Arduino Code Research Articles

Graphical Arduino IDE system with wiring layout and flowchart functions for physical computing education

AbstractArduino, a widely used tool for physical computing, is favored for its affordability and easy availability. However, a drawback for beginners is the requirement of prior knowledge of C programming language and circuit theory for effectively utilizing Arduino. In this research, we address this issue by developing a Graphical Arduino IDE system that allows users to control Arduino without the need for prior knowledge of C language and circuit theory. Users can create node graph‐based scripts in the Wiring Tab of the Graphical Arduino IDE and develop flowchart‐based scripts in the Algorithm Tab. The scripts created in the Wiring Tab serve as guidelines for wiring, thus preventing users from making wiring mistakes. Additionally, users without knowledge of C language can control Arduino by creating flowchart‐based scripts in the Algorithm Tab. The finalized scripts are converted into Arduino code and uploaded to the Arduino board using the built‐in Code Upload feature. Finally, a paired t test was conducted between the Graphical Arduino IDE and Scratch for Arduino, confirming that the Graphical Arduino IDE required fewer user inputs.

Cost-effective, open-source light shutters with Arduino control

In optical experiments, shutters are devices that open or close a path of light. They are often used to limit the duration of light exposure onto a target or onto a detector to reduce possible light-induced damage. Many commercial shutters are available for different applications – some provide very fast opening and closing times, some can handle large optical powers, and others allow for fail-safe operation. Many of these devices are costly and offer limited control options. Here we provide an open-source design for a low-cost, general purpose shutter system based on ubiquitous actuators (servo motors or solenoids) that are connected to an Arduino-based controller. Several shutters can be controlled by one controller, further reducing system cost. The state of the shutters can be controlled via a display built into the controller, by serial commands via USB, or by electrical control lines. The use of a microcontroller makes the shutter controller adaptable – only control options that are used need to be included, and the design accommodates a selection of display and actuator options. We provide designs for all required components, including 3D print files for the actuator holders and cases, the Arduino code, libraries for serial communication (C and python), and example graphical user interfaces for testing.

Solar Tracking and Monitoring System

Abstract: We will eventually have to deal with the depletion of fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy sources as they are running out rapidly. Having a large number of renewable alternative energy sources is crucial. The sun's radiation properties meet both requirements. As a result, new technologies focused on solar energy harvesting are starting to appear. Concentrated or photovoltaic panels may yield the highest efficiency. Due to the planet's rotation, which causes humans to view the sun at different times of the day the efficiency may reduce. Devices that direct a solar panel or concentrating panel during the day are incorporated in the design, along with light-trackers to boost the system's effectiveness. A solar tracker can monitor the sun's radiation in single direction. The device monitors daily tilt of the sun for optimal performance. The work focuses on the fundamentals of solar panel parameters and their application, as well as the design and construction of an automatic solar tracker prototype utilizing Arduino code based on microcontroller. By simulating the sun's 12-month tracking in a matter of minutes, the device incorporates automation mechanisms into the tracking system.

Smart Footstep Energy Harvesting System

This research paper introduces a novel approach to footstep energy harvesting by integrating piezoelectric sensors into flooring surfaces. The project aims to generate sustainable electrical power from footsteps, contributing to the development of energy-efficient systems. The proposed system incorporates a unique feature that enables users to easily identify and address sensor failures or damages. The core components of the system include piezoelectric sensors strategically placed in high-traffic areas, an Arduino microcontroller for signal processing and energy management, and a rechargeable battery for energy storage. A rectifier circuit is employed to convert AC signals generated by the sensors to DC, while a voltage regulator ensures a stable output voltage. The energy harvested is stored in the battery, which is connected to a USB charging module capable of charging electronic devices. To enhance the system's usability and maintenance, LEDs are integrated with each piezoelectric sensor. These LEDs act as indicators for sensor status, allowing users to visually identify any damaged or failed sensors. The Arduino code is designed to continuously monitor sensor values and activate the corresponding LED when a sensor falls below a predefined threshold, signaling a potential issue. This unique feature enhances user awareness, simplifies troubleshooting, and aids in the efficient maintenance of the energy harvesting infrastructure. The research focuses on the practical implementation of the system, exploring its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Various aspects, such as energy generation efficiency, adaptability to different environments, and the ease of sensor failure identification, are evaluated through extensive experimentation. The paper discusses the system's potential applications, including sustainable power generation for small electronic devices and its integration into smart infrastructure. The proposed Smart Footstep Energy Harvesting System with Sensor Failure Identification addresses a crucial aspect of sustainability and smart infrastructure management. The findings from this research contribute to the growing field of energy harvesting technologies and pave the way for future developments in efficient, user-friendly, and maintainable footstep energy harvesting systems.

Railway Accident Prevention Using Sensor

Rail accidents pose a significant threat to both human life and infrastructure. This abstract presents a comprehensive overview of the railway accident prevention system that incorporates various sensors for effective monitoring and early detection of potential threats. The proposed system includes sensors such as ultrasonic Sensor and Vibration Sensor. These sensors work in tandem to collect real-time data on various parameters, including train location, Accident, obstacles on the track. Obstacles on the right of way of the train can cause derailment, collision, injuries to train passengers and loss of properties, Railway accident prevention and protection are a key part of a wider picture of transport safety. so, there is a need to look at various ways to prevent or reduce the frequency and severity of these accidents by using Arduino based safety system to mitigate these accidents. The aim of this paper is to simulate a program in Proteus to detect obstacles on the right of way of trains. Arduino code is written to detect obstacle on the track in the train. By implementing these features in real time application, we can avoid accidents up to a very significant margin. The railway accident prevention system aims to minimize the occurrence of accidents, reduce response time, and enhance overall safety in railway operations through the use of advanced sensor technologies.

Smart Temperature Dependent Cooling of Solar panel Using Arduino

This project involves the integration of various hardware components, including an Arduino board, a temperature sensor, an LCD display, a relay module, a CPU fan, and an ESP8266NodeMCU. The goal is to create a system that can monitor temperature, display information on an LCD screen, a relay to control fan, a CPU fan, and upload collected data to a web server for remote access and analysis. The temperature sensor is connected to the Arduino board to measure the ambient temperature. The LCD display provides real-time temperature readings and system status information. The relay module enables the Arduino to control an external device based on predefined temperature thresholds. Additionally, a CPU fan is integrated to manage the temperature of a system component. This enhances the overall system stability and efficiency. The ESP8266 Node MCU, acting as a Wi-Fi Module, connects the system to the internet. It gathers temperature data from the Arduino and periodically uploads it to a designated web server via HTTP or other suitable protocols. This enables users to monitor temperature trends and system performance remotely, providing insights into environmental conditions and operational effectiveness. The integration of these components involves programming the Arduino and Node MCU using relevant libraries and languages such as c / c++ and Arduino IDE. The Arduino code manages data collection, LCD display, relay control, and fan speed regulation, ensuring seamless coordination between the components. The Node MCU code establishes a connection to the Wi-Fi network, formats and transmits data to the web server, and handles any necessary security considerations. Keywords: CPU Fan, Arduino, solar panels, Templates, Journals.

Design of IoT-based solar array cleaning system with enhanced performance and efficiency

Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels suffer from a reduction in performance due to dirt and environmental pollutants accumulating on their surface. As the number of solar panels installed grows, boosting their efficiency becomes more crucial to optimizing electricity output while decreasing the need for additional panels. Cleaning the PV panels can increase their efficiency, and an automated cleaning system with cutting-edge technologies can improve cleaning effectiveness. This article proposes a system that utilizes the Messaging Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol to enhance the efficiency of solar panels. Also, the system harnesses the power of IoT technology to automate the cleaning process. The system incorporates IoT-enabled sensors, actuators, and communication modules, all controlled by ESP-32. We programed the microcontroller using the software Arduino and Visual Studio Code. The Adafruit IO controls and monitors the system. Users can switch between fully automatic and manual modes using the Adafruit dashboard. The system utilizes DC motors, nylon brushes, a metal frame, a relay module, a buck converter, and a boost converter. A 10W solar panel powers the system with the help of a 20 A charge controller and a 12 V/2.5 Ah battery. The Adafruit dashboard fully controls and monitors the developed system. By automating the cleaning process and leveraging real-time data, the system maximizes solar power generation efficiency, minimizing downtime. The system increases the efficiency of tested 30 W solar panels by 30%.

Design of Arduino-based wheeled robot for plant-watering in public places

As many potted plants are placed at long distances from each other in public areas, watering them leads to much manpower consumption, while using large-scale irrigation in this situation is unsuitable. Since plants are relatively stationary, its appropriate to use robots to water them, instead of human labor. To make watering indoor plants easier, in this article, an Arduino-based wheeled robot for plant-watering in public places is designed. 3D modeling, circuit design, programming and verification experiments have been conducted to complete this design. The achievement includes a 3D model, a control circuit, an executive system and Arduino code. In this research, the cost issue has been taken into consideration. The designed robot is relatively economical, as it only uses some basic inexpensive components. The robot has the capacity to realize route-tracking for navigation, detect the plant right before it and spray water accurately, with various sensors. The existing design can achieve predetermined goals at present, and improvements are going to be undertaken in the future.

An open source 3D printed autosampler for capillary electrophoresis

BackgroundIn-house built capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems represent a significant share of laboratory instrumentation. In most of these instruments, sample injection is effected manually with low to moderate precision and requires skilled operators. Although few automated samplers have been previously developed, typically only one sample at a time can be injected. If a series of samples is to be analyzed, manual intervention is required. In the present work, we developed and constructed a fully automated, open source, CE autosampler, able to handle up to 14 different samples that can be used as a modular component of any in-house built CE instrument. ResultsAn inexpensive, 3D printed, open source, autosampler for CE was developed. The autosampler consists of two parts: an injection unit with carousel containing sample and electrolyte vials and a flushing unit, containing a miniature pressure/vacuum pump. The autosampler is operated by an Arduino Mega microcontroller and an Arduino code written in the laboratory. The injection sequence is entered through a keypad and LCD display by the user. The instrument can operate autonomously for extended periods of time. It was used for fully automated analysis and/or calibration of up to 14 samples with excellent injection repeatability reaching less than 2.7% RSD for peak areas. The sampler performance was tested with two independently built CE instruments, a CE system with contactless conductivity detection (C4D) and a CE system with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detector. Significance and noveltyA novel, 3D printed, Arduino-based autosampler for CE was developed. The autosampler allows autonomous hydrodynamic injection of up to 14 different samples with fully programmable injection sequence, including capillary flushing and high voltage and data acquisition control. It provides the missing instrumental sampling setup for laboratory made CE instruments. It can be simply constructed based on the open-source blueprints in any laboratory and be a useful and time-saving add-on to any modular CE instrument.

A versatile hot melt centrifugal spinning apparatus for thermoplastic microfibres production

The centrifugal spinning (CS) method could address common issues such as low production rate and high energy consumption in the industry of nonwoven textile fabrication. Similarly to cotton candy production, the high-speed rotating reservoir extrudes melt or solvent-based polymer from orifices to produce fibres. Using polymer melt avoids solvent elimination and toxicity, but the process is more difficult. Thus, a versatile lab-scale hot melt spinneret with the ability to pour pellets inside continuously to expand our knowledge of the CS method and investigating different extrusion geometries such as nozzlefree is developed. Among the controllable parameters are, the spinneret heating temperature (up to 300°C), its two interchangeable 3D printer nozzles. An Arduino code is used to stabilize the temperature. The system performance is investigated with polypropylene and polylactide. The results show that fibres under 15 μm in diameter are produced. This work is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

Solar Tracking System with Dual Axis

Abstract: The world economies are starting to move towards solutions that address both the global energy dilemma and the mounting evidence of climate change. One of the most well-known and widely used renewable energy sources to date is solar electricity. This study illustrates the performance advantages of a dual-axis solar tracker in contrast to other photovoltaic systems. A dual axis solar tracker can simultaneously measure the sun's radiation in the horizontal and vertical axis. For maximum effectiveness, the gadget monitors both daily tilt and seasonal variations. The study focuses on the design and development of an autonomous dual axis solar tracker prototype using Arduino code written for microcontrollers, as well as the fundamental properties of solar panels and their applications.

Building a Simple Magnetic Levitation System Using an Arduino Uno Board

With the help of an Arduino UNO board, an electromagnet, a magnet, and a Hall effect sensor, this project tries to create a straightforward magnetic levitation system. The mechanism measures the separation between the magnet and the electromagnet using a Hall effect sensor and regulates the electromagnet's intensity to keep the levitation stable. The project report offers a step-by-step tutorial for constructing the system and writing the necessary Arduino code to operate it.

Design and Development of a Low-Cost Fuel Consumption Meter for the Performance Testing of Agricultural Machinery

The fuel consumption of an engine is an essential parameter that needs to be measured during the testing of an agricultural machinery. Commercially available fuel meters are expensive. The purpose of the study is to develop a fuel meter with data logging capabilities using inexpensive materials. The developed fuel meter follows the gravimetric principle in which the initial and final weights of the fuel after a specified amount time has elapsed are obtained and used to calculate the fuel consumption. The main components were the Arduino UNO microcontroller, data logging shield, and a load cell sensor. It was calibrated for diesel and gasoline fuels during the actual testing of different agricultural machinery such as centrifugal pumps, small engines, two-wheel tractors, and four-wheel tractors. Data were compared to the existing fuel meter and calibration curves were generated. Separate tanks were used for both the gasoline and diesel fuel to avoid mixing of fuels and damaging the engine. The generated equations for diesel fuel (y = 1.0957x – 0.0962) and for gasoline fuel (y = 0.8551x – 0.0017) were implemented in the Arduino code. A paired T-test was conducted and it showed that at a 5% level of significance, there is no significant variation in the data before calibration (p= 0.054) and after calibration (p= 0.550) for diesel fuel. While at a 5% level of significance, there is a significant variation in the data before calibration (p=1.03e-8 ) for gasoline fuel but showed no significant variation after calibration (p=0.610). In comparison to the existing fuel meter (Ono Sokki FX-1100 Series), the percent difference obtained before calibration ranges from 1.05% to 27.12%, and after calibration ranges from 0% to 6.39% for diesel fuel. The percent difference obtained before calibration ranges from 10.18% to 19.96% and 2.03% to 9.40% after calibration for gasoline fuel in comparison to the volumetric method fuel meter of AMTEC. After performing calibration and statistical analysis, the developed fuel meter can be considered as good as the existing fuel meters of AMTEC. The researchers recommend to provide dampers to isolate the vibration that affects weight measurement during testing or use a different sensor like an inline flow sensor to eliminate this problem. The inline flow sensor also allows the design of the fuel meter to be simpler and it will be easier to transport and use during field testing of agricultural machinery. An inline flow sensor with a wide range of capacity would be applicable for testing of agricultural machinery

Control of Devices by Hand Gestures

Gesture control technology is gaining importance because of the rapid increase in automation. Laptop Control Using Hand Gestures is one such technique to detect gestures made by hand or body which act as an input to communicate with the PC or laptop. In this project we have made use of hardware components including Arduino UNO, Ultrasonic Sensors (Range Sensors) and connecting wires along with Arduino code and Python code for implementation of the project. The Ultrasonic sensor detects the hand gestures and this when integrated with Arduino and Python code performs actions accordingly on the laptop screen. This technology is rapidly in the field of VR, AR, 3D Design, medical, etc. It will be quite handy for paralyzed patients. Since they have great difficulty in controlling the mouse and typing on the keyboard, they can easily perform hand gestures which perform actions accordingly on the screen. One of the key areas which requires development is sensing gestures accurately. We feel that if we are successful in meeting our goals then we will consider ourselves as contributors to the future of natural gesture based interfaces. Keywords — Hand gesture, Ultrasonic sensors, Arduino UNO, Python

Sunny with a Chance of Servos: Solar-Powered Arduinos

The Arduino microcontroller is finding its way into labs throughout undergraduate physics curricula, from introductory courses to a variety of beyond-the-first-year laboratory classes. At Davidson College, we use Arduinos in a gateway STEM course for students who are interested in energy and the environment. Students learn to build simple circuits and write the accompanying Arduino code to control the temperature in solar-powered model buildings. To make the models fully solar powered, the Arduino itself must be powered by the Sun—no batteries allowed! Hence, we replace the 9-V battery that is usually used to power an Arduino with a 13.5 cm × 12.5 cm 9-V solar panel (DFRobot part #FIT0330), which can generate a maximum short-circuit current of approximately 200 mA. We find that the solar panel works well for most tasks, including temperature measurements, liquid-crystal display (LCD) illumination, and SD card module operation, but cannot generate enough power to drive a servo motor, which needs several hundred milliamps. For these situations, a 9-V, 1-F capacitor connected in parallel with the solar panel can store energy during the rest period between brief high-current operations and supplement the solar panel when higher power is required.

Experimental Study of Flutter Characteristics of Selected Wing Plan forms for the Effect of Camber

This article focuses on understanding the effect of airfoil camber on the flutter characteristics of the wing. Experiments were conducted on four-wing models at different air velocities/ airspeeds and at different angles of attacks on wing models that are manufactured with the same span chord dimensions and also the same material. Accelerometers are attached to the wing tip on the leading and trailing edges to measure the change in value of acceleration with time using the Arduino and Arduino code. From the results obtained, it is observed that as the location of camber moves closer to the flexural axis, the flutter seems to be induced faster than otherwise.

Tennis throwing Machine Voice Control via Bluetooth of an Arduino-based and Using PI Controller

In this article, the throwing machine will be programmed to aid in repetitive training. All tennis training methods agree that repetitive training on specific points and distances of the ball improves the player's skills and allows him to learn new blocking techniques. There have been previous studies on this machine, but ours is a little different. In contrast to random throwing, we have added voice control and training on specific points and locations, where the player can control the machine by sending a voice message via the smartphone. with the presence of Bluetooth and Arduino. The basic devices in our project are High-efficiency electric drives required for emerging technologies. PI controllers are used to control the motors' speed.
 Proteus 8 professional was used for simulation, Arduino code was written using the programming language Arduino IDE, MATLAB simulation for the PI controller, and the Android applications were created using the MIT app inventor
 The electrical circuit of the machine will be tested to demonstrate the entire project and to check the control result.

Arduino Working Principle and It’s Use in Education

Abstract: This paper is about the Arduino board's functioning theory and its applications in real-time applications and IoT technologies. The Arduino board is a development board that can be used to include most IoT sensors to achieve a real-time purpose. The key benefits of the Arduino board are its quick processing speed, user-friendly interface, and simple debugging mechanism. It is mostly used by students for project development, and it is a low-cost, highly dependable, and most economical technology. This paper provides an overview of the several types of Arduino boards available, as well as Arduino code and applications. Keywords: Arduino, Microcontroller, Hardware, Sensors, Applications

Using the Recycled Parts of a Computer DVD Drive for Fabrication of a Low-Cost Arduino-Based Syringe Pump

The accurate and precise transport of the small amounts of the liquid by the syringe pump is widely used in many fields. In this paper, an Arduino-based syringe pump is fabricated using the computer DVD (digital versatile disc) drive. For the fabrication of the syringe pump, low-cost electronic components such as an Arduino microcontroller, a stepper motor, a stepper motor driver, and a display are used. The tray-loading mechanism of the computer DVD drive (close/open mechanism of the tray for inserting/removing DVD) was used for the injection process. To provide the necessary force for the precise and accurate movement of the plunger of the syringe, we replaced the DC motor of the computer DVD drive with the stepper motor and the stepper motor driver. An Arduino code was developed to control the infusion process. Depending on the syringe dimension (inner diameter and barrel length), the stepper motor (angular resolution), and the motor driver (microstepping mode), the code can be modified by using the Arduino software. The syringe pump infuses the water in the flow rates from 0.005 (mL/min) to 1 (mL/min) with a maximum of 10 μL difference between the mean measured volume and the infused volume. The fabricated syringe pump does not require the complex mechanical components that are used in conventional syringe pumps. The project provides instructions for building and testing a syringe pump and enables the students to fabricate a low-cost, open-source syringe pump using the recycled parts of the computer DVD drive for less than $30. As a result, the students will increase their hardware and software skills by completing the project.

Drinking-Water Quality Monitoring Using WSN Technology

The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology is the dense number of cooperative sensor nodes or terminals, which are densely deployed in the physical environment for sensing, wireless communications, and computational data statistics. The different academic and industrial applications have been developed based on wireless sensor networks. The drinking water quality monitoring system is proposed in this article as one of many applications, developed by WSN technology to diagnostic the drinking water quality, thus solve their challenges as corruption, turbidity, and water neutrality. The paper presents the end-to-end drinking water quality monitoring testbed including the Arduino controller, XBee communication unit, temperature sensor, LED and LDR sensors, and PH sensor with its equivalent circuit. This module is experimentally calibrated, installed, and programmed using Arduino code as a lab model to prove the concept and measures the practical results. It is anticipated that the proposed module can develop the drinking water quality monitoring approach.