Architectural Design Competition Research Articles

Integrating vertical farm into low-carbon high-rise building in high-density context: A design case study in Hong Kong

Today's world faces multiple challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and food security. In addition, in the post-pandemic era, there is an urgent need to re-design urban habitats to reduce the epidemic's enduring impacts and reconnect citizens with healthy community activities. As a city with the top population density level in the world, Hong Kong is home to many high-rise communities. This article took the architectural design competition “Green Tower Hong Kong” as an entry point to discuss the technical feasibility and design strategies of integrating high-rise residential buildings with urban agriculture to improve urban food security, enhance on-site solar energy utilization, and develop a sustainable residential environment conducive to low-carbon living and working. The issue of how to improve the dietary structure of Hong Kong residents and reconnect them through space design was focused. Finally, taking the site of Kwun Tong Center as the case study, a resilient residential high-rise building integrated with shared gardens and greenhouses was proposed with a technical-oriented methodology and optimization framework. The final design of mixed-use buildings can provide apartments for 2500 individuals, produce 340,750 kg of vegetables with 156 % self-sufficiency, and generate electricity of 1,080,000 kWh annually. This paper examines strategies for integrating urban agriculture into high-rise residential buildings in high-density urban environments. It proposes a technology-based design optimization method, offering a reference for future explorations of low-carbon, resilient communities.

Beyond Shelter: A Multi-Stakeholder Approach to Canada’s Housing Crisis

The affordable housing crisis in Canada has reached a critical juncture, with far-reaching consequences for individuals, families, and communities across the nation. As property prices soar and income levels fail to keep pace, an increasing number of Canadians find themselves struggling to secure suitable housing. This opinion article argues that addressing the affordable housing crisis requires a comprehensive approach that involves the collaborative efforts of governments, architects, and builders. The article examines the multifaceted nature of the affordable housing crisis, highlighting its impact on various socioeconomic groups and the challenges faced in finding solutions. It emphasizes the importance of affordable housing in fostering economic stability, promoting health and well-being, bolstering educational outcomes, and nurturing social cohesion and community development. The government's role in addressing the housing affordability crisis is discussed, focusing on the burden of government fees and taxes, zoning and regulatory compliance, and proposals to mitigate their impact. The article advocates for reforming fees, implementing policy alterations, and adopting a proactive and collaborative approach to create a more conducive environment for affordable housing development. The architects' role in addressing the housing affordability crisis is explored, highlighting the potential of architectural design competitions in promoting innovation, community engagement, and recognizing excellence in affordable housing design. The article emphasizes the importance of architectural innovation and creativity in envisioning and designing sustainable, community-centric housing solutions that cater to residents' psychological and social needs. The role of builders and developers in addressing the housing affordability crisis is also examined, with a focus on integrating sustainability for cost reduction, adopting new construction methods and materials, forming public-private partnerships for sustainable housing projects, and investing in education and training for sustainable practices. The article concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for a collective commitment to action, demanding bold leadership, creative thinking, and unwavering determination to build a future where every Canadian has access to safe, adequate, and affordable housing. It underscores the importance of a holistic approach that addresses the direct and indirect factors contributing to the housing affordability crisis, ultimately cultivating a more equitable and sustainable housing market that benefits current and future homeowners while bolstering the overall economic and social well-being of the nation.

Discussion of Spaces as Palimpsest Through an Architectural Design Competition Project: The Case of Student City Complex in New Belgrade

Discussion of Spaces as Palimpsest Through an Architectural Design Competition Project: The Case of Student City Complex in New Belgrade

Integrating Multi-Criteria Decision Models in Smart Urban Planning: A Case Study of Architectural and Urban Design Competitions

The focus of this study is to integrate the DEX (Decision EXpert) decision-modeling method in architectural and urban design (A & UD) competitions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of integrating the DEX (Decision EXpert) decision-modeling method into the evaluation process of A & UD competitions to enhance decision-making transparency, objectivity, and efficiency. By using symbolic values in decision models, the approach offers a more user-friendly alternative to the conventional jury decision-making process. The practical application of the DEX method is demonstrated in the Rhinoceros 3D environment to show its effectiveness in evaluating A & UD competition project solutions related to the development of the smart city. The results indicate that the DEX method, with its hierarchical and symbolic values, significantly improves the simplicity of the evaluation process in A & UD competitions, aligning it with the objectives of the smart cities. This method provides an efficient, accessible, and viable alternative to other multi-criteria decision-making approaches. This study importantly contributes to the field of architectural decision making by merging qualitative multi-criteria decision models into the CAD environment, thus supporting more informed, objective, and transparent decision-making processes in the planning and development of smart cities.

Architectural design competitions: the effects of competition format on design processes and outcomes

Much of the extensive literature on design competitions is based on individual case studies and grounded in long-standing beliefs and assertions about the merits of what we term here ‘pure’ competition formats: competitions that are open to all, where entries are anonymous and judging is undertaken by independent design experts. Drawing from a mixed-methods, empirical study of 46 design competitions held in Sydney between 2000 and 2017, this paper focuses, in contrast, on the benefits and drawbacks of ‘impure’ design competitions. It examines the influence on design processes and outcomes of four key competition variables: the number of entrants, designer anonymity, the flexibility of briefs, and the independence of judges. Opportunities are considered for impure competition formats to address the main drawbacks of pure competitions while maintaining their benefits. We conclude that the benefits of competitive design are not contingent on an open field nor flexible briefs, but that a move towards an impure competition format can be problematic where jury independence is diminished and designer anonymity is lost.

Integrating Sustainable Manufacturing into Architectural Design Teaching through Architectural Design Competitions

Sustainable manufacturing is essential for boosting resource allocation efficiency, as well as sustainable economic development, while the construction industry is one of the main sectors affecting it. However, the complexity of multidisciplinary integration of sustainable manufacturing makes it challenging to fully integrate into architectural design teaching. By incorporating architectural design competitions in architectural design teaching, we can encourage students to systematically reflect on the role of elements beyond traditional architectural design during the architectural design process to help them gain a more comprehensive understanding of sustainable manufacturing. The research results were obtained with a combination of both qualitative and quantitative analysis. We analyzed the survey data through grounded theory and presented the results graphically, which include a framework for promoting the learning of sustainable manufacturing through architectural design competitions in teaching architectural design. In order to gain an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the teaching effect and to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the results, in addition to qualitative analysis, we also adopted statistical analysis to clarify whether the new teaching method is really effective. In evaluating whether there was a statistically significant difference in the understanding of sustainable manufacturing between students who participated in architectural design competitions and those who did not, according to the established teaching objectives, we found that a statistically significant difference did exist in the results, and further analyzed other contributing factors through regression analysis. Our research shows that introducing architectural design competitions into architectural design teaching is a feasible way to promote students’ understanding of sustainable manufacturing. In architectural design competitions, sustainable-manufacturing-related elements, such as resources and economy, were taken into consideration in line with various design elements, such as site, environment, ecology, and energy consumption, which were integrated into students’ design process of thinking, drawing, modeling, and presenting. In this way, students will have a clearer understanding of approaches to achieve sustainable manufacturing through architectural design. This research helps tap into the value and potential of architectural design competitions in delivering sustainable manufacturing during architecture education and can offer references for college teachers to conduct sustainability education.

ANALYSIS OF TRABZON MONOPOLY BUILDING REVITALIZATION, ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPETITION

The aim of the article is to identify an upper scale + subscale evaluation method based on the decisions and approaches of awarded architectural design competition projects carried out in the historical environment. In the first stage, within the scope of the upper scale evaluation method, the decisions about the environment of the awarded projects were examined in the headings of roads, city walls/fortifications and Atapark. In the second stage, the approaches of the awarded projects belonging to the building proposals were examined with a subscale, within the scope of design, preservation and re-functioning approaches.

A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY OF CREATIVE STAGE HOUSES FOR MARGINALIZED PEOPLE

AbstractThe Creative Stage House for the Marginal is an architectural design which is the result of an architectural design competition for housing. Intended for the marginalized, this house is designed with a behaviorial approach and the Sundanese cultural architecture which is the location of its design research. The purpose of this article is to identify and describe the principles and characteristics of traditional Sundanese architecture that are the background in the design and to understand the principles and characteristics of the application of traditional Sundanese architecture in the design of the Creative Stage House for the Marginal. The research method used is descriptive qualitative which is expected to be able to describe the application of the traditional architectural form of Sundanese culture to the design of the house through literature study. By identifying the visual characteristics of the spatial form of the Creative Stage House for the Marginal, it is known that the architectural design of the Creative Stage House for the Marginal adapts not only the form of Sundanese architecture but the values contained in it such as the concept of dividing the three masses of the house building. The results of this philosophical study found that the composition of the masses, the typology of buildings that adhere to Sundanese cosmology and the shape of the roof that uses the Sundanese Julang Apak architecture hold the hope of increasing the standard of living and self-confidence of the marginalized. Keywords: Philosophy, Sundanese Traditional House, Traditional Architecture

Az építészeti tervpályázatok 1908. évi rendelete és megszületésének okai: szabálytalanságok, visszaélések, összefonódások

The 1908 Decree on Architectural Design Competitions and the Reasons for its Creation: Irregularities, Abuses of Power and Entanglements
 The democratic idea of architectural design competition came to existence in the Age of Enlightenment, with the aim of ensuring that an edifice is erected according to the most suitable design, while providing the most apt architect the chance to succeed. By the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the number of domestic planning applications had increased in Hungary, especially for larger public structures, and problems along with them.
 In this paper, I will first describe the process which due to the efforts of the Hungarian Society of Engineers and Architects led to the issuing of the Minister of Commerce's Decree No. 79 049 of 1908 regarding the regulation of architectural design competitions. Then I will outline the main points of the regulation, sharing examples to highlight the irregularities that arose as a consequence of the secrecy regarding the tenders, deadlines, the construction programme and its budget, the size of plans, as well as the abuse of power by the evaluation committee, necessitating the creation of the regulation. The lesson to be learnt is that by the time the legislation could take effect, public works for which tenders were to be invited had already been ended due to the outbreak of the First World War. In addition, the constant recurrence of scandals caused serious moral damage to Hungarian art.

To enhance openness of information about architectural design competition or puroposal competition

To enhance openness of information about architectural design competition or puroposal competition

STARY FORDON – A DISCUSSION ON BEAUTY OF PUBLIC SPACE DESIGN AND USERS EXPECTATIONS

Abstract The aim of the research conducted by the author in 2016 and 2017, was to define the performance path for the development of public space, and namely the Stary Fordon Town Square, today’s district of Bydgodszcz, which before 1973 was an independent town. A design and conceptual programme was performed whilst stimulating the residents’ activity and in dialogue with them, together with the Design Specialization students from the UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz. Student design and research suggestions made it possible to organise a national architectural design competition in 2017 for a Town Square design. The competition objectives were formed on the basis of research, which were used in the process of creating student concepts, which constituted an interim phase between subjectification of residents’ expectations and the final design. This method gave rise to a design of an accepted space, which was expected by all interested parties. Post factum discussions and even protests frequently seen in such undertakings were avoided by the application of the participation method in the initial phase of preparations. Nevertheless, this is the most appropriate solution for cooperation between a university and the local administration.

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) As an Assessment Approach for Architectural Design: Case Study of Architectural Design Studio

Architectural design is an effective decision-making activity based on problem solving. Within this context, assessment of architectural design is complex. This complexity is not based on content and volume of problems, but also heterogeneity and uncertainty of information provided for assessment, subjective approaches, and a large number of the criterion for assessment. To solve the problems stated, within the content of this article, assessment methodology based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – a Multi Criteria Decision Making(MCDM) methodology- supporting an effective comparative analysis among the alternative projects based on determined criterion is applied. The methodology is implemented with a case study of one of the design studios of Cankaya University with observation, research and assessment of the whole education term. The outcomes of the AHP-based approach suggested by the research are consistent with those obtained by traditional assessment methods, since it has been seen that this approach can provide numerical results that are comparable, measurable, gradable, consistent and can be reported separately for each assessor. However, it has also been found that the AHP-based method is suitable for evaluating only a limited number of projects. There is a possibility that the evaluation period can be longer, and the process may be somewhat tedious if the number of projects increases. With the research, and by setting thresholds levels for evaluation, it has become clear that successful and unsuccessful projects can be separated for achievement/competence. Consequently, it has been observed that the approach has considerable potentials to be further developed to evaluate architectural projects comparatively, especially for architectural students projects, and other architectural projects such as architectural design competitions.

Is Architectural Pedagogy Prepared for Buildings of the Future?

Assuming that buildings in our near future can achieve carbon neutrality, what next? More importantly, what is necessary in the short term to transform the way we design and think about buildings to achieve carbon neutrality and beyond? Can architectural pedagogy deal with how buildings integrate with the larger community and ecosystem around them, how buildings are constructed and/or manufactured to optimize resource use, and how they adapt to changes and are repurposed to meet future needs? Pedagogy for this future is about instilling a way of thinking about environmental design that is both conscious of and active in energy and carbon emissions, but also the health, wellbeing, and productivity of building occupants. Expounding on these questions, this paper will analyze current architectural curriculum and recent student design competitions against the U.S. Department of Energy’s Future of Buildings initiative. The discussion of the gap analysis results shows a deficiency about thinking about architectural design for the future. The paper will highlight where our design education succeeds and falls short toward preparing students. Additionally, thinking about this future context will highlight beneficial and detrimental aspects of the current pedagogical landscape to further whole-building design concepts to achieve a carbon neutral future for the built environment.

The evolving role of evidence-based research in healthcare facility design competitions

The architectural design competition remains a widely accepted method to advance design innovation, creativity, theoretical discourse, and the profession. In the realm of healthcare facility design, by contrast, clients and their sponsoring organizations seldom utilize this method. The reasons for this are many, and continue to stand in stark contrast to a growing body of evidence-based research and design (EBR&D)that is potentially of value in improving performance-based dimensions—esthetic and otherwise—of healthcare facilities globally. A comparative analysis of the entrants to a recent U.S. completion was conducted. Based on the results of this analysis, a two-phased healthcare facility design competition paradigm is put forth that is premised on the assumption that the intuitive dimensions of design creativity can be further advanced by means of a well timed and thoughtful injection of quantitatively based knowledge pertaining to patient, family, staff, and organizational concerns and priorities. This proposal׳s limitations, and future opportunities, are discussed.

국내외 비정형 건축물 외피시스템 사례 분석을 통한 설계 및 시공시 고려사항 도출

최근 건설 산업의 디지털화로 인하여 건축 디자인이 정형에서 자유로운 비정형 형태로 변화하고 있다. 특히, 국내에서는 최근 비정형이 디자인 경향으로 도입되어 현상설계, 턴키 등에서 설계 당선을 위한 디자인 요소로 많이 적용되고 있다. 그러나 기존의 정형 건축물의 외벽공법을 비정형 건축물의 외피에 그대로 적용함으로써 누수 및 크랙 등 다양한 하자가 발생하고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하고 공사기간과 공사비를 최소화할 수 있는 비정형 건축물의 설계와 시공이 새로운 기술로 도입되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 비정형 외피시스템 구현을 위한 공법을 국내외 비정형 건축물의 외피시스템 사례 분석을 통하여 실증적으로 시사점을 도출하고 비정형 건축물 외피시스템의 설계와 시공시 고려해야 할 사항을 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 시공성을 고려한 비정형 형태의 설계가 되도록 하여야 한다. 둘째, 2방향 곡면을 정확히 구현할 수 있는 단위 패널 생산 기술의 개발이 필요하다. 셋째, 비정형 콘크리트 외피용 노출 콘크리트 거푸집을 개발하여야 한다. 넷째, 외피 시스템을 부위별로 구분하여 우수처리와 방수를 위한 재료와 공법 특성과 유지관리 방안을 고려하여야 한다. Recently, architectural design has been changing from formal design to freeform design due to the digitalization of construction industry. Especially, the formal design has been accepted as a design trend recently and applied many times as a design concept in the architectural design competitions such as turn-key. However, various deflects such as water leak and cracks have been occurred because the traditional construction methods had been applied without any revision or adaptation of the formal construction method for the freeform building construction. Design and construction of freeform building has been developed as an new method in order to solve the problems and minimize the construction duration and cost for the freeform building. Therefore this research deduced the positive implications for developing freefrom envelope by analyzing the domestic and abroad cases and proposed the considerations during design and construction of the freeform envelope as follows. First, the freeform design should consider the constructability for the freeform envelope. Second, manufacturing technology for the two-way curvature of the unit panel should be developed. Third, exposed concrete form method should be developed for the freeform envelope of concrete. Forth, material characteristics, construction method and facility management should be considered in order to manage precipitation and keep water-proof according to the classification of the freeform envelope area.

The Lost Voices of Serbian Modernism: Miša Manojlović and Isak Azriel

The Lost Voices of Serbian Modernism:Miša Manojlović and Isak Azriel Aleksandra Ilijevski Architects Miša Manojlović (1901–41, Belgrade) and Isak Azriel (1903–?, b. Belgrade, d. Israel after 1949) were professionally very active during the interwar period. They focused on avant-garde designs, and were at the forefront of Serbian Modernism. However, their work has remained mostly marginal in scholarly research. As a member of the Sephardic Jewish community in Belgrade, Manojlović and his family were victims of the Holocaust. Azriel was a survivor, and after the war immigrated to Israel with his wife and son. This paper critically analyzes newly discovered historical sources and archival documents in order to correct problematic issues regarding the life and work of Miša Manojlović and Isak Azriel. It also provides a contribution to Holocaust studies in Serbia and cultural history of Belgrade, with the aim of uncovering additional historical data about members of the Jewish families Manojlović (Manojlovic, Manoilovitz, Manuel), Azriel (Azrijel), Munk, and de Majo (Demajo). During the vibrant period between the Two World Wars, Serbia became part of the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and in 1929 was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Set between modern and traditional identities, modernizing forces dominated Serbian society through rapid industrialization and urbanization. Jews from the territory of prewar Serbia considered the newly formed Kingdom a natural continuum of the former state. Many contributed greatly to the war effort, fighting alongside other Serbian citizens in the First World War. One of the most prominent members of society was Natalija Neti Munk (Belgrade, 1864–1924), née Tajtacak, the first Serbian volunteer nurse who participated in all the wars that Serbia waged for independence, liberation, and unification, beginning in 1885, then again from 1912 to 1918. She was a decorated war hero, board member of the War Volunteers Alliance and the [End Page 121] Society of Jewish Women. Neti Munk was the wife of Gutman Munk. Their first child Regina (Rifka), was born on 19 July 1882,1 and was, as records show, married to Jakov M. Manuel on 19 July 1898 in Belgrade.2 Jakov’s and Regina’s son Moša was born on 29 January 1901.3 The birth certificate of their second son Natan, born on 4 June 1902,4 shows that the family had changed their name to Manojlović.5 These documents confirm this authors’ findings that architect Miša Manojlović (see Figure 1 in the gallery of illustrations following this article) was born in Belgrade on 29 January 1901 into a family of Sephardic Jews as Moša Manuel. His first name was not Milan, as many Serbian scholars have suggested. In fact, the change of Jewish family names by adding Serbian -ić at the end6 was a practice that had been followed since the period after the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–78), when Jews were granted the right to higher army ranks, free movement within Serbia, and also autonomy in business transactions. After that time, the differences between Serbs and Sephardic Jews subsided in everyday life. The statistical data indicates that in 1900, 46 percent of Jews in Serbia specified Serbian as their mother tongue.7 In addition, it is often emphasized that Jews in Serbia regarded themselves as Serbs of Moses’ faith. [End Page 122] Miša Manojlović graduated from the Technical Faculty in Belgrade in February 1928.8 As a young architect, he was promoted at the Fourth Exhibition of the Architecture Students’ Club, an annual exhibition opened by Prof. Nikola Nestorović on 19 February 1928, in one of the halls of the Technical Faculty’s new building on the Students’ Square. Among the authors were Dragan Gudović, Jovan Radenković, Rajko Tatić, Franja de Negri, Jovan Ranković, Stanislava Jovanović, Dragoljub Jovanović, and Djurdje Bošković, who also wrote an exhibition review. With respect to Manojlović’s exhibited sketches we only know that Bošković listed his work with the designs “in the Renaissance and Neoclassical form,” and referred to Manojlović as diligent.9 Public Commissions, Architectural Design Competitions, and Exhibitions In 1931 Miša Manojlović entered the national competition for the new Railway Station in Skopje (now the capital of...

EVALUATING DESIGN CAPABILITIES IN MEDIUM DENSITY INFILL HOUSING IN NEW ZEALAND THROUGH ANALYSIS OF ENTRIES TO A RECENT COMPETITION

The profile of New Zealand housing has for some time been dominated by the standalone suburban house. However, this pattern absorbs considerable land resources and leads to socially stagnant environments that are heavily dependent on private motorcars. For these reasons the largest cities in New Zealand have declared limits to peripheral growth. Such limits, coupled with changes in lifestyle, lead naturally to intensification of existing residential areas. Urban planning and design objectives that underpin residential intensification are sound - greater densities can provide for improved social opportunities, bolster economic circumstances to enable a greater range of services to be offered, and make better use of existing physical infrastructure. However, experience shows that the built outcomes are patchy, and that many infill projects fall short of meeting expectations for on-site amenity, and/or appear to be at odds with the character of the surrounding area. In late 2005, Housing New Zealand Corporation organised an architectural design competition for comprehensive redevelopment of a large site in the Auckland region. Research was conducted on the basis of this representative cross section of designers, with the aim of evaluating achievement by New Zealand designers in terms of residential amenity and its suitability to the surrounding context. A review of literature, including the design brief and a number of design guides for infill housing, bring forth the criteria addressing key urban design and architectural amenity issues specific to medium density housing. The criteria were used to assess the entries using a five point scale. The methodology generates data that is used to compare entries, and analyses relative strengths and weaknesses seen across all schemes. The results provide a snapshot of contemporary practice in New Zealand, suggesting where strengths and weaknesses lie with respect to planning and design of medium density housing. Key words: Social housing, medium density housing, design competitions, New Zealand

ARCHITECT'S PLANNING IDEA DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN SUGGESTION APPEARED IN INVENTED PROCESS ABOUT DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPETITION

Architectural design means to not only structural formation but also consideration about every aspect. Architect constructs the best architectural design by architectural inspections which are based on a lot of knowledge, experience social, circumstances, and so on. However, if each architect designs architecture in the same site and requirement, they make design different. That's to say, factors to design architecture are not only external requirement but also internal sense, and each people has different internal sense. This research is about investigation of architectural design process and architect's thought, we examine them based on analysis of guidelines for architectural design competition and presented work. Then we aim to find relationship between architect's planning idea development and design suggestion.

ARCHITECT'S PLANNING IDEA APPEALED IN INVENTED PROCESS ABOUT DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPETITION IN 1981-1996

Architectural design means to not only structural formation but consideration about things from the every aspects. Architect constructs the best architectural form by architectural inspections which are based on a lot of knowledge, experience and social circumstances. However, if each architect designs architecture in the same site and requirement, they design different ones. That's to say, factors to design the architecture are not only external ones but also internal ones, and each people has different internal ones. This research is the first report about investigation of architectural design process and architect's thought, and to inspect the identity of thought, we examine it comparing with the requirements of architectural design competition. Then we aim to find architect's latent thoughts which appear in the design process.

New design tendencies in modern concert hall design

New concert hall design trends are emerging as seen from recently completed halls around the world and recent international architectural competitions. Analyzing the current situation, the paper starts by differentiating the acoustical characters of major traditional concert hall forms such as the large shoe-box, the Vineyard and the surround hall. It discusses in particular the balance of acoustical energy that characterize these different basic hall shapes, the sensation of intimacy in relation to the listener's distance to the performance area and the different early reflection patterns inherent from these hall shapes. As an example of modern concert halls design tendencies, the paper then describes a design option chosen by Arup Acoustics for the Paris Concert Hall Architectural design competition with Zaha Hadid architect. The paper describes the development of the form and shape of the hall in response to the brief, the concept chosen for the design of sending/receiving surfaces to improve the early reflection "efficiency" and "stability" and the use of an overhead reflector to improve the balance between soloist and orchestra and the balance between the orchestra and the reverberation in the hall.