Ardent Patriot Research Articles

Hanna Wentlandtowa (1906–1994) – Woman-Soldier, Promoter of Education, Precursor of Health Education and Health Promotion

The article presents the professional, social, and academic profile of Hanna Wentlandtowa. Her work centred around the idea of spreading education and culture, which she pursued from the interwar period to the 1980s. As an ardent patriot, she served in the structures of the Home Army during World War II. Wentlandtowa’s achievements in the field of hygiene and health education are part of the development of the modern concept of health education.

The pinnacle of S. S. Zimnitsky scientific work — nephrology research

The pinnacle of S. S. Zimnitsky scientific heritage is the Zimnitsky, which makes it possible to assess the renal function without invasive procedures and burdening the patient. Proposed a hundred years ago, the Zimnitsky test shows its effectiveness at the present time. S. S. Zimnitsky proposed an original classification of hydronephrosis, described a special form of nephritis and rejected the filtration theory of urine formation, promoting the secretory one. In his purely scientific nephrological articles, S. S. Zimnitsky acts as a sincere and ardent patriot of his great homeland.

The Life of Raycho Nikolov in Light of New Sources: Hero of Three Wars and Three Countries

Abstract Raycho Nikolov is among the builders of the modern Bulgarian army, a typical person of the nineteenth century, charged with ardent patriotism driving him to brave exploits on the battlefields. This work observes the life of this man, a popular hero in Bulgaria and Russia, involved in military conflicts also in Poland and Serbia. Strangely, his popularity has not led to serious scholarly research so far, and until recently, knowledge about him was shrouded in obscurity. The present study of a long-unused collection of his documental heritage at the Plovdiv Regional History Museum reveals various misunderstandings and wrong interpretations by previous researchers, who in many cases created an image far removed from the actual one.

CHAPEL “BESKYD” (IVANO-FRANKIVSK CITY) – POPULARIZER OF LEMKO SONGS

The article deals with the importance of Lemko folklore for the collective conducted by P. Cholovsky, the Honored Art Worker of Ukraine, Associate Professor of the Department of Folk Instruments and Musical Folklore at the Institute of Arts of the V. Stefanyk Precarpathian National University. The place of Lemko folklore in the Ukrainian musical and ethno-cultural space was described and multi-genre models of the choral repertoire, which is a vivid expression of the Lemko “soul”, were analyzed. The creative figure of P. Cholovsky as an arranger of Lemko songs and his creative work was investigated. The cultural heritage of the Lemko subethnos, widely presented in Ivano-Frankivsk, remains a “blank spot” in Ukrainian music regionalistics, Ukrainian musicology, as the merciless deportations of this group of the Ukrainian people have negatively impacted the elevation of their spiritual life. And although, such phenomena usually lead to the loss of roots or creative achievements, it is not the case with Lemkos who from the beginning have developed and cultivated their songs, dances, national costumes, etc. F. Kolessa, O. Rоzdolsky, O. Kolberg, V. Hnatyuk, Ya. Golovatsky resorted to the study of Lemko folklore. However, not so many scholars investigate this topic nowadays, in particular, there is no thorough research on the place of the Lemko song in the repertoire of Ivano-Frankivsk choir collectives. The first written mention of Lemko roots dates back to the 16th century. Lemkos are one of the multinational minorities of the Carpathian Region, who lived and worked on the hillsides of the Low, Middle and Western Beskyds. Today this territory belongs not only to Ukraine, but also to Poland and Slovakia. The Lemko culture is a sub-ethnic part of the Ukrainian folklore. Lemkos’ musical art synthesizes Polish, Slovak, Hungarian and Ukrainian cultures. To preserve the original artifacts of the Lemko culture and unite the scattered families, Lemko public organizations were founded in Galicia in the late 20th century. This process was facilitated by the positive changes in the political and cultural life of Ukraine, achieving the state’s independence in particular. In 1990, the center of the society “Lemkivshchyna” was created in Ivano-Frankivsk thanks to the support of the ardent patriot, pedagogue, linguist P. Pyrtei, and, in 1991, Lemkos of Kalush, Rozhnyativ, and Ivano-Frankivsk united into the regional social and cultural society “Lemkivshchyna”. The All-Ukrainian Society “Lemkivshchyna” appeared in Lviv in 2001. These societies became the centers of Lemkos’ cultural life on the territory of Carpathian region, and primarily artists gathered there, they contributed to the organization of creative groups – ensembles, choirs, music and choreographic groups. The “Beskyd” choir, founded in 1991 on the initiative of Ivanna Senko, the graduate of Petro Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, teacher of Denys Sichynsky Music College of Ivano-Frankivsk, was among such artistic organizations. Orest Turko, who was also a Lemko descendant, became the conductor of the choir. Later on, “Beskyd” was given the title of “amateur folk choir” (1995) due to the persistent and hard work of the collective and its conductor and owing to their high performing level. At present, the “Beskyd” choir of Ivano-Frankivsk Region Society “Lemkivshchyna” is an active promoter of the Lemko song in the Carpathian region. Its creative and concert palette is quite extensive, it is well-known in Europe, it actively concerts in Ukraine and neighboring states. Thanks to the great creative potential and professionalism of Maestro P. Cholovsky, the Lemko song in the activity of the choir, became the light for the restoration of the Lemko culture, language and songs in the Carpathian region. The collective firmly states that the Lemko song is one of the greatest and most interesting strata of the Ukrainian folklore, which should occupy an honorary place in the folklore hierarchy.

IN BLESSED MEMORY OF OLEH SHABLIY

Odesa geographers share the pain of a great loss – the passing of Oleh Ivanovich Shabliy, which happened on January 14, 2023. Ukrainian and world Geographical Science lost a bright and talented scientist, a powerful organizer of geographical research and cartographic developments, an ardent patriot of Ukraine, an intellectual educator and mentor, a sincere and sociable person.

In Memory of Tibor Frank (1948-2022)

First, a brief account of his family background: Tibor Frank came from a Jewish Hungarian family with a rich history. His ancestors included Mór Wahrmann, Hungary’s first Jewish member of Parliament after the 1867 Compromise, and the initiator of the unification of Pest, Buda and Óbuda in the Pest Parliament. At the beginning of the 2000s, on the initiative of Tibor Frank, a small street in Új- Lipótváros was named after Wahrmann (when it became clear that the street which had once borne his name, but had since become Victor Hugo Street, could not be returned to its original name). At the same time, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences established the Mór Wahrmann Award, and in 2009, a collection of Mór Wahrmann’s papers, collected meticulously by Tibor Frank, was published under the title Honszeretet és felekezeti hűség [Patriotism and Religious Loyalty], referring to the nineteenth-century politician’s fundamental position and the dual commitments that were central to his political activities. As Wahrmann wrote, “One cannot be a true patriot without being true to one’s creed, or a good citizen while neglecting religion. One’s ardent patriotism must go hand in hand with unbreakable loyalty and devotion to one’s faith.”

“Russia Will Be Converted”: The Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima in Cold War America

At the height of the Cold War, the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fatima was the largest Catholic lay organization devoted to propagating the anticommunist message associated with the 1917 Marian revelations at Fatima, Portugal. According to the Blue Army, the Virgin Mary instructed three Portuguese children to pray the rosary to defeat atheistic communism. Starting in the late 1940s, the Blue Army helped to define the anticommunist message of Fatima and utilize it in the Cold War. The group inspired millions of American Catholics to take the “Blue Army Pledge” and commit themselves to participate in the Cold War on distinctly Catholic terms. The Blue Army deployed rosary beads, statues of the Virgin Mary, prayer vigils, and scapulars to wage war against the existential threat of communism, adapting these long-held Catholic devotions to fit mid-century American political, social, and religious conditions. At the height of the Cold War, the Blue Army’s devotional Catholicism and ardent patriotism was a powerful combination that shaped the outlook of countless American Catholics.

ГЕНДЕРНЫЕ АЛЛЕГОРИИ ШОТЛАНДСКОЙ НАЦИИ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ А. ГРЕЯ

Being an ardent patriot and Scottish nationalist Alasdair Gray has created a whole gallery of national allegories in his fiction. Until recently, researchers’ attention (K. Stirling, I. Platt, C. Blomeley) has been mainly focused on female national figures. Nevertheless, one of the basic categories of Scottish cultural identity has always been masculinity rather than femininity. Consequently, the key cultural trope of national literature is considered the “hard man”. The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of male characters in A. Gray’s fiction based on J. Homberg-Schramm’s classification of national masculinity types: traditional man, compensatory man, and the man in transition. In his novels, traditional masculinity is associated with the generation of “fathers”, and is hugely criticized as a relic of the past. Toxic masculinity is embodied in the figures of “justified sinners” (misfits, and men suffering from mental disorders) whose viciousness results from colonial trauma. In order to fight degrading national stereotypes A. Gray has produced a number of positive images of male characters who, interestingly enough, serve as an illustration of writer’s changing views on Scottish masculinity. The given article may be of special interest to scholars whose expertise lies in the area of contemporary British fiction as well as Postcolonial and Gender Studies.

Ciprian Porumbescu. Mică poveste despre rochia Berthei (o incursiune printre manuscrise, ediții etc.)

A young Romanian composer from the Austrian Bucovina, Ciprian Porumbescu (1853-1883) is an important figure of the local cultural mythology. This fact, we believe, is due to the association of his image with some ill-fated aspects of his life, such as an impossible love, his premature death, his exultant talent, maybe even his ardent patriotism. In my attempts at recovering the past cultural life of Bucovina, I discovered the journal of Ciprian Porumbescu (that probably includes a rich correspondence as well), written around 1878-1883. I am not talking about a journal on creation, nor about one related to political life. That, in spite of the fact that he was arrested for being the president of a student’s society that had a nationalist nature, yet he didn’t hesitate afterwards being one of the leaders of an international German society. Unfortunately, the above mentioned journal is absent from the public space and the history of its recovery and editing is in itself a history of a failure. That is why, this study is an analysis of the different existing editions of it – that could be described as fragmented, or improvised. In what regards the title of the article, it hints at the imprecisions in transcribing the original text, the difficulties posed by the German existing versions and also at the deficiency of the Romanian translations. Yet, besides all of these, the journal of Ciprian Porumbescu is an exceptional biographical document. Thus, the critique of the existing editions could represent a fist attempt at a textual and analytical recovery of the actual journal.

“Pirogov's Legacy: Past, Present, Future” – Ten Years After the Anniversary International Conference (to the 210th Anniversary of the Birth of N.I. Pirogov)

The article is dedicated to the anniversary date, the 210th anniversary of the birth of the genius of Russian medicine, doctor and surgeon, anatomist and teacher, an outstanding citizen and ardent patriot of Russia – Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. On November 25, 2010, on the day of the 200th anniversary of the scientist, a memorial plaque was installed at the Department of Operative Surgery of the Academy, made in the Urals at the expense of cadets and being the only material monument in our country that reminds of this event. The article describes thelife path and stages of scientific activity of N.I. Pirogov, his contribution to science and the unconditional significance of his work for the development of clinical medicine and morphology. The international scientific conference “Pirogov's Legacy: Past, Present, Future”, held in November 2010, was a major event in the scientific life of many department teams of the Military Medical Academy and became a memorable part of the anniversary scientific events of St. Petersburg dedicated to the great scientist and organized by the Pirogov Surgical Society and the medical community of the city. This article presents the scientific works of N.I. Pirogov, which can rightfully be considered fundamental in the formation of modern morphology and medicine.

The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution by Aaron Sullivan

Reviewed by: The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution by Aaron Sullivan Robynne Rogers Healey (bio) The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution aaron sullivan University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019 296 pp. Aaron Sullivan's thoughtful analysis of the nine-month British occupation of Philadelphia in 1777–78 makes a substantial contribution to histories of the American Revolution. There is no shortage of scholarship on Americans who won the Revolutionary War; as Sullivan says, "the victorious Patriots began writing them almost at once" (6). More recently, historians of the period have turned their attention to the Loyalists, generally considered the losers in this war. The bifurcation of early Americans into two camps—Patriot or Loyalist—has presented a false dichotomy of political commitment based on the assumption that everyone held strong political convictions for one of the two opposing sides. Sullivan draws our attention to the experience of an important, underexamined group identified by both the Revolutionaries and the British as "the disaffected," the significant group of "Americans who stood apart [or tried to stand apart] from and outside those two warring camps" (6). Standing apart from the fray may have been easier for those in locations untouched directly by the war, but for those living at the heart of the conflict, the experience of navigating the Revolution while trying not to choose a side was complex indeed. Viewed through the binary lens of ardent Patriot or zealous Loyalist, the behavior of those outside those identities appears as "fickle, opportunistic, [End Page 941] apathetic, or even treasonous" (7). Considered from the perspective of disaffection, Sullivan contends, the actions of these people appear "rational and consistent" (7). Moreover, the framework of disaffection provides insights to the Revolution in southeastern Pennsylvania that was neither glorious nor idealistic but, rather, "a messy affair that, for so many Americans, simply had to be endured" (17–18, emphasis in original). Sullivan's book poses a number of questions seldom asked by historians of the Revolution. Focusing on the disaffected "questions old assumptions about American loyalties, explores the darker facets of the Patriots' ideology, and challenges traditional narratives of when and how the Revolution was won" (5). Philadelphia and environs, deeply divided and replete with a disaffected population, was "a particularly rich site" for this case study. Sullivan himself contends that more work needs to be done in other locations to see whether the role of disaffection was unique to Philadelphia's population or common in the colonies seeking independence from Britain (228). While The Disaffected will hopefully not be the last word on this topic, Sullivan's carefully researched and clearly written case study complicates the story of a society neatly divided between Patriot and Loyalist and provides an excellent model for future work in this area. Given the importance of change over time in Sullivan's findings, the book is arranged into six chronological chapters covering the months before, during, and after the occupation. These chapters, each with a single-word title ("Consent," "Invasion," "Siege," "Occupation," "Evacuation," and "Aftermath"), provide context and analysis of the social, economic, political, and military conditions related to the occupation of Philadelphia from the fall of 1777 to the summer of 1778. Interspersed between each of these chapters are five interludes that tell the stories of three disaffected families: the Quaker merchant family of Elizabeth and Henry Drinker; the family of noncombatant James Allen and his Patriot-turned-Loyalist brothers; and the Whitall family, Quaker farmers in New Jersey. These short interludes reconstruct the varied lived experiences of the disaffected and personalize the arguments advanced in the longer chapters. Interludes 1 and 3 examine the wealthy, mostly Loyalist, Allen family, especially James Allen, a privileged Pennsylvanian who retreated to his country home in an effort to avoid politics and the war unfolding around him. Interludes 2 and 4 give insights into the Quaker Drinker family's experience: Henry's exile to Virginia and Elizabeth's experiences caring for her family in a city and [End Page 942] household occupied by the British military. Finally, interlude 5 details the experiences of the Whitalls, disaffected Quaker farmers who lived across the Delaware River...

On Henrikas Nagys’ Niveau

The author of the article examines the trajectories of the Lithuanian diaspora poet, Henrikas Nagys’ (1920–1996), works, their recognition and his ability to remain an influential figure in the field of literature. The assessment of poet’s works and his personality are highlighted by introducing behindthe-scenes actions and circumstances, which did not resonate in the literary criticism of the time, but were captured in the diaspora cultural press and in the private egodocuments that became available later, such as memoirs, diaries, and vast correspondence. These egodocuments constitute the basis of this research.The author of the article has chosen the historical empirical method, which suits the most to observe the dynamics of Nagys’ aesthetic and moral choices and evaluations in the context of Lithuanian diaspora—the early recognition of Nagys’ poetry; the strengthening of his generation’s literary position, actively pursued by the poet himself; promoting the authors of similar poetic aesthetics to the ranks of the leading writers (i.e. hierarchical actions); and later, poet’s sore reaction to his exclusion from the top of hierarchy.Nagys, an ardent patriot of Lithuania, who firmly defended his position in the disputes, was uncompromising towards the Soviet regime. Ideological and worldview differences were one of the reasons why Nagys broke ties with the associates of the monthly Akiračiai and the literary journal Metmenys and the Santara Federation. Nagys felt unappreciated when the literary criticism professing the new literary research methods put forward the authors of the renewed canon of Lithuanian diaspora poetry (Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas, Tomas Venclova, Henrikas Radauskas).Nagys learned of the value of his works and of his influence on poets living in Lithuania only after 1990s, relying on the reactions to his poetry (political context was also important for understanding its value orientation) revealed in private correspondence with Lithuania’s writers.

TOPICAL PROBLEMS OF RELIGIOUS UPBRINGING OF PERSONALITY IN THE PEDAGOGICAL HERITAGE OF HRYHORII VASHCHENKO

The purpose of the article is to study the importance of religious education in the formation of the spiritual and moral values of personality in the legacy of the outstanding Ukrainian teacher of the twentieth century H. Vashchenko. In matters of spiritual and moral education of personality H. Vashchenko acted as an indisputable representa-tive of the religious-pedagogical direction. The heritage of the outstanding teacher H. Vashchenko includes the position on the formation of important spiritual and moral values on the Christian basis. The basis of the education of a person for H. Vashchenko was determined by faith and religious feelings. Considering the issue of relations between a person and a society, H. Vashchenko saw this problem solution in Christianity.Christianity does not oppose the person to society, but connects them with the upbringing of Christian charity – faith, hope, and love. The teacher explained that the Christian faith should not be blind, formal, it should be alive.H. Vashchenko stressed that the main content of the spiritual and moral education of the child is the category of love as the highest moral sign and spiritual value. By educating the child in love for her neighbors, Christianity organically connects her or him with love for God. Christianity knows two forms of love: contemplative and active, but called for them to be united. The best example of such an association is the Christ who prayed, read the Word of God, and acted among people, did miracles, fought with evil, suffered from sacrifices and death. For H. Vashchenko, Christian morality was an important source of spiritual values, the highest manifestation of which was to serve God and the Motherland. He regarded spirituality as a complex system of values, through which, on the basis of Christianity and European culture, the Ukrainian people should create their national Ukrainian educational ideal.Religious education should begin in the family. The main means of upbringing are the example of adults, which starts with Christian relationships, which must be built on love, mutual consent, mutual respect and ends with traditions.The teacher emphasized that in the formation of religious feelings of the child an important role is played by “holy traditions”. The festive dinner before Christmas, Epiphany, the study of Christmas carols, generosity, the celebration of Easter, the Savior, the Blessed and other holidays promote the respect for the customs of the ancestors, their affiliation with the Ukrainian people. Religious education deepens during the preschool and school age. But in order for it to produce good results, it is necessary to eliminate formalism in its conduct, to give a good example for pupils.Thus, as a result of the study it was established that in the heritage of H. Vashchenko the problems of religious education are considered in the context of the spiritual and moral education of the personality, which corresponded to the perfection of the educational ideal. As a representative of the religious-pedagogical direction in pedagogy, H. Vashchenko tried, firstly, to form the spiritual and moral personality of the child on the basis of the Orthodox Christianity values; secondly, to solve the issue of freedom of the will of the individual and society in the spirit of Christianity; thirdly, to encourage the child to build relationships with people on the basis of observance of the first testament of Christian morals – love for God and for a man. As an experienced teacher, an ardent patriot of Ukraine, a deep believer, H. Vashchenko considered the religious education of young people as the effective means of updating the school on the spiritual and national principles.

Літературна творчість Пантелеймона Куліша: ціннісний вимір

The article attempts to make sense of the axiological dimension of P. Kulishʼs literary work. His philosophical and philosophical aspirations and beliefs are covered. His resonant novel Black Council and its historical background are discussed in detail. In the Ukrainian cultural space, the period of Ruins has been widely covered. Many Ukrainian artists have addressed him in their works. Panteleimon Kulish was no exception. He was very concerned about this topic. He was extremely concerned about Ukraineʼs future and future. All his multifaceted literary creativity testifies to this – a powerful stream in the spiritual and national development of the Ukrainian people. We also analyze the work of the thinker “Tale of the Ukrainian people”, in which we see a consistent national-patriotic position, focusing on the major milestones of our past. The thinker attached great importance to this work. He was interested in every review, opinion of his friends, colleagues, contemporaries about the essay. Notwithstanding the extralinguistic factors that influenced Р. Kulish, considering his literary creativity in an axiological dimension, we state the artist’s heartfelt love for his native Ukraine, for which he made many his glorious “pen”. To sum up, we would like to emphasize that the figure of the Ukrainian thinker, writer, historian Panteleimon Kulish is a significant personality not only of his age, but also of a figure whose literary creativity influences the contemporary Ukrainian cultural space, the formation of the values dominant of the present. His creative and ideological pursuits, his courage, his ardent patriotism, especially in the early period of his creative work, his love for his country, his life and history and culture throughout his life, his longing for freedom are all valuable for generations to come.

Bloody Engagements: John R. Kelso's Civil War ed. by Christopher Grass

Reviewed by: Bloody Engagements: John R. Kelso's Civil War ed. by Christopher Grass Madeleine Forrest Bloody Engagements: John R. Kelso's Civil War. Ed. Christopher Grass. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-3002-1096-5. 264pp., cloth, $35.00. With the overall acceptance of the importance of guerrilla warfare to our understanding of the Civil War, guerrilla scholars have turned the focus to specific individuals, events, and regions. Much of the academic literature focuses on Missouri, and for good reason—some of the harshest guerrilla fighting during the war occurred within the state. Bloody Engagements: John R. Kelso's Civil War offers a new point of view of the partisan warfare that occurred in southwest Missouri, showing it through the eyes of a Union soldier. Union guerrilla Kelso comes to life in this very first edited edition of his autobiography, ably edited by Christopher Grasso. A former Methodist preacher and Missouri schoolteacher living in Dallas County, Kelso first enlisted in his county's home guard to aid the Union troops commanded by Capt. Nathaniel Lyon. Following the Federals' loss at Wilson's Creek in August 1861, Kelso joined the 24th Infantry Regiment as a private, by war's end ultimately serving as a cavalry officer and guerrilla fighter. Although he came from a proslavery family, Kelso considered himself an ardent patriot (who embraced the ideals of the American Revolution) and resented the institution and the wealthy men who perpetuated it. His natural talents and aptitude for military life were quickly [End Page 309] recognized as he was sent into Confederate-occupied areas of Missouri as a spy. His introduction to guerrilla life came in late 1861 when the Union army retreated from southwest Missouri, where Kelso's family lived. Helping unionist families, including his own, escape the looting and pillaging by Confederate troops, Kelso vowed to get revenge. And revenge he got. Through a beautifully written introduction and exhaustive footnotes, Grasso brings Kelso to life. While the exploits of fellow Missouri guerrillas and bushwhackers such as Jesse James, Bill Anderson, and William Quantrill are now well known, Kelso's autobiography adds a much-needed Union guerrilla voice to the historiography. In many ways, he seems incredibly similar to the men whom he found himself fighting, and he was described in a newspaper article published after the war as "brave to the point of recklessness" (xxiv). Kelso can pinpoint the moment he felt his "whole nature changing" with a vengeance reminiscent of other vicious Confederate guerrillas. "I found myself thirsting for blood," Kelso writes. "In my madness,—what else shall I call my condition?—I vowed to slay twenty five rebels before I cut my hair. If it was madness to make such a vow, what was it to keep it, as I did?" (52–53). Kelso's unionist views provide another framework by which to interpret the horrific fighting in the state's unconventional war. Like his pro-Confederate counterparts, Kelso relished his time as a guerrilla and believed the violence in which he took part was necessary in the storm of war. While only the chapters written through 1863, written in Kelso's own hand, survived the test of time, Grasso makes sure to chart Kelso's postwar life, first as a representative to Congress and then again as a schoolteacher and writer. To this end, two of his political speeches from 1864 and 1865 are appended to the work. Kelso became quite disillusioned with the country he fought to protect, as he believed the ideals of the Declaration of Independence were not being realized, especially when it came to the fate of the newly freed African Americans. Voting with Radical Republicans in Congress, Kelso became a champion for "negro equality" (xxxi). Surrounded by the wealth and excess of the Gilded Age by the time of his death in 1891, the wizened Union guerrilla fighter once considered "a monster" who was "fanatical in his Unionism" grew to regret his wartime experience and became a self-proclaimed anarchist (xxiv). Kelso's wartime experiences are riveting, and Grasso does a superb job of placing in historical context the many events the soldier only briefly discusses or embellishes...

Dagger John: Archbishop John Hughes and the Making of Irish America by John Loughery

Reviewed by: Dagger John: Archbishop John Hughes and the Making of Irish America by John Loughery Charles P. Connor Dagger John: Archbishop John Hughes and the Making of Irish America. By John Loughery. (Ithaca, NY: Three Hills, an imprint of Cornell University Press. 2018. Pp. x, 407. $32.95. ISBN 978-1-5017-0774-2.) Four decades have elapsed since a serious study of New York's fourth bishop and first archbishop appeared (Dagger John: The Unquiet Life and Times of Archbishop John Hughes of New York, by Richard Shaw [New York: Paulist Press, 1977]). John Loughery, an already accomplished author, has revisited the major events comprising Archbishop Hughes' career, and sees in those events not only the ecclesial rise of one man, but a similar circumstance for his largely Irish flock. The political, social, and religious controversy that always followed him, or that he himself created in his bully pulpit, made the already formidable Irish presence in America all the more a force to be reckoned with. Such events as the New York City School Controversy, the City's Draft Riots during the Civil War, the ongoing anti–Catholic antagonism of American culture, the diplomatic mission to France, and so many others are given fresh, scholarly light. Loughery has convincingly painted a portrait of both Catholic New York, as well as the larger American culture of the mid-nineteenth century, while also weaving into his tapestry, the strengths and weaknesses, triumphs and failures of the prelate who led the archdiocese for over two decades. One easily perceives the importance of Hughes in the American Church, something his adversaries were as quick to realize as his supporters. Of particular interest is the author's concentration on the Hughes–Seward friendship, which had its origins when the comparatively new bishop made the acquaintance of New York's Whig governor, who, as a man truly principled and of high integrity came to the defense of the bishop in his fight for financial aid for his city's and diocese's parochial schools. As a politician who early on entered the newly formed Republican Party, one which, as with his former affiliation, had been significantly hostile to Catholic interests, Seward contributed, at least to a degree, in breaking the stranglehold the Democrat party had on the nation's newly arriving immigrants. Hughes had hoped for two decades, we are told, that his friend would one day enter the White House, and he equally believed the peculiar institution of slavery would die a natural death without the "melancholy strife" that ultimately became a reality. The archbishop was extremely careful not to make political recommendations on voting to his flock, and was just as insistent that his clergy follow suit; nonetheless, the author contends that the prelate was very cautious about the election of Lincoln over the proven record of his New York ally. Fort Sumpter changed all this. Hughes became an ardent patriot, strongly encouraged Catholic men to enlist in the Union Army, flew the Stars and Stripes over Saint Patrick's [End Page 557] Old Cathedral much to the chagrin of some of his coreligionists who were of Southern sympathy, and carried on a significant correspondence with Seward on his thoughts—political and military—during the course of the conflict, a correspondence which Seward gladly shared with Abraham Lincoln. Though Hughes had significant differences with his Southern hierarchical colleagues over the compact versus states' rights theory of government, this study, as do so many others, underscores the unity of Catholic faith, which was never for one moment broken in the four years. It is the freshness of approach more than the discovery of new information that characterizes this work. Eminently fair to the subject of his study, the author has also underscored the contributions of one ethnic group whose leader was a County Tyrone product. Dagger John is a considerable contribution to United States Catholic history, the role of the Irish in it, and the character of one who never shied from controversy. Charles P. Connor Mount Saint Mary's Seminary Copyright © 2018 The Catholic University of America Press

Charlotte Brontë: A radical Tory

AbstractAlthough it is well known that Charlotte Brontë had pronounced political views and interests from childhood onwards, few academics have examined her preoccupation with politics, in the sense of public life and government affairs, at any length. Insofar as critics and scholars have considered her political opinions, they have found her Toryism hard to reconcile with the rebellious spirit in evidence throughout her mature fiction—a spirit that was felt by more than one contemporaneous reviewer to be akin to that of Radicalism. This article shows that there is no contradiction: Charlotte Brontë's political opinions were rooted in her ardent patriotism and love of freedom, both of which passions are compatible with Tory values. In her writings, veneration for the traditional British institutions, and for the Duke of Wellington as the preserver of Britain's ancient liberties, coexists with awareness of the right of women as well as men to carve out independent and meaningful lives for themselves. In the latter respect, she may be said to have adopted a radical stance.

An Enlightened path towards conservatism: critical junctures and changing elite perceptions in early nineteenth-century Russia

This article explores the historical roots of Russian conservatism by analyzing the evolution of Russia’s Westernized, Enlightenment-minded nobility to a conservative segment of Russian society in the early nineteenth century. The events of 1789 and 1812 were critical junctures that made the Russian nobility painfully aware of their own deep level of Westernization. The article first describes the reverberations of the French Revolution among the Russian elite. It also discusses the internal and external scrutiny of Russia’s relations with France under Napoleon, which made Russian conservatism a contingency. It then describes the evolution between 1789 and 1812 of a corpus of conservative ideas ranging from traditionalism to ardent patriotism and xenophobia. Napoleon’s 1812 campaign against Russia overshadowed the generational gap and diverging political and literary preferences among the elite. The reaction to it illustrates the intrinsic duality of the Russian elite: culturally Westernized, yet politically conservative. Yet the influence of several Western defenders of the ancien régime on Russia’s conservatives shows that the essentially conservative Russian identity as propagated by Putin these days originally might have been more pan-European than purely Russian.

Comparative Anatomy: Giorgione's Venus, Connoisseur Morelli, and the Reverend Bayes

A connoisseur is an expert who can distinguish an authentic painting from a counterfeit. In this role, the connoisseur considers the traits that reveal authenticity the most important elements of a given painting. Giovanni Morelli, in the 19th century, gave an original and seminal interpretation to the methods of connoisseurship. He stressed the fact that an author of a painting can be recognized from specific and objective traits present in his own work. Morelli was born in Verona in 1816, but he adopted Bergamo as his home town. He studied medicine and held a specialization in comparative anatomy. Although for a short time he had a faculty appointment with the University of Munich, he never really practiced medicine. His passions were politics and the arts. He was also an ardent patriot, fought for freedom and unity of Italy, and ultimately became senator of the Regno d’Italia. Morelli published his work under an anagram of his name and in German. He pretended that his books had been written by a Russian, Ivan Lermolieff (Morelli’s anagram), and that they had been translated by a German writer, Johannes Schwarz (a name that itself stands for Giovanni Morelli) (1, 2). Morelli’s attributions were spectacular. For example, in the catalog of the Dresden Gallery, Giorgione’s Venus (Fig. 1) was listed as a copy by Sassoferrato of a lost Titian. It was Morelli’s intervention that proved Giorgione’s authorship. In Dresden alone, 56 paintings were reassigned.

Down the Stream of the River of Life (review)

Reviewed by: Down the Stream of the River of Life Vasa Mihailovich Mateja Matejić . Down the Stream of the River of Life. Belgrade: Raška škola, 2007, 197 pages. A leading writer in the Serbian diaspora, Mateja Matejić (1924), has written numerous books of poems, short stories, essays, and theological writings. One of his latest books, Down the Stream of the River of Life (2007), is a collection of his essays, necrologies, memories of his close friends, and literary essays. As it behooves a lifelong Orthodox priest, Matejić opens the book with essays on Orthodox themes about the famous monasteries of Zhicha and Hilandar, and of his visits to Hilandar. As an ardent patriot he could not omit [End Page 112] expressing his view about the problem of Kosovo. Furthermore, there are articles about poets, followers of Jovan Dučić in the refugee camp Eboli, necrologies about friends, and Alexander Petrov's article about Matejić's book of poems—Hilandarski rukopis. The book is joined by a complete bibliography of Matejić's writings. It is not easy to single out essays in this book, but a few of them deserve to be underscored. In the introductory article the author states that besides bodily lepers there are also spiritual ones. No matter how difficult bodily leprosy can be, the spiritual can be even more difficult. Let the Lord heal some spiritual lepers, because through their cure this world, infected by spiritual leprosy, would be much more beautiful and happy. In the article about Serbian Orthodoxy, Matejić examines in detail the history of the Serbs in America and their relationship toward the church. He prays that we and our descendants will preserve the religion of our ancestors. Calling Hilandar our priceless heritage, Matejić reminds us that the Serbs have preserved it for eight centuries. The situation in Kosovo is similar, according to Matejić. He calls the volunteers in the struggle against the communists in World War II the crossbearers. The youth born in America will read in this book about their heritage and about the suffering of a brave and proud people. Even though Down the Stream of the River of Life represents only a small part of Matejić's entire work, it offers a testament to his contribution to Serbian culture, in addition to his work in church life including the building of three churches in America and his other work, that no historian should ignore. Vasa Mihailovich University of North Carolina vamih@aol.com Copyright © 2011 Serbian Studies