Architectural Rules Research Articles

Reclaiming Urban Space: Gordon Matta-Clark’s Artistic Approach to the Peripheral Neighborhoods

This study examines the interaction of art works and architectural interventions by Gordon Matta-Clark in the context of Tirana, analyzing through his practice the destruction of areas of the city for requalification, a relatively recent phenomenon known as gentrification in Tirana. The main question of this research is how Matta-Clark's creativity can serve as a fruitful resource for understanding urban change and advances in formal sustainability. While Tirana in recent years has experienced urban development, the city is challenging simi- lar problems that important cities like New York have experienced during the 60s and 70s. The history of the city and the social issues are different, but still there are some similarities, especially in the case of gentrification. These problems were addressed by artists who aimed to create a dialogue between community rights and public authorities. Referred to that, Matta Clark's art practice can be seen as a way for dealing with those issues. Matta-Clark's approach challenges the boundaries of the routed belief of the role of archi- tecture; he challenges the fixed rules of architecture by focusing on deconstruction and com- munity involvement. By using his works as a method to analyze urban space, this research investigates the artistic and social dimensions of architecture, urban voids, and the potential of temporary abandoned spaces to foster community engagement. The research examines the potential of Matta-Clark's methods in the context of Tirana’s urban re-qualification.

Par-delà règles et licences : les ajustements perspectifs dans la controverse Bassi-Tibaldi (1569–1572)

Abstract This article revisits the controversy reported on in Martino Bassi’s 1572 Dispareri, a pamphlet denouncing Pellegrino Tibaldi’s noncompliance with rules of perspective and architecture in adapting Milan Duomo to the requirements of Tridentine Reform. The inquiry involves a social, material, and technical approach to both the pamphlet and the Annunciation relief that lies at the heart of the controversy. Along with showing inconsistencies and deceit in Bassi’s account, this study explores the widespread, yet unconceptualized practice of perspectival adjustments that mediates conflicts between optics and geometry in image making. Findings suggest new ways to revise traditional understandings of naturalism in art history all while contributing to the historiography of perspective.

Re-design of homestay in Takengon city with contemporary Gayo concept

Abstract As tourism develops in the city of Takengon, it is considered profitable for lodging business owners, from star-rated accommodation to jasmine classes emerging in the city of Takengon, making competition very tight. One type of accommodation business that is currently competitive and has great potential to grow rapidly is homestay. With the existing land, the arrangement of the homestay building is still not optimal, where the activities and circulation of the owner still mingle with guests. Likewise, the standard of accommodation facilities still needs to be added to maximize services. Generally, homestays are located in residential areas or tourist villages because of their function as a medium of introduction to the surrounding culture. Homestay re-design aims to redesign the homestay building according to its function with a picture of the life of the gayo people living in it, it can also strengthen the quality of homestay in the future as a competitor in the lodging business competition. The contemporary architectural style was chosen due to its characteristics of being contemporary, flexible and related to the principles of gayo architecture. The research method was carried out with literature studies and field surveys. The field survey included observations, interviews and direct observations of the residents of the houses in the housing estate. Then designed new facilities for the homestay such as, special sleeping room, fire kitchen, restaurant, front office, service area, as well as site arrangement in the form of cotage and open space/ebalen. The design is carried out with the concept of applying the rules of gayo contemporary architecture, namely the application of the concept of natural harmony to the zoning of the site and the application of the concept of filigree in the figure of the building appearance.

An “Earthly” Manifestation of Power: The Architectural and Urban Contexts of Iznik Tiles Produced under the Patronage of the Ottoman Palace

ABSTRACT Çini-making, which is an Ottoman underglaze ceramics tradition included in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, was used extensively in the monumental architecture of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, including mosques built by the Ottoman sultans and their family members. Iznik tiles reveal undeciphered relationships between Ottoman patronage and monumental architecture, and unwritten architectural rules and norms concerning tile designs. To contribute to the conservation, interpretation, and presentation of the mosque spaces, it is important to understand the tangible and intangible cultural qualities of Iznik tiles. This study examines the cultural qualities of Iznik tiles by analysing the historical and architectural qualities of the five selected sultanic mosques and by integrating the literature and field surveys through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modelling and database. We aim to analyse and develop an evaluation model to investigate the cultural qualities of Iznik tiles on regional, urban, and architectural scales using GIS.

Reconstruction of Single-Bay Buddhist Architecture Based on Stylistic Comparisons in Northeast Fujian, the Core Hinterland of the Changxi River Basin—Using Gonghoulong Temple as an Example

In the Changxi River Basin in eastern Fujian, a few stone elements remain and Buddhist buildings with one bay in width and three bays in depth have been preserved dating from the timespan of the Tang to the Song dynasty. These features are characterized by a regional form of early Buddhist architecture seldom seen in Chinese history. The article focuses on the reconstruction of a Song dynasty Buddhist building at the Gonghoulou Temple site in Huotong Town, Jiaocheng District, Ningde City, and aims to analyze the potential characteristics and rules of single-bay Buddhist architecture. From the styles of the remaining stone columns, the direction of the lotus carving at the column base, and the mortises of the plinth stone, a spatial arrangement is indicated that includes an open front corridor and a closed rear section. A “reconstruction” of the ruler used in the original building reveals the possibility that a local Fujian ruler was used, shorter than the standard measurement device employed elsewhere. The analysis of the frame construction indicates that this hip-gable roof-covered Buddhist hall utilizes the horizontally layered logic of multi-storied palatial-style halls. Key elements include its gentle roof slope, restraint from the practice of shortening the roof ridge, use of the traditional chuji method, and the interior columns use of internal longitudinal architraves secured to beam supporting brackets. This research brings to light a unique architectural type that has disappeared in the course of history and was previously unknown to the academic community. It holds significant importance and value for deepening the understanding of the history of timber frame architecture technology in Fujian.

Formal Software Architecture Rule Learning: A Comparative Investigation between Large Language Models and Inductive Techniques

This paper explores the application of inferring software architecture rules from examples using Machine Learning (ML). We investigate different methods from Inductive Rule Learning and utilize Large Language Models (LLMs). Traditional manual rule specification approaches are time-consuming and error-prone, motivating the need for automated rule discovery. Leveraging a dataset of software architecture instances and a meta-model capturing implementation facts, we used inductive learning algorithms and LLMs to extract meaningful rules. The induced rules are evaluated against a predefined hypothesis and their generalizability across different system subsets is investigated. The research highlights the capabilities and limitations of ML-based rule learning in the area of software architecture, aiming to inspire further innovation in data-driven rule discovery for more intelligent software architecture practices.

Puckered and JNK signaling in pioneer neurons coordinates the motor activity of the Drosophila embryo

Central nervous system organogenesis is a complex process that obeys precise architectural rules. The impact that nervous system architecture may have on its functionality remains, however, relatively unexplored. To clarify this problem, we analyze the development of the Drosophila embryonic Ventral Nerve Cord (VNC). VNC morphogenesis requires the tight control of Jun kinase (JNK) signaling in a subset of pioneer neurons, exerted in part via a negative feedback loop mediated by the dual specificity phosphatase Puckered. Here we show that the JNK pathway autonomously regulates neuronal electrophysiological properties without affecting synaptic vesicle transport. Manipulating JNK signaling activity in pioneer neurons during early embryogenesis directly influences their function as organizers of VNC architecture and, moreover, uncovers a role in the coordination of the embryonic motor circuitry that is required for hatching. Together, our data reveal critical links, mediated by the control of the JNK signaling cascade by Puckered, between the structural organization of the VNC and its functional optimization.

Evaluation of the Geotechnical Properties of Cubitermes sp and Macrotermes sp Termite Mound Soils for the Manufacture of Earth Bricks

The use of local materials in construction contributes to solving the deficit of sustainable housing in some developing countries. Earth constructions have a low ecological impact and are among the cheapest, especially in rural areas. The durability of earthen buildings depends on the geotechnical properties of the soil used and the respect of basic architectural rules. Evaluation of the geotechnical properties of soils contributes to the choice of the appropriate technique to use them. The macrotermes sp and cubitermes sp termite mound soils are widespread and commonly used in construction in some regions of the world. The results obtained from the 27 samples showed that the clay content of some soils is higher than the maximum permitted of 30% and that other soils have a sand content lower than the minimum of 30% permitted by most standards for the manufacture of mud bricks. Some soils have good molding properties and a plasticity suitable for making mud bricks. To correct excess clay and limit the risk of cracking during drying, lime, plant fibers or sand could be incorporated into these soils. The cubitermes sp termite mound soils are composed of kaolinite and illite and the macrotermes sp termite mound soils of kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Soils containing kaolinite or illite are suitable for the manufacture of CEB, adobes, rammed earth and in the manufacture of tiles or pottery.

The Regular and the Rule in Architecture

This letter from the editor presents Vol. 25(2) of the Nexus Network Journal. This issue has two connected themes, the first is about the role of regular modules, patterns, or proportions in architecture, and the second, the ways rules or systems underpin architectural form. The papers in this issue address either regularity, rules, or in most cases, both, because spatial and formal patterns are typically derived from rules. Collectively, the eleven research contributions in this issue have topics that span chronologically from the thirteenth century to the present day, and geographically from Asia to Africa and Europe.

HOW METAVERSE EVOLVES THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Architects have long relied on visualization tools to develop their concepts for specific design problems. From the early traditional drawings to the three-dimensional visualizations and virtual environments, all have enabled architects to demonstrate design outputs relatively early in the process. Real-world projects are similar to what architects imagined from the beginning. In other words, the design process has always started by creating the digital representation of a project and then attempting to replicate it in real life. Once the digital representation of design parts is complete, architects prepare their design for construction. However, the final visualization emerges from actual architectural functions, structure constraints, Gravity, materiality, privacy, and physical laws, meaning that architecture evolves the digitally represented visualizations. With the growth of the metaverse, all physical restrictions are being eliminated, and architects can expand the boundaries of how spaces can be represented regardless of being virtual or physical. As a virtual environment on the internet, the metaverse redefines the rules of architecture and offers endless possibilities for architectural innovation. This article aims to explore the role the metaverse plays in designing architecture. It outlines the fundamental concepts of the metaverse to identify significant elements that could influence architecture design.

JNK signaling in pioneer neurons organizes ventral nerve cord architecture in Drosophila embryos

Morphogenesis of the Central Nervous System (CNS) is a complex process that obeys precise architectural rules. Yet, the mechanisms dictating these rules remain unknown. Analyzing morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryo Ventral Nerve Cord (VNC), we observe that a tight control of JNK signaling is essential for attaining the final VNC architecture. JNK signaling in a specific subset of pioneer neurons autonomously regulates the expression of Fasciclin 2 (Fas 2) and Neurexin IV (Nrx IV) adhesion molecules, probably via the transcription factor zfh1. Interfering at any step in this cascade affects fasciculation along pioneer axons, leading to secondary cumulative scaffolding defects during the structural organization of the axonal network. The global disorder of architectural landmarks ultimately influences nervous system condensation. In summary, our data point to JNK signaling in a subset of pioneer neurons as a key element underpinning VNC architecture, revealing critical milestones on the mechanism of control of its structural organization.

Translational Symmetry-Aware Facade Parsing for 3-D Building Reconstruction

Effectively parsing the facade is essential to 3-D building reconstruction, which is a significant computer vision problem for digital entertainment. Although having achieved the promising results in semantic parsing, deep learning methods cannot directly make use of the architectural rules that play an important role in man-made structures. This article presents a novel translational symmetry-based approach. The unified facade parsing network integrates both segmentation and detection branches as the base parser. A translational symmetry measurement-based module is proposed to refine the initial results. After converting the facades into shape grammars, we employ an off-the-shelf rendering engine like Blender to reconstruct the high-quality 3-D models using procedural modeling. We conduct experiments on three public datasets, where our proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

A digital botanical garden: using interactive 3D models for visitor experience enhancement and collection management

Highlights: A virtual 3D model of a botanical garden was built based on a GIS with plants botanical information and buildings, statues and other assets historical information. The height and crown diameter of individual trees were determined from watershed operations on aerial LiDAR data. Statues were modelled photogrammetrically. Buildings were modelled procedurally using CGA rules. Users found realism and information access to be the most positive points. The way of data organisation and the elaborated modelling rules make the product easily extendable for new data and objects. Abstract: Botanical gardens are important spots in urban spaces, both for researchers and for many different kinds of public. Conveying scientific information by means of an attractive digital product, on a pre- or post-visit experience, is a way of captivating the public, especially the younger generation, to the relevance of those gardens as repositories of knowledge and for conservation of plant species diversity. This approach also facilitates communication with the general public and access to historical data. On the other hand, bringing the garden to the desktop of researchers and managers can be an advantage, not only for an overview of the status quo but also in spatial planning matters. This paper describes the production of a 3D dynamic model of the Tropical Botanical Garden in Lisbon on top of a Geographic Information System (GIS). Its development included creating a spatial database to organise data originating from a variety of sources, the three-dimensional (3D) modelling of plants, buildings and statues, the creation of web pages with historic and contextual information, as well as the publication of a number of interactive 3D scenes. Several software packages were used, and the final outputs were published in ArcGIS Online to be explored by the public and researchers (link provided at the end of the text). The data are organised in a database, and most 3D modelling tasks are procedural through Computer Generated Architecture (CGA) rules. Thus, updating information or 3D models can be done without having to repeat all steps, an important feature for a dynamic botanical garden. Challenges and solutions are also addressed, providing a constructive contribution to the further implementation of similar experiences in other botanical gardens. According to a user survey carried out, the realism of the representation and the possibility of easily retrieving information from the objects are the most positive aspects of the project.

Implementation of Green Architectural Rules in the Design of The Griya Samadhi Vincentius Hall In Prigen Village, Pasuruan Regency, East Java Province

Griya Samadi Vincent is located in a cool highland, the temperature ranges from 20-24c. A beautiful and quiet area of approximately 6-7 hectares. There is a chapel room and a special indoor room that is usually used for meditation. The entire garden area can be used for outdoor meditation. In addition to the facilities for meditation, there are also several waste processing sites, organic plant nurseries, animal husbandry and the use of biogas as an energy source for the complex. So far, the Griya Samadi Vincentius complex has been managed by the Parish of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which is a partner of the contributors. So far, Parish, apart from being the manager of financing and maintenance, has also carried out complex developments in terms of the legality of licensing. Where one aspect of licensing is a Building Permit or IMB, in this case the environmental aspect is an important point in regional planning. Therefore, the contributors and the team will plan the building using the Green Architecture method in accordance with the Indonesian Green Building Council standards, namely: Appropriate Site Development, Indoor Air Health and Comfort, Water Conservation, Material Resources and Cycle and Buiding Environment Management.

Algorithmic Generation of Building Typology for Office Building Design

Numerous office building design optimizations are in international research to reduce energy consumption, optimize costs and provide optimal comfort. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the effects of geometry and space organization. This study deals with space organization problems and searches for all possible optimal building space structure configurations in terms of energy and comfort parameters using a mathematical algorithmic method. The methodology is based on the formulation of feasible architectural rules and their translation into an algorithm that can generate 2D floor plans satisfying all boundary conditions. In the framework of an exemplary modeling procedure, a 4-story office building geometry generation was carried out, resulting in 17-floor plan versions and 7 different building geometries. The resulting building shapes were classified by energy-related geometry parameters (envelope surface/useful area) for the future step of the research, where the cases will be compared with the help of building simulations. With the help of the method, it was possible to significantly narrow the search space, but future improvements are needed for faster work for wider applicability.

Kajian Arsitektur Biophilic pada Arsitektur Tradisional Bali sebagai Pendukung Ekowisata di Bali (Studi Kasus: Rumah Adat Bali)

<p class="Abstract"><em>The development of the times indirectly affects human needs which have an impact on all aspects of human life, psychology, lifestyle to architecture. There are several rules of Traditional Balinese Architecture that contrast or are not suitable when combined with modern architecture that is in demand by today's society. However, if ecotourism buildings in Bali follow the architectural trend in the world, it will violate the Bali Regional Regulation and Bali will lose its architectural identity. There is a gap between traditional Balinese architecture that must be applied with modern architecture which is the current trend. Biophilic Architecture is building's connection to the environment will affect the health of the community both physically and psychologically. In general, the Biophilic approach and Traditional Balinese Architecture are both environmentally based. Therefore, Biophilic Architecture can be a bridge between Traditional and Modern Architecture. Using comparative quantitative research methods with biophilic as an indicator of assessing traditional Balinese architecture, the results of modern architecture guidelines that have environmental-based traditional rules will be obtained. This research is expected to be a guide or reference in designing ecotourism buildings that are modern but still strong in their traditional Balinese identity.</em></p>

Empirical evaluation of an architectural technical debt index in the context of the Apache and ONAP ecosystems.

BackgroundArchitectural Technical Debt (ATD) in a software-intensive system denotes architectural design choices which, while being suitable or even optimal when adopted, lower the maintainability and evolvability of the system in the long term, hindering future development activities. Despite the growing research interest in ATD, how to gain an informative and encompassing viewpoint of the ATD present in a software-intensive system is still an open problem.ObjectiveIn this study, we evaluate ATDx, a data-driven approach providing an overview of the ATD present in a software-intensive system. The approach, based on the analysis of a software portfolio, calculates severity levels of architectural rule violations via a clustering algorithm, and aggregates results into different ATD dimensions.MethodTo evaluate ATDx, we implement an instance of the approach based on SonarQube, and run the analysis on the Apache and ONAP ecosystems. The analysis results are then shared with the portfolio contributors, who are invited to participate in an online survey designed to evaluate the representativeness and actionability of the approach.ResultsThe survey results confirm the representativeness of the ATDx, in terms of both the ATDx analysis results and the used architectural technical debt dimensions. Results also showed the actionability of the approach, although to a lower extent when compared to the ATDx representativeness, with usage scenarios including refactoring, code review, communication, and ATD evolution analysis.ConclusionsWith ATDx, we strive for the establishment of a sound, comprehensive, and intuitive architectural view of the ATD identifiable via source code analysis. The collected results are promising, and display both the representativeness and actionability of the approach. As future work, we plan to consolidate the approach via further empirical experimentation, by considering other development contexts (e.g., proprietary portfolios and other source code analysis tools), and enhancing the ATDx report capabilities.

Architectural approaches to housing customization: introducing the Inhabitant-Driven Customization approach and the MyChanges tool

PurposeCustomization is a paradox in architecture, providing necessary modernization for buildings but potentially damaging their architectural integrity. In this paper, the authors introduce the Inhabitant-Driven Customization approach for avoiding this paradox; this approach lets inhabitants design the customization from options created by architects that safeguard architectural rules. As a first implementation of the Inhabitant-Driven Customization approach, the MyChanges tool is presented. The authors assess whether the approach avoids the customization paradox by a qualitative stakeholder evaluation of the MyChanges tool and by a comparison of the Inhabitant-Driven Customization approach with existing approaches to housing customization.Design/methodology/approachMyChanges is a shape grammar-based design tool developed to enable inhabitants of the Álvaro Siza Vieira Malagueira housing complex to customize their houses in accordance with the architectural language of the complex. In this study, the authors qualitatively evaluated MyChanges with architects and other professional stakeholders. MyChanges is used in this paper to assess if the Inhabitant-Driven Customization approach avoids the paradox of customization. The initial reception of MyChanges produced diverging outcomes, suggesting that Inhabitant-Driven Customization is also unable to avoid the customization paradox. For analyzing this possibility further, this paper describes the main existing approaches to housing customization, including the Inhabitant-Driven Customization approach, formulates nine conditions for these approaches, and provides a qualitative comparative assessment of the approaches.FindingsThe customization paradox is demonstrated in the outcomes of the interviews with professional stakeholders on the MyChanges customization tool for the Malagueira housing complex. An argument is given that makes plausible that the Inhabitant-Driven Customization approach avoids the customization paradox by creating a co-design process in which inhabitants and architects alternately shape customization.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper lies in the introduction and discussion of the paradox of customization in housing. The paper identifies the conditions advanced in architecture for assessing housing customization approaches. Additionally, the authors propose a new customization approach and a design tool that to a large extent fulfills those conditions and avoids the customization paradox.

THE CONCEPT OF THE CREATIVE METHOD. FEATURES OF THE ARCHITECT'S CREATIVE METHOD

The problem of method in architecture, as a subject of research, always appears as a result of the development of artistic life and new aesthetic needs. Each new stage of artistic development reveals the insufficiency of the previous one not because it has become irrational, but because it no longer corresponds to new ideas about social relations and the nature of the human activity. Therefore, the theoretical development of the question is closely related to certain time cross-sections in the evolution of architecture, the consideration of which allows us to build a complete retrospective picture of the development of ideas about the method. The concept of the creative method is very broad and multifaceted. This is not only a set of certain geometric proportions and compositional techniques that are systematically repeated. The creative method is the result of an original cognitive ability to solve tasks using our intellectual search, which is aimed at developing a unique product. For the first time, the concept of an artistic method was formed in the 20–30s of the XIX century. The creative method in architecture and art is defined as a system of principles that control the process of creating a work of art. Artistic methods are designed to reflect the development of reality itself and the development of public consciousness in a specific way – in an aesthetic form. The complexity of the aesthetic characterization of methods lies in the fact that most often their features are considered from the cognitive side outside of the artistic and aesthetic features of art. However, it is from the period of formation of artistic methods that the artist's aesthetic attitude to the world is established. The method is a synthesis of the artist's worldview and the originality of his artistic thinking. The main components of the creative method are: the environment, which is a constant in the creative method of the architect, socio-economic conditions, ideology and worldview of society in a certain historical era, personal characteristics of the architect, culture of project thinking, theoretical foundations of the designer, practical activity of the architect. It is established that the creative method is formed by a) a set of principles of ideological and artistic knowledge and imaginative reproduction of the world; b) a creative approach to solving the set of architectural problems; c) the results of creative activity that is expressive and unique; d) the natural repeatability of architectural techniques that become the architectural rules of the architect; e) a set of certain geometric proportions, compositional techniques and planning features; f) the creation of an architectural object taking into account the influence of the social and cultural development of the architect; g) overcoming the usual techniques and traditions; h) creating own rules.

Эскориал — идея, образ, стиль королевской резиденции Филиппа II

The paper explores the architecture of King Philip II royal residence. El Escorial monastery palace represents a system of art treasures of the Spanish Renaissance, manifested in the method of implementing the figurative absolutization of the Classical aesthetics, revealing the ideas of the magnificence of the “Roman spirit” of the Habsburg empire. By reinterpreting the legacy of the theory of architectural rules, El Escorial was the standard of classical construction in late 16th century Spain. The Christian ideas become the cement of the Empire governance. It is symbolic that the year of the completion of Trento Cathedral (1563) was also the year the construction of El Escorial had begun. The first executor of the project was the architect, philosopher, and mathematician Juan Bautista de Toledo, who studied in Rome and Naples under the masters of the Italian Renaissance. He was later replaced by Juan de Herrera, the acclaimed spokesman of the royal architectural style. The paper covers the most controversial issues: problems of the ensemble concept, their interpretations, the role of theoretical sources, biblical semantics, etc.