) technology, where all environmental factors can be controlled. Therefore, in this project, an automatic system, which consists of the Internet of Thing [IoT] is implemented in providing the controlled environment for the vertical farming. The main purpose of this project is to build a system to monitor the soil moisture and to control water content through the web browser on the laptop, mobile phone and other handheld and compact devices. In this project, a soil moisture sensor is used to detect the moisture or water content of the soil in the vertical farm so that the plant can be consecutively monitored and controlled to have enough water. When low moisture level is detected, the signals are sent to the Arduino platform. Then, the data is stored eventually in the Arduino IDE software and simultaneously sent to the web browser through the Ethernet that is connected to the internet router. The user can monitor their plant through the web browser that allows them to read the status of the soil moisture and can control the water valve to release the water to the plant whenever the reading is low or necessary. With this development, the monitoring of the vertical farming has been so helpful and the growth of the plant can be supervised from time to time without having the operator at the event.

Integration of Wifi and Mobile Communications in Fire Early Warning Data Sending in Home Based on The Internet of Things

House fires are one of the disasters that are often encountered in the community, especially when the area is a dry geographical area. Not to mention the catastrophic house fires that took the most lives and losses for homeowners. The purpose of this research is how to build a disaster early warning system by utilizing the integration of wifi and cellular communications. In this study using blackbox testing and hardware testing methods as well as several tools such as Arduino Mega2560, ESP32, DHT-22, MQ-2, LDR Array, SIM900, Pump Mini DC and Fan Mini DC. After the results of the system design, where the system works with online and offline conditions and as well as each sensor works according to the input conditions of fire, gas and smoke.

Demand Based Cost Optimization of Electric Bills for Household Users

Abstract- Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly becoming the vehicle to automate, optimize and enhance the performance of systems in the energy, environment, and health sectors. In this paper, we use Wi-Fi wrapped sensors to provide online and in realtime the current energy consumptions at a device level, in a manner to allow for automatic control of peak energy consumption at a household, factory level, and eventually at a region level, where a region can be defined as an area supported by a distinct energy source. This allows to decrease the bill by avoiding heavily and controllable loads during high tariff slice and/or peak period per household and to optimize the energy production and distribution in a given region. The proposed model relies on adaptive learning techniques to help adjust the current load, while taking into consideration the actual and real need of the consumer. The experiments used in this study makes use of current and voltage sensors, Arduino platform, and simulation system. The main performance indexes used are the control of a peak consumption level, and the minimum time needed to adjust the distribution of load in the system. The system was able to keep the maximum load at a maximum of 10 kW in less than 10 seconds of response time. The level and response time are controllable parameters.

Research on the Design of Interactive Children's Vocal Enlightenment Toys Based on Audiovisual Association Experience.

This paper examines the characteristics and current situation of children's vocal enlightenment toy design, studies how to design children's verbal enlightenment toys based on audiovisual associative experience, and develops appropriate optimization strategies and approaches. This paper analyzes the theoretical basis involved in design practice, summarizes the generation and concept of audiovisual association and the significance of associative experience for children's vocal enlightenment, explores the application and characteristics of interaction design in children's toys, and summarizes the creation of interactive toys. The triggered form of associative experience is determined according to the physical and mental development characteristics, interaction behavior, and experimental research of children at this stage. By summarizing the typical design elements of existing children's interactive toys with good sales and reputation and designing a questionnaire, the Kano model was used to obtain the design element priorities to guide design practice. We used audiovisual association as an entry point to writing a sound and picture interactive program through processing and the Arduino platform to develop the interactive toys. “Sound fun” is an interactive toy that extracts the characteristics of children's voices to correspond to the changes of picture elements and can provide real-time feedback of dynamic pictures through the user's voice to achieve the purpose of triggering a synesthetic experience. Interaction design applied to toy design is a new direction in terms of traditional toy design, which enhances the interactivity of toys and enhances the user's sense of experience and participation in the use of toys; it can improve the affinity and fun of toys.

Development of a Low-cost Arduino-based Patient Monitoring System for Heartrate, Oxygen Saturation and Body Temperature Parameters

The implementation of Patient Monitor (PM) in ICU, ICCU, PICU and NICU currently imposes a significantly high cost of investment. According to studies conducted, there are three main parameters required to be measured, which are heartrate (BPM), oxygen saturation (SPO2) and body temperature (T). These are highly needed by the medical personnel to monitor in order to determine patient’s vital state. The low-cost patient monitor prototype (named Patient Monitor 3 Parameters or PM3P) was developed using Arduino platform. In order to measure the parameters, two types of sensor modules were chosen, namely MAX30100 for gathering heartrate and oxygen saturation data and DS18B20 for gathering the body temperature data. The prototyping process also included fixation and finalization of electrical circuit on a printed circuit board (PCB). The PM3P underwent extensive validation process by comparing it to the real industrial PM made by healthcare equipment industry. The comparison was done over data gathered by both system that were conducting the same measurement runs in parallel. Results of validation indicates that the low-cost patient monitor prototype has a slight error of 0,31% for heartrate and 1,59% for oxygen saturation compared to the industrial one. Further improvements for the Arduino based PM3P are also proposed in this paper in order to enhance its reading accuracy, namely calibration.

Secure Communication Protocol for Arduino-based IoT Using Lightweight Cryptography

We witness massive implementations of the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart homes, smart buildings, smart vehicles, smart wearables as well as Industry 4.0 initiatives. Along with the massive adoption, IoT security has become more important and crucial in this case. Arduino, as IoT hardware platform, also requires enhancements on its security to ensure that data it transmits and receives is secured and has not been tampered in any way. Transmitting of IoT data and telecommand in plaintext is not secure. Securing transmission using traditional block cipher is computationally intensive for embedded-systems with low memory and computing power like Arduino. This research proposes a novel lightweight security communication protocol that is lightweight enough to run on the Arduino platform. The proposed protocol shall be utilizing a lightweight key agreement scheme, the SPECK lightweight block cipher, and BLAKE2s hash function. This protocol is designed to support telemetry and telecommand by using publisher-subscriber, which also is aimed to be extensible but straightforward for future enhancements. This research shows that a secure IoT communication protocol can be designed and implemented on Arduino devices and another IoT platform running Arduino core such as the ESP32. The performance evaluation of this protocol in Arduino Mega shows that the INIT phase's average execution time is 26.83 milliseconds. The key agreement is 13.50 milliseconds, and the encryption-decryption of telemetry and telecommand messages requires 25 milliseconds execution time. The protocol performance evaluation in ESP32 has an average execution time for INIT phase 44.63 milliseconds. The key agreement phase, 13.90 milliseconds, and the encryption and decryption of telemetry and telecommand messages requires an execution time of 17.10 milliseconds.

Design and implementation of Arduino based robotic arm

<p><span>This study presents the model, design, and construction of the Arduino based robotic arm, which functions across a distance as it is controlled through a mobile application. A six degree of freedom robotic arm has been designed and implemented for the purpose of this research. The design controlled by the Arduino platform receives orders from the user’s mobile application through wireless controlling signals, that is Bluetooth. The arm is made up of five rotary joints and an end effector, where rotary motion is provided by the servomotor. Each link has been first designed using solid works and then printed by 3D printer. The assembly of the parts of the robot and the motor’s mechanical shapes produce the final prototype of the arm. The Arduino has been programmed to provide rotation to each corresponding servo motor to the sliders in the designed mobile application for usage from distance.</span></p>

Security Sistem Pada Brankas dengan Metode Personal Identifikasi Number Berpola Aritmatika Modulo

The burglary of a safe in Jombang, East Java, lost valuables belonging to the Multipurpose Business Cooperative (KSU) Niaga Cemerlang. Therefore, a security system tool was made in the safe where it functioned as storing valuables and important assets. Changing the security system using a security system with a personal identification number method with a modulo arithmetic pattern. The safety system of the safe is designed in layers installed with an RFID tag by registering and then verifying it on the card. Entering the password on the card is unreadable or unverified, then the system will refuse to open. Arduino mega component with type 256, passive RFID tag attached to the RFID reader, only 1 validated passive tag can open the security access system with 6 keypad passwords that are inputted only 3. Transistors in the solenoid driver circuit work after the security system is open. The servo motor can rotate according to the input of the 900. open servo angle rotation program

The adaptive evolution of Euryale ferox to the aquatic environment through paleo-hexaploidization.

SUMMARYOccupation of living space is one of the main driving forces of adaptive evolution, especially for aquatic plants whose leaves float on the water surface and thus have limited living space. Euryale ferox, from the angiosperm basal family Nymphaeaceae, develops large, rapidly expanding leaves to compete for space on the water surface. Microscopic observation found that the cell proliferation of leaves is almost completed underwater, while the cell expansion occurs rapidly after they grow above water. To explore the mechanism underlying the specific development of leaves, we performed sequences assembly and analyzed the genome and transcriptome dynamics of E. ferox. Through reconstruction of the three sub‐genomes generated from the paleo‐hexaploidization event in E. ferox, we revealed that one sub‐genome was phylogenetically closer to Victoria cruziana, which also exhibits gigantic floating leaves. Further analysis revealed that while all three sub‐genomes promoted the evolution of the specific leaf development in E. ferox, the genes from the sub‐genome closer to V. cruziana contributed more to this adaptive evolution. Moreover, we found that genes involved in cell proliferation and expansion, photosynthesis, and energy transportation were over‐retained and showed strong expression association with the leaf development stages, such as the expression divergence of SWEET orthologs as energy uploaders and unloaders in the sink and source leaf organs of E. ferox. These findings provide novel insights into the genome evolution through polyploidization, as well as the adaptive evolution regarding the leaf development accomplished through biased gene retention and expression sub‐functionalization of multi‐copy genes in E. ferox.

IoT integrated fuzzy classification analysis for detecting adulterants in cow milk

Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are two of the emerging techniques used in creating more significant opportunities in smart dairy farming (SDF). Currently, the demand for milk is continuously increasing due to the world's growing population. Thus, some suppliers are inclined towards adopting fraudulent practices such as introducing adulterants into milk to eliminate the demand and supply gap. Conventional detection techniques require specific chemicals and equipment to determine the presence of adulterants in milk. Though effective, this technique has the downsides of producing qualitative results that are laborious, time-consuming and the same milk sample cannot be further analyzed for other adulterants. Hence, this paper presents an IoT-based solution to detect adulterants in milk by measuring its pH and electrical conductivity (EC) parameters. To achieve this, a fuzzy logic system was designed in MATLAB® using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox™ and implemented on an arduino mega microcontroller to analyze the impurities present in milk samples through hardware implemented. This research revealed that milk's pH and EC values with no adulteration range from 6.45 to 6.67 and 4.65 mS/cm to 5.26 mS/cm, respectively. Finally, the collected data is stored in the cloud using the ThingSpeak™ web platform, interconnected with an IoT (ESP8266 Wi-Fi module).

Development of an Environment and Climate Data Acquisition System (EC-DAQS) for Radio Propagation Studies

Most weather monitoring systems used for measuring meteorological parameters are imported. For many developing countries like Nigeria, importing measuring instruments is practically bedeviled with problems due to erratic exchange rates. This has hampered weather-related research especially in radio propagation studies where finite weather data are required. In the quest to develop a home-grown monitoring system, this paper presents an Environment and Climate data acquisition system (EC-DAQS). In the EC-DAQS, an Arduino Mega2560 microcontroller along with six environment and weather sensors were coded to measure, record and display atmospheric parameters. For digital signal processing and data logging, the sensors were interconnected to the microcontroller through an analogue-to-digital-converter (ADC). The measured data were displayed on a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen remotely connected to the controller. Temperature, Ultraviolet Violet (UV) rays, humidity and sound level were tested and calibrated with “off-the shelf” instruments. The mean bias error (MBE) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were used to validate the temperature readings from the EC-DAQS with readings from a standard infra-red thermometer. The low results of the MBE (0.16°C) and RMSE (0.51°C) – showed close proximity between the EC-DAQS and the standard infra-red digital thermometer measurements. Also, the equation obtained from modelling is a straight line of near unity slope (0.994) and a correlation of 99.98%. The EC-DAQS developed will be a useful meteorological instrument, and a suitable replacement for imported weather stations in terms of performance, cost and maintenance. It will also provide some invaluable data needed for radio-propagation research and applications.