Reconstruction Of Architecture Research Articles

Clonal evolution: a landmark of MPN evolution

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized over the past two decades by the acquisition of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, leading to a pre-leukemic state. The natural history of the disease is marked by the sequential acquisition of genetic events that play an essential role in the phenotype, evolution and response to treatment of the disease. Indeed, disease progression is as heterogeneous as the variety of genetic abnormalities found in individual patients, some of whom lead to disease evolution with a pejorative prognosis, while others persist in a benign manner. In order to better explore these questions, it is important to better understand: (1) the genetic structure of the tumor through dynamic reconstruction of clonal architecture (2) the factors favoring the development of certain clones and their expansion, some of which are governed by Darwinian laws. These parameters could help explain the heterogeneity between MPN patients with similar genetic profiles, and prevent the emergence of clones identified as aggressive by the use of innovative therapeutic strategies targeting new pathways to prevent early transformations in poor prognosis MPN subtypes.

The Scientific Reference Model—A Methodological Approach in the Hypothetical 3D Reconstruction of Art and Architecture

Scientific practice relies on the rigorous documentation of procedures, methods, and outcomes, governed by principles like method verification, objectivity, and source disclosure. In the computer-based hypothetical 3D reconstruction of destroyed or never realised art and architecture, adhering to these principles faces challenges due to evolving software, methods, and data types, leading to a lack of standardised documentation and publication practices for 3D models. Consequently, the traceability, accessibility, and sustainability of research outcomes are compromised. Decades after the advent of computer-aided 3D visualisation in cultural heritage, there is a critical need to define applicable methodology and comprehensive documentation standards. Web-based platforms necessitate technical infrastructures and clear scientific methodologies to ensure understandable model creation and sustainable accessibility to 3D research data. The Scientific Reference Model proposes an accessible academic framework for this kind of 3D reconstruction, aiming to facilitate broad adoption. Developed and tested in research projects and educational contexts, this model aims to establish clear, accessible 3D models on the web, serving as foundational references for future research and knowledge dissemination.

Exoskeletal-assisted walking combined with transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation to improve bone health in persons with spinal cord injury: study protocol for a prospective randomised controlled trial

IntroductionPersons with non-ambulatory spinal cord injury (SCI) undergo immediate unloading of the skeleton and, as a result, have marked loss of bone mineral density below the level of lesion that...

What Is the Real Origin of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for the Performance Enhancement of Si-Based Anodes?

A large amount of lithium-ion storage in Si-based anodes promises high energy density yet also results in large volume expansion, causing impaired cyclability and conductivity. Instead of restricting pulverization of Si-based particles, herein, we disclose that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can take advantage of volume expansion and induce interfacial reactions that stabilize the pulverized Si-based clusters in situ. Operando Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveal that the volume expansion by the lithiation of Si-based particles generates ∼14% tensile strains in SWNTs, which, in turn, strengthens the chemical interaction between Li and C. This chemomechanical coupling effect facilitates the transformation of sp2-C at the defect of SWNTs to Li-C bonds with sp3 hybridization, which also initiates the formation of new Si-C chemical bonds at the interface. Along with this process, SWNTs can also induce in situ reconstruction of the 3D architecture of the anode, forming mechanically strengthened networks with high electrical and ionic conductivities. As such, with the addition of only 1 wt % of SWNTs, graphite/SiOx composite anodes can deliver practical performance well surpassing that of commercial graphite anodes. These findings enrich our understanding of strain-induced interfacial reactions, providing a general principle for mitigating the degradation of alloying or conversion-reaction-based electrodes.

Separate and Integrated Data Processing for the 3D Reconstruction of a Complex Architecture

Abstract. In the last few years, data fusion has been an active research topic for the expected advantages of exploiting and combining different but complementary techniques for 3D documentation. The data fusion process consists of merging data coming from different sensors and platforms, intrinsically different, to produce complete, coherent, and precise 3D reconstructions. Although extensive research has been dedicated to this task, we still have many gaps in the integration process, and the quality of the results is hardly sufficient in several cases. This is especially evident when the integration occurs in a later stage, e.g., merging the results of separate data processing. New opportunities are emerging, with the possibility offered by some proprietary tools to jointly process heterogeneous data, particularly image and range-based data. The article investigates the benefits of data integration at different processing levels: raw, middle, and high levels. The experiments are targeted to explore, in particular, the results of the integration on large and complex architectures.

Superstrong and tough silk fibers cross-linked with functionalized graphene

Natural silkworm silks with an intriguing integration of good strength, modulus, toughness and biocompatibility, have been widely used in textile and medical industry. However, the strength of silkworm silks is inferior to that of spider dragline silks, which are the strongest natural silks but extremely low yield. Herein, we develop a feasible strategy to continuously produce superstrong and tough regenerated silk fibers (RSFs) through the reconstruction of hierarchical and cross-linked architectures. Amine functionalized graphene (NH2-G) has been introduced to improve the content of β-sheet and crystalline orientation, and glutaraldehyde (GA) has been used to bridge NH2-G and silk micro/nanofibrils (SNFs) to form a highly interconnected and closely packed network, resulting in the remarkably improvement of mechanical properties. The resultant fibers exhibit an excellent tensile strength of 1029.6 ± 144.8 MPa, a Young's modulus of 16.8 ± 1.5 GPa, and a toughness of 277.4 ± 17.0 MJ/m3, exceeding those of the natural silkworm silks, spider dragline silks and most other previously reported regenerated silk fibers. We believe that the high-performance silk-based fibers are promising applications in lightweight and advanced structural materials.

Reconstruction of Single-Bay Buddhist Architecture Based on Stylistic Comparisons in Northeast Fujian, the Core Hinterland of the Changxi River Basin—Using Gonghoulong Temple as an Example

In the Changxi River Basin in eastern Fujian, a few stone elements remain and Buddhist buildings with one bay in width and three bays in depth have been preserved dating from the timespan of the Tang to the Song dynasty. These features are characterized by a regional form of early Buddhist architecture seldom seen in Chinese history. The article focuses on the reconstruction of a Song dynasty Buddhist building at the Gonghoulou Temple site in Huotong Town, Jiaocheng District, Ningde City, and aims to analyze the potential characteristics and rules of single-bay Buddhist architecture. From the styles of the remaining stone columns, the direction of the lotus carving at the column base, and the mortises of the plinth stone, a spatial arrangement is indicated that includes an open front corridor and a closed rear section. A “reconstruction” of the ruler used in the original building reveals the possibility that a local Fujian ruler was used, shorter than the standard measurement device employed elsewhere. The analysis of the frame construction indicates that this hip-gable roof-covered Buddhist hall utilizes the horizontally layered logic of multi-storied palatial-style halls. Key elements include its gentle roof slope, restraint from the practice of shortening the roof ridge, use of the traditional chuji method, and the interior columns use of internal longitudinal architraves secured to beam supporting brackets. This research brings to light a unique architectural type that has disappeared in the course of history and was previously unknown to the academic community. It holds significant importance and value for deepening the understanding of the history of timber frame architecture technology in Fujian.

Time-series reconstruction of the molecular architecture of human centriole assembly

Centriole biogenesis, as in most organelle assemblies, involves the sequential recruitment of sub-structural elements that will support its function. To uncover this process, we correlated the spatial location of 24 centriolar proteins with structural features using expansion microscopy. A time-series reconstruction of protein distributions throughout human procentriole assembly unveiled the molecular architecture of the centriole biogenesis steps. We found that the process initiates with the formation of a naked cartwheel devoid of microtubules. Next, the bloom phase progresses with microtubule blade assembly, concomitantly with radial separation and rapid cartwheel growth. In the subsequent elongation phase, the tubulin backbone grows linearly with the recruitment of the A-C linker, followed by proteins of the inner scaffold (IS). By following six structural modules, we modeled 4D assembly of the human centriole. Collectively, this work provides a framework to investigate the spatial and temporal assembly of large macromolecules.

Abstract 1765: The genetic landscape of head and neck cancer using brush biopsy

Abstract Oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) with genomic alterations have a heightened risk of evolving into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Currently, genomic data are obtained through invasive tissue biopsy. Brush biopsy has been utilized for diagnosing dysplasia but its effectiveness in reflecting the complete genomic landscape of OPLs remains uncertain. This study investigates the potential of brush biopsy samples in accurately reconstructing the genomic profile of OPLs. The evolution and heterogeneity were assessed by assessing SNVs, copy number analysis, and subclonal architecture reconstruction of paired tissue-brush biopsy samples of oral epithelium, dysplastic lesion, and OSCC lesion. We found that brush biopsy accurately reflects the genomic landscape of oral lesions, mirroring about 90% of SNVs and comparable CNA profiles found in tissue biopsies. Genomic profiling with brush biopsy was tissue-specific, as SNVs identified in OPL or OSCC lesions were not found in adjacent normal mucosa. Shared SNVs and CNAs were observed between OPL and OSCC samples. This suggested a common ancestor giving rise to these lesions. Subclonal architecture reconstruction confirmed that both lesion types shared a common ancestor clone and then diverged evolutionarily. These findings underscore the potential of brush biopsies in accurately reconstructing the genomic profile of OPL and OSCC, highlighting their usefulness in understanding the biological processes involved in tumor evolution. Citation Format: Evit John, Tom Lesluyes, Toby Baker, Maxime Tarabichi, Peter Van Loo, Xiao Zhao. The genetic landscape of head and neck cancer using brush biopsy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1765.

Diffusion tractography of kidney by high angular resolution diffusion imaging

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been utilized to probe the renal microstructures but investigating the three-dimensional (3D) tubular network still presents significant challenges due to the complicated architecture of kidney. This study aims to assess whether high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) could improve the reconstruction of 3D tubular architectures. Kidneys from both mice and rats were imaged using 3D diffusion-weighted pulse sequences at 9.4 T. Five healthy mouse kidneys were scanned at an isotropic spatial resolution of 40 μm, with a b value of 1500 s/mm2 across 46 diffusion encoding directions. The study employed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and generalized Q-sampling imaging (GQI) to examine the tubular orientation distributions and tractography, validated by conventional histology. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were quantified and compared among the inner medullar (IM), outer medullar (OM), and cortex (CO) at different angular resolutions. FA values, estimated with 6 diffusion-weighted images (DWIs), were significantly overestimated by 49.9% (p < 0.001) in IM, 179.4% (p < 0.001) in OM, and 225.5% (p < 0.001) in CO, compared to using 46 DWIs. In contrast, MD exhibited less variations to angular resolution variations (3.4% in IM, 4.2% in OM, and 4.6% in CO). Both DTI and GQI at high angular resolution successfully traced renal tubular structures throughout the kidney, with GQI demonstrating superior performance in generating more continuous tracts. Furthermore, disrupted renal tubule structures were observed in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat model. HARDI, especially when combined with the GQI approach, holds promise in tracking complicated 3D tubule architectures and may serve as a potent tool for kidney disease research.

Complex facies architecture of unusual pyroclastic density current deposits at the Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, Costa Rica

Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs) constitute a complex, multiphase, and multiscale volcanic process generated in a wide spectrum of eruptive scenarios and being among the most deadly and destructive volcanic hazards. Over the north flank of the Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, Costa Rica, previous works identified PDC deposits related to the plinian Río Blanco eruption, which is the largest Holocene explosive event recorded at this volcano. However, so far, there have been no in-depth studies aimed at understanding the eruptive style, and dynamics of the parental PDCs. This work presents, for the first time, a detailed facies analysis and architecture reconstruction (plus a geochemical characterization and novel C14 age determinations) of these outstanding deposits. The presence of cauliflower bombs, juvenile mega-blocks, scorias, and pumices, coupled with the scarcity of accidental and/or accessory lithics, is interpreted here as evidence of an unusual eruptive style. We propose that the Río Blanco eruption was a single complex eruption consisting of two successive phases, each involving the drainage of distinct magma batches. The PDCs were related to the sudden spill out of a lava-pool (Arenal-type PDC), during the collapse of an ultraproximal pyroclastic cone that was built in an initial plinian phase. The collapse of this ultraproximal cone produced a leading-edge pumice-rich PDC, which increased its mobility through fragmentation-induced fluidization. This leading edge PDC was followed by successive high concentrated, mafic, modified granular flow pulses derived from the lava-pool spill out. These modified granular flows were highly channelized in proximal zones, but when they reached the main break in slope, the basal underflow froze en masse while its upper, more diluted part started to decouple and move in a more unconfined manner. After the decoupling, the material feeding towards the basal zone of the surviving current produced a new underflow by rapid suspension sedimentation (“surge-derived pyroclastic flows”). Finally, our results indicate that the generation of Arenal-type PDCs is an underestimated scenario that should be considered in future short-term hazard and risk assessments at the Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, as well as in many other stratovolcanoes worldwide.

Polycomb repression of Hox genes involves spatial feedback but not domain compaction or phase transition.

Polycomb group proteins have a critical role in silencing transcription during development. It is commonly proposed that Polycomb-dependent changes in genome folding, which compact chromatin, contribute directly to repression by blocking the binding of activating complexes. Recently, it has also been argued that liquid-liquid demixing of Polycomb proteins facilitates this compaction and repression by phase-separating target genes into a membraneless compartment. To test these models, we used Optical Reconstruction of Chromatin Architecture to trace the Hoxa gene cluster, a canonical Polycomb target, in thousands of single cells. Across multiple cell types, we find that Polycomb-bound chromatin frequently explores decompact states and partial mixing with neighboring chromatin, while remaining uniformly repressed, challenging the repression-by-compaction or phase-separation models. Using polymer simulations, we show that these observed flexible ensembles can be explained by 'spatial feedback'-transient contacts that contribute to the propagation of the epigenetic state (epigenetic memory), without inducing a globular organization.

Abstract A036: The genetic landscape of head and neck cancer using brush biopsy

Abstract Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are characterized by the presence of dysplasia and DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) and subsequently progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OSCC has a 5-year survival rate of only about 50% and varies greatly depending on site and stage. The combination of next-generation sequencing and advanced computational data analysis approaches has revolutionized our understanding of the genomic underpinnings of cancer development and progression. This can reveal individual targetable alterations, mutational load, complex mutation signatures, and tumor-specific antigens, which might inform the utilization of targeted therapies and early diagnosis. Oral brush biopsy represents an attractive non-invasive advantage in the characterization of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Still, a sufficient number of abnormal cells is mandatory to diagnose. The current study tested the possibility of recreating the genomic landscape of oral cancer using brush biopsy. Materials and methods: As a pilot study to address this question, we analyzed matched tissue and brush biopsy of a patient with synchronous OPMD and OSCC. Brush and tissue biopsy was taken from normal epithelium, OPMD, and OSCC. We scrutinized the evolution and heterogeneity of these three brush/tissue biopsy pairs. The techniques used include whole exome sequencing (WES), mutational signature analysis to evaluate smoking and other aberrant signatures, copy number analysis (using ASCAT), and subclonal architecture reconstruction (using DPclust). Results: To analyze intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH), ASCAT and DPclust were used to call copy number aberrations (CNA) and cluster somatic SNVs based on cancer cell fraction (CCF), respectively. We observed a large number of shared SNVs between the OPMD and OSCC lesions suggesting a common evolutionary origin. After adjusting the ploidy and purity based on DPClust results, ASCAT profiles revealed differences in aberrant tumor cell fraction, gains and loss of heterozygosity, and copy number neutral events between the samples. It showed almost similar profiles between the respective lesions' brush and tissue samples, suggesting that brush biopsy can recapitulate the genomic landscape. The OPMD and OSCC lesions showed loss of heterozygosity in chromosome 9 and chromosome 17, which play a potential role in tumorigenesis with loss of function of P53. We inferred the subclonal architecture of each sample, illuminating the clonal relationships between samples and distinct lineages of precursor clones developing independently. Conclusion: Collectively, these results emphasize the possibility of using brush biopsy to reconstruct the genomic characterization of OPMD and OSCC show prognostic potential for diagnosis and intervention strategies, and accelerate progress in precision cancer care. Citation Format: Evit John, Tom Lesluyes, Xiao Zhao, Peter Van Loo. The genetic landscape of head and neck cancer using brush biopsy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Translating Cancer Evolution and Data Science: The Next Frontier; 2023 Dec 3-6; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(3 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A036.

Boundary stacking interactions enable cross-TAD enhancer-promoter communication during limb development.

Although promoters and their enhancers are frequently contained within a topologically associating domain (TAD), some developmentally important genes have their promoter and enhancers within different TADs. Hypotheses about molecular mechanisms enabling cross-TAD interactions remain to be assessed. To test these hypotheses, we used optical reconstruction of chromatin architecture to characterize the conformations of the Pitx1 locus on single chromosomes in developing mouse limbs. Our data support a model in which neighboring boundaries are stacked as a result of loop extrusion, bringing boundary-proximal cis-elements into contact. This stacking interaction also contributes to the appearance of architectural stripes in the population average maps. Through molecular dynamics simulations, we found that increasing boundary strengths facilitates the formation of the stacked boundary conformation, counter-intuitively facilitating border bypass. This work provides a revised view of the TAD borders' function, both facilitating and preventing cis-regulatory interactions, and introduces a framework to distinguish border-crossing from border-respecting enhancer-promoter pairs.

The influence of Simvastatin carried by Chitosan nanoparticle on bone regeneration using Masson’s Trichrome histochemical stain

Background: Due to the complicated and time-consuming physiological procedure of bone healing, certain graft materials have been frequently used to enhance the reconstruction of the normal bone architecture. However, owing to the limitations of these graft materials, some pharmaceutical alternatives are considered instead. Chitosan is a biopolymer with many distinguishing characteristics that make it one of the best materials to be used as a drug delivery system for simvastatin. Simvastatin is a cholesterol lowering drug, and an influencer in bone formation process, because it stimulates osteoblasts differentiation, bone morphogenic protein 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Objectives: histological, histochemical and histomorphometrical analyses were carried out to evaluate the effect of local application of chitosan simvastatin nanoparticles (ChSimN) on bone healing. Materials and Methods: New Zealand rabbits (n=14) were used in this study. Two defects were made: one on the right side (the experimental side) that received ChSimN and the other one on the left side (the control side), which left to heal spontaneously. Seven rabbits were sacrificed after 2 weeks of the experiments, while the others after 4 weeks. Bone samples were taken for histological and histomorphometric study after the sacrifice. Results: The histological study, using both H&amp;E and Masson’s Trichrome stain, revealed that the ChSimN group recorded an increased amount of bone formation at both time points. Histomorphometrical analysis recorded a significant increment in bone marrow and trabecular areas in the ChSimN group. Conclusion: ChSimN had a pronounced effect on bone formation.

Surgical Treatment of Closed Fracture of the Anterior Wall of the Frontal Sinus with Displacement by the ORIF Technique using a Titanium Plate: A Case Report

Fractures associated with anterior and posterior frontal sinus walls are among the most challenging cranio-maxillofacial injuries. These represent a major emergency, having a potentially severe clinical picture, with intracranial hemorrhage, cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningeal lesions, pneumocephalus, contusion or laceration of the brain matter, coma, and in some cases, death. In this article, we present the case of a 32-year-old patient with the diagnosis of: Closed fracture of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus with displacement, fracture of the posterior wall of the frontal sinus without displacement and impairment of the upperface bone architecture. Despite the severity and complexity of the case, early initiation of correct ENT surgery, using ORIF (open fracture alignment and internal fixation) technique, led to the successful reconstruction and redimensioning of upperface architecture and to the restoration of the patient’s physiognomy. This article describes a case report on the use of titanium plates for the reconstruction of the upper aesthetic area of the face. The article also describes the use of the ORIF technique, its description, and its advantages, as well as a literature review in order to show its advantages in the avoidance of postoperative complications. The purpose of the work is to describe a new technique that helps to avoid aesthetic and functional complications in the future, which will be useful to otorhinolaryngologists and maxillofacial surgeons.

Fifth Generation Non-Standalone to Standalone Wireless Architecture Reconstruction Solution and Implementation: South Africa Context

The wireless mobile communication industry has evolved immensely over the past five decades, starting from the voice-centric 1G technology to the current data-centric 5G technology because of the increasing data traffic and the need for higher data speed rates. To provide the initial experience of 5G technology, many network operators worldwide started their deployment with the Non-Standalone (NSA) solution to mainly reduce the cost and time. 5G NSA solution already provides lower latency, higher network capacity, and bandwidth compared to the legacy network, however, there is growing oncern about its reliance on the 4G core network, capability, and the long-term migration plan to 5G Standalone (SA) network solution. This paper discusses a brief review of 5G evolution, standardization formulation, deployment strategies, security enhancement, challenges, and presents the reconstruction of 5G NSA to SA solution implementation. Furthermore, a 5G field test will be performed to analyze the user experience under the NSA NR in South Africa, and key practical challenges facing the South African MNOs from the perspective of business and technical challenges will be discussed with recommendations.

A nomothetic theory of well-being: four functional abilities that promote psychological stability and resilience

As longevity increases, understanding how a person maintains well-being and builds resilience to adversity becomes increasingly important. The present work (a) composes main cognitive elements into a universal psychological multisystem and (b) explains the factors that contribute to the function of this multisystem within physical space and across time. Drawing on established theories and previous findings, a theoretical reconstruction of a universal architecture serves to identify the principles a person needs to satisfy as a dynamic system that is governed by physical laws. A novel conceptual model generates testable hypotheses regarding how a universal cognitive multisystem, which is aided by a universal embodied emotional system, facilitates endless behavioral patterns in response to the environment. This theoretical framework compliments previous models and proposes that the nomothetic parameters of consistency, flexibility, self/others ratio and speed of meaning can explain inter- and intra-individual differences in psychological stability and resilience. The present work provides a comprehensive theory and methodological guidelines for the systematic assessment of well-being. This new approach to investigating well-being may open a new research direction and inform preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Abstract PO-015: The genetic landscape of head and neck cancer using brush biopsy

Abstract Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are characterized by the presence of dysplasia and DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) and subsequently progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OSCC has a 5-year survival rate of only about 50% and varies greatly depending on site and stage. The combination of next-generation sequencing and advanced computational data analysis approaches has revolutionized our understanding of the genomic underpinnings of cancer development and progression. This can reveal individual targetable alterations, mutational load, complex mutation signatures, and tumor-specific antigens, which might inform the utilization of targeted therapies and early diagnosis. Oral brush biopsy represents an attractive non-invasive advantage in the characterization of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Still, a sufficient number of abnormal cells is mandatory to diagnose. The current study tested the possibility of recreating the genomic landscape of oral cancer using brush biopsy. Materials and methods: As a pilot study to address this question, we analyzed matched tissue and brush biopsy of a patient with synchronous OPMD and OSCC. Brush and tissue biopsy was taken from normal epithelium, OPMD, and OSCC. We scrutinized the evolution and heterogeneity of these three brush/tissue biopsy pairs. The techniques used include whole exome sequencing (WES), mutational signature analysis to evaluate smoking and other aberrant signatures, copy number analysis (using ASCAT), and subclonal architecture reconstruction (using DPclust). Results: To analyze intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH), ASCAT and DPclust were used to call copy number aberrations (CNA) and cluster somatic SNVs based on cancer cell fraction (CCF), respectively. We observed a large number of shared SNVs between the OPMD and OSCC lesions suggesting a common evolutionary origin. After adjusting the ploidy and purity based on DPClust results, ASCAT profiles revealed differences in aberrant tumor cell fraction, gains and loss of heterozygosity, and copy number neutral events between the samples. It showed almost similar profiles between the respective lesions' brush and tissue samples, suggesting that brush biopsy can recapitulate the genomic landscape. The OPMD and OSCC lesions showed loss of heterozygosity in chromosome 9 and chromosome 17, which play a potential role in tumorigenesis with loss of function of P53. We inferred the subclonal architecture of each sample, illuminating the clonal relationships between samples and distinct lineages of precursor clones developing independently. Conclusion: Collectively, these results emphasize the possibility of using brush biopsy to reconstruct the genomic characterization of OPMD and OSCC and show prognostic potential for diagnosis and intervention strategies and accelerate progress in precision cancer care. Citation Format: Evit John, Tom Lesluyes, Toby Baker, Xiao Zhao, Peter Van Loo. The genetic landscape of head and neck cancer using brush biopsy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Innovating through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2023 Jul 7-8; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2023;29(18_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-015.

Introduction to bioimaging‐based spatial multi‐omic novel methods

In this review, we introduced five different multiplex FISH methods used for image‐based spatial multi‐omics: seqFISH+, merFISH, DNA seqFISH+, DNA merFISH, and MINA. We provided a systematic collective perspective to review these FISH methods that could significantly benefit researchers on conducting their studies in the field. Our study provided an informative survey on these multiplex FISH methods. Therefore, this review would provide better understanding for researchers in the community to help them select the proper method, in order to understand the molecular mechanism in life sciences.BackgroundSpatial multi‐omics are demonstrated to be a powerful method to assist researchers on genetic studies. In this review, bioimaging‐based spatial multi‐omics techniques such as seqFISH+, merFISH, integrated DNA seqFISH+, DNA merFISH, and MINA are introduced along with each technique’s probe design, development, and imaging processes.ResultsseqFISH employed 4–5 fluorophores to barcode and conducted multiple rounds of hybridization, in order that mRNA can be identified through color‐coding. seqFISH+ added 60 pseudo‐color and distributed them equally into three channels to enhance imaging power, in order that i.e., 24,000 genes can be imaged in total. merFISH utilized 4 out 16 Hamming distance to innovatively provide a robust error‐detecting method. MINA, a methodology combining merFISH (multiplexed error‐robust fluorescence in situ hybridization) and chromosomal tracing, enabled multiplexed genomic architecture imaged in mammalian single cells. Optical reconstruction of chromatin architecture (ORCA) a method that could conduct DNA path tracing in nanoscale manner with kilobase resolution, an FISH variation that improved genetic resolution, enable high‐precision fiducial registration and sequential imaging, and utilized Oligopaint probe to hybridize the short genomic region ranging from 2 to 10 kilobase. ORCA then prescribes these short section primary probes with individual barcodes to attach fluorophore and to be imaged.ConclusionThis review concentrated on providing a comprehensive overview for these spatial‐multi‐omics techniques with the intention on helping researchers on selecting appropriate technique for their research.