Arctic Expedition Research Articles

A Terrific New World: Polar Space in the Narrative, Journals and Letters of John Franklin’s First Arctic Expedition (1819-22)

La première exploration de Franklin sur la côte Nord du Canada captiva l’imagination du public grâce à la publication en 1823 de son récit, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the Years 1819-22. Il y évoque le drame d’une expédition vouée à l’échec par des prévisions erronées et par des conditions climatiques rigoureuses, en proie à la faim et même au meurtre. Les journaux de bord et les lettres écrites par Franklin pendant l’expédition tout en fournissant de nombreux détails sur l’organisation et les conditions matérielles du voyage, éclairent d’une lumière nouvelle une mission encore aujourd’hui controversée. On constate également que les textes de Franklin révèlent différents points de vue sur les événements selon le public auquel ils sont adressés, variations qui dépendent essentiellement de la perception que l’auteur a de ses lecteurs.

Atmospheric hexachlorobenzene determined during the third China arctic research expedition: Sources and environmental fate

In July to September 2008, air samples were collected aboard a research expedition icebreaker, Xuelong (Snow Dragon), under the support of the 2008 Chinese Arctic Research Expedition Program. All the air samples were analyzed for determination of the concentrations of Hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The levels of HCB ranged from 24 to 180pg m−3, with an average concentration of 88pg m−3. Generally, HCB were more uniform than other organchlorine pollutants in the North Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Geographically, the average concentrations of HCB from high to low were in the following order: the Central Arctic Ocean (110±57pg m−3), the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas (93±29pg m−3), the East Asia (75±49pg m−3) and the North Pacific Ocean (69±38pg m−3). In the East Asia Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, both primary and secondary emissions of HCB from the nearby continents and/or oceans might contribute to the atmospheric HCB. In the Arctic, intense sea–ice melting in the summer of 2008 might result in the remobilization of HCB and enhance its atmospheric levels in this region.

Atmospheric Black Carbon along a Cruise Path through the Arctic Ocean during the Fifth Chinese Arctic Research Expedition

From July to September 2012, during the fifth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE), the concentrations of black carbon (BC) aerosols inside the marine boundary layer were measured by an in situ aethalometer. BC concentrations ranged from 0.20 ng∙m−3 to 1063.20 ng∙m−3, with an average of 75.74 ng∙m−3. The BC concentrations were significantly higher over the mid-latitude and coastal areas than those over the remote ocean and high latitude areas. The highest average concentration was found over offshore China (643.44 ng∙m−3) during the cruise, while the lowest average was found over the Arctic Ocean (5.96 ng∙m−3). BC aerosol was found mainly affected by the terrestrial input and displayed seasonal and spatial variations. Compared with the results from the third and fourth CHINARE of summer 2008, and summer 2010, the inter-annual variation of BC over the Arctic Ocean was negligible.

Real-time in situ detection and quantification of bacteria in the Arctic environment

At present, there are no methods that determine the total microbial load on an abiotic substrate in real time. The utility of such a capability ranges from sterilization and medical diagnostics to the search for new microorganisms in the environment and study of their ecological niches. We report the development of a hand-held, fluorescence detection device and demonstrate its applicability to the field detection of Arctic bacteria. This technology is based on the early pioneering work of Britton Chance which elucidated the intrinsic fluorescence of a number of metabolites and protein cofactors in cells, including reduced pyridine nucleotides, cytochromes and flavins. A PDA controls the device (fluorescence excitation and data collection) and processes the multiwavelength signals to yield bacterial cell counts, including estimates of live cells, dead cells and endospores. Unlike existing methods for cell counting, this method requires no sample contact or addition of reagents. The use of this technology is demonstrated with in situ measurements of two sub-glacial microbial communities at sites in Palander and colonized surface rocks in the Bockfjord Volcanic Complex during AMASE 2008 (Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition). The total bacterial load on the interrogated sample surfaces ranged from < 20 cells/cm2 to > 109 cells/cm2.

Wild men in and out of science: finding a place in the disciplinary borderlands of Arctic Canada and Greenland

This essay compares the early twentieth-century Arctic experiences of the artist-naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton (1860–1946) in Canada and the explorer-geologist Lauge Koch (1892–1964) in Greenland during a time of transition in the history of scientific exploration. It focuses on the extraordinary careers of two uneasy contributors to this transition, from both inside and outside of the scientific profession. Seton's and Koch's careers serve as fault-lines marking important disputes over the production and construction of knowledge, and conceptions of scientific truth. Seton, internationally famous author of the ‘realistic’ animal stories Wild Animals I Have Known (1898), endured public criticism as a ‘nature-faker’ who anthropomorphized his animal subjects unduly. Intent on earning recognition as a modern field scientist, he travelled to Canada's Barren Grounds in 1907 to stake new claims to scientific knowledge and field methods. Koch joined the legendary Arctic explorer Knud Rasmussen's Second Thule Expedition (1916–1918) before leading Denmark's Jubilee expedition to North Greenland (1920–1923). He returned to Denmark a national hero whose further expeditions during the 1930s transformed Arctic geological fieldwork, but not without very public challenges from the Danish scientific community. The problems encountered by Seton and Koch in their efforts to establish their field practices in the disciplinary borderlands between traditional natural history and modern ecology and geology, respectively, offer insights, over several generations, into the historical transition from the older Romantic lore of the heroic individual explorer to modern infrastructures and practices. Their responses highlight larger fissures in twentieth-century reconceptions of the Arctic, of nature, and of science at large.

Distribution, ecology, and oxygen and carbon isotope characteristics of modern planktonic foraminifers in the Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean

The Arctic region, with magnificent ice cover on the surface of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, is not only extremely sensitive to but also has strong amplification effects on climate change. Observations during the past decades have documented substantial retreat and thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover, a process that is accelerating. Its feedback and impact on the global climate has become an important subject of current climate change research. Calcite tests of planktonic foraminifers are major constituents in pelagic sediments, and they provide valuable materials for the reconstruction of past oceanographic conditions. However, research is still sparse in the Arctic sea area because of limited availability of the materials for investigation. Here, we present a study of modern foraminifers from the plankton tow samples taken in the Makarov Basin of the Arctic Ocean during the fourth Arctic expedition of China. We have analyzed ecological information stored in the modern planktonic foraminifers and in their stable isotope signals, and established a relationship between the distribution of the main taxa and the environment. Our main observations are as follows: (1) in the Makarov Basin, the polar species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral coiling) dominates the > 150 mu m planktonic foraminiferal assemblages. (2) The planktonic foraminifers live mainly in the upper halocline at a water depth of 50-100 m and less in the depth interval of 100-200 m. (3) Temperature change in the halocline can affect the absolute abundance of planktonic foraminifers and their distribution in the water column. The warmer halocline is more favorable to the development of planktonic foraminifers. (4) A lighter delta O-18 value (2.11 aEuro degrees) of N. pachyderma (sin.) is recorded in the depth interval of 100-200 m, which is likely related to the isotopically light brines separated out during sea ice freezing. The relatively heavy delta O-18 value (1.68 aEuro degrees aEuro"2.68 aEuro degrees, average 2.27 aEuro degrees) in the depth interval of 50-100 m may be influenced by the low salinity water with the relatively heavy delta O-18 value formed during the sea-ice melting in the surface layer.

Governance of Arctic expedition cruise ships in a time of rapid environmental and economic change

Changes in seasonal climate patterns and decreasing sea ice cover have facilitated an increase in navigable waters throughout Arctic Canada and resulted in the urgent need for new approaches to ocean, coastal, and vessel management. Increased access has resulted in a significant expansion of Arctic shipping activity over the past decade with one of the fastest growing sectors being expedition cruising. This paper presents an assessment of the existing marine regulations and governance structures that manage the cruise sector in Arctic Canada and provides a critical evaluation of its effectiveness considering recent and rapid growth. Using a variety of sources, including interviews with community residents and key informant stakeholders, analysis of changing ship volumes over the past decade, and an inventory of institutional governance for the sector, the major governance challenges for the industry were identified. Also identified are potential strategies for mitigating these challenges. Results of the analysis raise concerns that there is no central authority to govern the growth of the industry, no specific sector or operator management plan, and no site guidelines for highly visited shore locations (other than in protected areas). Instead, governance occurs within the complex multi-jurisdictional regulatory frameworks that exist for all shipping in the region. The paper concludes that under current conditions there are significant barriers to supporting development of this sector while avoiding human, environmental and security problems in the near-to medium-term future.

Atlantic fishes in the Chukchi Borderland

With the retreat of the Arctic sea ice in September 2009, the Russian–American Long-Term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA) expedition reached north of the U.S. 200-mile limit to the Chukchi Borderland, a region of complex seafloor topography that had rarely been sampled for fishes, and never by trawling from a ship. Single tows of a small bottom trawl net at three sites from 74°07′ to 76°33′N at depths of 227–588 m caught 767 fish in total. They were distributed among 12 species, 7 families (Gadidae, Cottidae, Psychrolutidae, Liparidae, Stichaeidae, Zoarcidae, Pleuronectidae), and 4 orders (Gadiformes, Scorpaeniformes, Perciformes, Pleuronectiformes). The collection includes the first record of Lycodes adolfi from the Pacific arctic region, the second record of Artediellus atlanticus between the western Laptev Sea and Baffin Bay, and records of Careproctus reinhardti, Cottunculus microps, Triglops nybelini, and Lycodes seminudus which were rare for the Pacific arctic region. All 12 species also occur, and most are common, in Atlantic arctic waters. For each species, the DNA barcodes from the Chukchi Borderland collection and recent collections from the Beaufort Sea indicate that they are the same species as barcoded specimens from Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, the Greenland and Barents Seas, Svalbard, and other Atlantic arctic waters. To establish geographic context, the world distribution of each species is reviewed. The Chukchi Borderland collection reveals a broader distribution in the Arctic for some species than previously realized and provides strong support for continuous distributions from one side of the Arctic to the other, if not completely circumpolar distributions, at middepths along the continental slopes. Whether there is any connection between the presence of the typically Atlantic species found in the Chukchi Borderland in 2009 and increased warm Atlantic Water inflow remains to be determined from future ichthyological and oceanographic sampling. The identities of fishes collected more recently in nearby deep waters of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas indicate that the species found in the Chukchi Borderland in 2009, which, at the time, were first or rare records for the region, are actually relatively common in the region. Future exploratory and monitoring investigations could help determine if species abundances or assemblages at middepths in the Pacific side of the Arctic shift in response to changes in Atlantic Water influx.

2012年夏季挪威海和格陵兰海浮游植物群落结构的色素表征

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 2012年夏季挪威海和格陵兰海浮游植物群落结构的色素表征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201307151898 作者: 作者单位: 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院,国家海洋局极地科学重点实验室,上海海洋大学水产与生命学院,国家海洋局极地科学重点实验室,国家海洋局极地科学重点实验室,国家海洋局极地科学重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（41076130，41206189）；南北极环境综合考察与评价专项（CHINARE2011-2015） Phytoplankton community structures revealed by pigment signatures in Norwegian and Greenland Seas in summer 2012 Author: Affiliation: College of Fisheries and life science,Shanghai Ocean University,China SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science,Polar Research Institute of China,College of Fisheries and life science,Shanghai Ocean University,China SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science,Polar Research Institute of China,China SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science,Polar Research Institute of China,China SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science,Polar Research Institute of China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:对2012年中国第5次北极科学考察期间的挪威海和格陵兰海两个断面的光合色素进行了高效液相色谱（HPLC）分级分析，通过藻类色素化学分类分析软件（CHEMTAX）获得了不同浮游植物类群对叶绿素a的贡献，进而得到该海域表层和次表层（30 m）的浮游植物群落结构。结果表明：表层总叶绿素a的浓度为23.59 ng/L，低于次表层的30.38 ng/L，其中浮游植物根据粒径划分对总叶绿素a的贡献由高到低依次是微型浮游植物、小型浮游植物和微微型浮游植物。该海域同时存在葱绿叶绿素（Prasino）、墨角藻黄素（Fuco）、别藻黄素（Allo）、多甲藻素（Perid）、玉米黄素（Zea）、19-丁墨甲藻黄素（19’BF）和19-六已墨甲藻黄素（19’HF）等色素，其浓度和分布与温盐和营养盐等环境因子存在一定的相关性。不同粒径浮游植物色素组成显示，微微型浮游植物群落中以S型定鞭藻（28%）、N型定鞭藻（21%）、硅藻（18%）和青绿藻（12%）占优；微型浮游植物群落的优势类群为S型定鞭藻（53%）、N型定鞭藻（20%）和硅藻（12%）；而小型浮游植物群落主要为硅藻（63%）和甲藻（17%）。 Abstract:Composition of phytoplankton controlled not only the formation of the Food Chain, but also the efficiency of energy transfer. At the same time, phytoplankton influenced the distribution of nutrient and the sedimentation of organic particulate matter. So study of phytoplankton community structures plays an important role in understanding the ecological function of phytoplankton. Photosynthetic pigments needed by photosynthesis, are very good biomarkers. They can be used to research and characterize phytoplankton community structure. Norwegian and Greenland Seas which are influenced by the Arctic water with low temperature and salinity and Atlantic water with high temperature and salinity. Understanding of correlation between environmental factors and phytoplankton community structure, is important for understanding the community structure of the marine organisms and their ecological function.During the 5th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in summer 2012, we analyze the photosynthetic pigments from Norwegian and Greenland Seas by HPLC. Contributions of different phytoplankton assemblages to Chlorophyll a were obtained by Chemical Taxonomy (CHEMTAX), and thus resulted in composition of the phytoplankton community structure at the surface and subsurface water (about 30 m depth).The result showed that average concentration of Chlorophyll a at surface water was 23.59 ng/L, lower than that at upper water (30.38 ng/L). The contributions of phytoplankton to Chlorophyll a were nano- > micro- > pico-one. Prasinoxanthin, Fucoxanthin, Alloxanthoxyletin, Peridinin, Zeaxanthin, 19'-but-fucoxanthin, 19-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin were observed in the waters. Their distributions were relative to environmental factors, including Nutrients, temperature and salinity. These photosynthetic pigments showed negative correlations with temperature and salinity. Whereas they showed positive relations with nutrients, including NO2-,NO3-,SiO32- and PO43-. The correlations of different phytoplankton and environmental factors were different. Diatoms had a very significant positive correlation with SiO32-, but had no correlation with PO43-, NO2- and NO3-; Haptophytes-N had significant positive correlations with PO43-, NO2- and NO3-; Haptophytes-S also had a positive correlation with PO43-, but had no correlation with NO2- and NO3-. The maximum values of these photosynthetic pigments, except for Zea and Fuco, existed in the subsurface of the section BB.The distribution and concentration of photosynthetic pigments could explain the distribution and abundance of the phytoplankton to some extent. Not only because the pigments are complex and multiple, but also because there are inevitable errors in the testing and sampling, we cant determine the existence and abundance of the phytoplankton. So we use the CHEMTAX to obtain the contributions of different phytoplankton assemblages to Chlorophyll a, and thus resulted in composition of phytoplankton community structure. The composition of phytoplankton showed that Haptophytes-S(28%), Haptophytes-N(21%), Diatoms(18%), and Prasinophytes (12%) were main assemblages in the picoplankton; the main composition of nanophytoplankton were Haptophytes-S(53%), Haptophytes-N(20%), and Diatoms(12%); meanwhile, Diatoms (63%) dominated the microphytoplankton, followed by Dinoflagellates(17%). Haptophytes-S, Haptophytes-N and Diatoms were dominant species in the surface and subsurface of section BB and AT belonging to the Norwegian and Greenland Sea. If Fucoxanthins and Diatomss existence in picophytoplankton could explain the tendency of phytoplankton to micro and miniaturization, these still need to be more sufficient evidence. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Heat flow measurements on the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean

Heat flow was measured on the Lomonosov Ridge during the 5th Chinese National Arctic Expedition in 2012. To derive the time-temperature curve, resistivity data were transformed to temperature by the resistivitytemperature program. Direct reading and linear regression methods were used to calculate the equilibrium temperature, which were regressed against the depth of the probes in sediment to derive the geothermal gradient. Then, heat flow was calculated as the product of geothermal gradient and thermal conductivity of sediments. The heat flow values on the basis of the two methods were similar (i.e., 67.27 mW/m2 and 63.99 mW/m2, respectively). The results are consistent with the measurements carried out at adjacent sites. The age of the Lomonosov Ridge predicted by the heat flow-age model was 62 Ma, which is in accordance with the inference that the ridge was separated from Eurasia at about 60 Ma.

A manuscript history of the Franklin family by Sophia Cracroft (1853)

ABSTRACTSir John Franklin's widow, Jane Franklin, planned a biography of her husband in the years following the disappearance of his expedition. In this project she was directly assisted by her niece and amanuensis Sophia Cracroft. This biography never came to fruition, but it did result in an unpublished manuscript history of the Franklin family, dated 1853, which Cracroft shared with Franklin's early biographers. The manuscript provides an interesting account of the Franklin family, including the detailed circumstances of the failure of the Boston and Spilsby Bank in 1804, which caused great financial and emotional stress. The final section of the manuscript provides an account of John Franklin's early naval career and Arctic expeditions.

The Spectral Presence of the Franklin Expedition in Contemporary Fiction

This essay highlights the spectral analogies between the attempts to discover the fate of Sir John Franklin's Arctic expedition in the 1850s, and the sudden eruption of novels in the 1990s dealing with its demise. In both cases, supernatural tropes occupied a central role in how Western audiences confronted Arctic disaster. A thematic survey focusing on two novels demonstrates how contemporary mappings of Arctic exploration utilize spectral motifs in reconstructing Victorian trauma.

Concentration and Size Distribution of Fungi Aerosol over Oceans along a Cruise Path during the Fourth Chinese Arctic Research Expedition

Bioaerosol can act as nuclei and thus may play an important role in climate change. During the Fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 2010) from July to September 2010, the concentrations and size distributions of airborne fungi, which are thought to be one of important bioaerosols, in the marine boundary layer were investigated. The concentrations of airborne fungi varied considerably with a range of 0 to 320.4 CFU/m3. The fungal concentrations in the marine boundary layer were significantly lower than those in most continental ecosystems. Airborne fungi over oceans roughly displayed a decreasing trend with increasing latitudes. The mean concentrations of airborne fungi in the region of offshore China, the western North Pacific Ocean, the Chukchi Sea, the Canada Basin, and the central Arctic Ocean were 172.2 ± 158.4, 73.8 ± 104.4, 13.3 ± 16.2, 16.5 ± 8.0, and 1.2 ± 1.0 CFU/m3, respectively. In most areas airborne fungi showed a unimodal size distribution pattern, with the maximum proportion (about 36.2%) in the range of 2.1~3.3 µm and the minimum proportion (about 3.5%) in the range of 0.65~1.1 µm, and over 50% occurred on the fine size (<3.3 µm). Potential factors influencing airborne fungal concentrations, including the origin of air mass, meteorological conditions, and sea ice conditions, were discussed.

The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the central Arctic Ocean

The tropopause height and the atmospheric boundary layer (PBL) height as well as the variation of inversion layer above the floating ice surface are presented using GPS (global position system) radiosonde sounding data and relevant data obtained by China’s fourth arctic scientific expedition team over the central Arctic Ocean (86°–88°N, 144°–170°W) during the summer of 2010. The tropopause height is from 9.8 to 10.5 km, with a temperature range between −52.2 and −54.1°C in the central Arctic Ocean. Two zones of maximum wind (over 12 m/s) are found in the wind profile, namely, low- and upper-level jets, located in the middle troposphere and the tropopause, respectively. The wind direction has a marked variation point in the two jets from the southeast to the southwest. The average PBL height determined by two methods is 341 and 453 mrespectively. These two methods can both be used when the inversion layer is very low, but the results vary significantly when the inversion layer is very high. A significant logarithmic relationship exists between the PBL height and the inversion intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66, indicating that themore intense the temperature inversion is, the lower the boundary layer will be. The observation results obviously differ from those of the third arctic expedition zone (80°–85°N). The PBL height and the inversion layer thickness are much lower than those at 87°–88°N, but the inversion temperature is more intense, meaning a strong iceatmosphere interaction in the sea near the North Pole. The PBL structure is related to the weather system and the sea ice concentration, which affects the observation station.

The Daily Life Challenges Faced by the Researcher in Arctic

Abstract Existing research and the body of knowledge pertaining to the daily life challenges at an extreme cold weather conditions in Arctic and Antarctic expeditions were less explored by scholars and researchers. The Arctic external environment is extremely cold, dark and isolated during winter. During the expedition in Arctic, the researcher are physically isolated from the outside world, with darkness and weather conditions exerting severe restrictions on travel, and are separated from their families and friends. This study attempted to describe the major challenges of researcher encountered in Arctic. As an instrument herself, the researcher recorded and updated her daily life and the challenges in her reflective journal throughout the expeditions. Analyses of the results showed that there are many challenges that she confronted before she completed the mission of expeditions. The main challenges that the researcher faced were the unpredictable and dangerous Pole conditions and, the harsh terrains, extreme cold weather, researcher's injuries difficulties in communication, equipment problems, food and daily life in Arctic as an expeditor. However despite all the daily challenges faced by researcher for 10 days of her journey, she manages to overcome those problems mention above and accomplished the mission. The findings and researcher's experiences dwelling with the challenges in this research is benefitted to all especially Malaysian in every angle of existence such as finding strength in daily life, travelling skills, facing unpredictable weather condition, motivation skills and education purposes.

Literarische Entdeckungsreisen: Vorfahren—Nachfahrten—Revisionen ed. by Hansjörg Bay and Wolfgang Struck (review)

Reviewed by: Literarische Entdeckungsreisen: Vorfahren—Nachfahrten—Revisionen ed. by Hansjörg Bay and Wolfgang Struck Yvonne Franke Literarische Entdeckungsreisen: Vorfahren—Nachfahrten—Revisionen. Edited by Hansjörg Bay and Wolfgang Struck. Cologne: Böhlau, 2012. Pp. 376. Paper € 49.90. ISBN 978-3412207649. The expeditions to the North and South Poles a century ago may have ended the investigation of unknown territory. Yet, the legendary histories and stories of the heyday of European expansion still continue. In recent years, these stories have been the focus of numerous texts in German language, including literature and film. The authors who contributed to Hansjörg Bay and Wolfgang Struck's edited volume Literarische Entdeckungsreisen: Vorfahren—Nachfahrten—Revisionen investigate this reformulated interest in narratives about the past and discuss new literary and filmic adaptations from aesthetic, sociopolitical, and imaginative points of view. The volume's contributions look at the tension between fact and fiction, generic conventions, colonial appropriations, postcolonial revisions, and their consequences for poetics and literary theory. The nineteen articles are organized in four thematic sections. The first section, "Über die letzte Grenze," focuses on cartography and the topographic figure of border drawings and crossings that are always preceded by myths and imaginings. Thus, the exploration of the allegedly "weiße Flecken" inevitably has always been a "Relektüre" and belie any claim of true discoveries. Accordingly, Bettine Menke's contribution "Grenzüberschreitungen (in) der Schrift, Exterritorialität der Pole" shows how literary journeys are strongly intertwined with physical explorations. Literary polar expeditions ("nachfahrendes Schreiben") precede actual expeditions ("Nachfahrten," 75). Because the latter have already been "vorgeschrieben" (53) through literary investigations, each text follows in the footsteps of its literary precursors, which bespeaks to the [End Page 686] "Un-/Erreichbarkeit" of both the poles and the texts (77). Wolfgang Struck's article, "Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd oder Die melancholischen Entdeckungen des Films," revisits the "Cold Case" (29) of three lost Swedish North Pole scientists from 1897. Struck demonstrates how Jan Troell's feature film Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd (1982) revisits this case by employing the "Poetologie des Scheiterns" (37) that brings forth a contradistinction from the original photographic documents and questions the alleged completeness of cartography. The articles on August Petermann's "Theorie vom eisfreien Polarmeer" and a close reading of Christoph Ransmayr's novel Der fliegende Berg and its transgression of territorial and generic borders complete this section. Hansjörg Bay's essay "Literarische Landnahme? Um-Schreibung, Partizipation und Wiederholung in aktuellen Relektüren historischer 'Entdeckungsreisen'" opens the second section of the volume, "Vor-Schriften, Nachfahren und Relektüren." At first, Bay focuses on how the genre of travel writing contributed directly to heroism and colonialism by way of following specific conventions marked by ideological stand points. The article continues with his investigation of contemporary "Relektüren" of (hi)stories of both arctic and tropical expeditions that have been thriving since the 1990s: Sten Nadolny's Die Entdeckung der Langsamkeit, Christoph Ransmayr's Die Schrecken des Eises und der Finsternis, Christof Hamann's Der Usambara, Ilija Trojanow's Der Weltensammler, and Thomas Stangl's Der einzige Ort. While Bay considers the North Pole texts from the 1980s as important predecessors for the current literary trend, he gives particular credit to the latter three, in which the colonial entanglements are conveyed through literature. Nevertheless, as he concludes, these recent texts participate in "eine[r] Art kolonialer Wiederholungszwang" (130), which adheres to the conventions of the genre. Bay convincingly demonstrates the usefulness of the ambiguous concept of "Relektüren" that lies at the heart of the entire anthology. The remaining articles in this part deal with nineteenth-century narrative strategies in rewritings of Le Vaillant, Christof Hamann's Usambara, Urs Widmer's Im Kongo, and Yambo Ouologuem's Le Devoir de Violence. John Zilcosky's article "Unheimliche Begegnungen: Abenteuerliteratur, Psychoanalyse, Moderne" opens the anthology's third section on "Tropologien" that shifts the focus to tropical places and lets the geographical and rhetorical realms of the term interact with each other. Zilcosky analyzes examples of popular travel writing (Norbert Jacques' Heisses Land. Eine Reise nach Brasilien), seminal psychological and philosophical theories (Ernst Jentsch, Martin Heidegger and Sigmund Freud), and modern literature...

Fort Conger: A Site of Arctic History in the 21st Century

Fort Conger, located at Discovery Harbour in Lady Franklin Bay on northern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, played an intrinsic role in several High Arctic expeditions between 1875 and 1935, particularly around 1900–10 during the height of the Race to the North Pole. Here are found the remains of historic voyages of exploration and discovery related to the 19th century expeditions of G.S. Nares and A.W. Greely, early 20th century expeditions of R.E. Peary, and forays by explorers, travelers, and government and military personnel. In the Peary era, Fort Conger’s connection with indigenous people was amplified, as most of the expedition personnel who were based there were Inughuit from Greenland, and the survival strategies of the explorers were largely derived from Inughuit material cultural and environmental expertise. The complex of shelters at Fort Conger symbolizes an evolution from the rigid application of Western knowledge, as represented in the unsuitable prefabricated Greely expedition house designed in the United States, towards the pragmatic adaptation of Aboriginal knowledge represented in the Inughuit-influenced shelters that still stand today. Fort Conger currently faces various threats to its longevity: degradation of wooden structures through climate and weathering, bank erosion, visitation, and inorganic contami­nation. Its early history and links with Greenlandic Inughuit have suggested that the science of heritage preservation, along with management practices of monitoring, remediation of contamination, and 3D laser scanning, should be applied to maintain the site for future generations.

Secondary organic aerosols over oceans via oxidation of isoprene and monoterpenes from Arctic to Antarctic

Isoprene and monoterpenes are important precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in continents. However, their contributions to aerosols over oceans are still inconclusive. Here we analyzed SOA tracers from isoprene and monoterpenes in aerosol samples collected over oceans during the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Research Expeditions. Combined with literature reports elsewhere, we found that the dominant tracers are the oxidation products of isoprene. The concentrations of tracers varied considerably. The mean average values were approximately one order of magnitude higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. High values were generally observed in coastal regions. This phenomenon was ascribed to the outflow influence from continental sources. High levels of isoprene could emit from oceans and consequently have a significant impact on marine SOA as inferred from isoprene SOA during phytoplankton blooms, which may abruptly increase up to 95 ng/m3 in the boundary layer over remote oceans.

Application of 3D Laser Scanning to the Preservation of Fort Conger, a Historic Polar Research Base on Northern Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada

Fort Conger, located in Quttinirpaaq National Park, Ellesmere Island, is a historic landmark of national and international significance. The site is associated with many important Arctic expeditions, including the ill-fated Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of the First International Polar Year and Robert Peary’s attempts to claim the North Pole. Although situated in one of the most remote locations on earth, Fort Conger is currently at risk because of the effects of climate change, weather, wildlife, and human activity. In this paper, we show how 3D laser scanning was used to record cultural features rapidly and accurately despite the harsh conditions present at the site. We discuss how the future impacts of natural processes and human activities can be managed using 3D scanning data as a baseline, how conservation and restoration work can be planned from the resulting models, and how 3D models created from laser scanning data can be used to excite public interest in cultural stewardship and Arctic history.

A Circumscribed Commemoration: Mrs. Rudolph Anderson and the Canadian Arctic Expedition Memorial

In 1926 a plaque commemorating the sixteen men who died during the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1918 (CAE) was unveiled. The expedition was highly controversial because of the deep divide between the leader, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, and the scientists of the expedition, many of whom were civil servants. Despite their official positions, the scientists were under constraints that blocked their efforts to secure public recognition of their dead colleagues’ services to Canada. Belle Allstrand Anderson, the wife of scientist Rudolph Anderson, was theoretically under even more stringent constraints. Yet, using her persona of devoted wife and her connections with the bereaved families — especially the wives and mothers of the dead men — she successfully negotiated the creation of the memorial. The personal and gendered element in its history gives the CAE memorial an unusual position among state-sponsored commemorations. Recent scholarship has placed increasing emphasis on the role played by intimate domestic relations in the history of polar exploration. Drawing on the Andersons’ extensive personal archive, this paper examines the interplay between the domestic and the political in the commemoration of what was perhaps the most significant twentieth-century Canadian venture in the Far North.