Archetypal Roles Research Articles

The Modification of Mythological Archetypes “son” and “father” in Joyce's Novel “Ulysses”

Introduction. This article delves into the analysis of modifications of mythological and Christian archetypes in Joyce's work, particularly focusing on the novel “Ulysses” and examining characters playing familial roles of “son” and “father”. The interest in family ties is explored considering the atmosphere of creating the novel and biographical aspects. Family roles are viewed through the modifications of a significant biblical narrative for the author – the story of the prodigal son. The goal of the analysis was to showcase which vector the author chose and why to develop this archetypal theme in “Ulysses”. The main role, adapted to the familial setting through a new interpretation of the parable, was identified and analyzed as the role of the “prodigal father”. Methodology and sources. The textual analysis in the article was conducted in the traditions of post-structuralism: additional intertexts were used to augment the familial relationships of the novel's characters with new meanings. Results and discussion. Through the modernization of familial archetypes in the novel, this article demonstrates how Joyce, as a representative of world literature, treated these templates. His myth-making involved selectively drawing from source materials that suited his specific purposes, whether it was the story of Odysseus or the parable of the prodigal son. He approached the archetypal text liberally, using it as a systematizing mechanism to elevate contemporary issues to a more universal level. Conclusion. The article sequentially examines canonical archetypal roles and various possible readings of the source text, influenced by the author's personal experiences (biographical) as well as the cultural-historical context, shifting peripheral components of the parable to dominant positions.

The archetypal versatility of the image of Becky Hildebrandt in the J. Franzen's novel "Crossroads"

The object of the study is the novel "Crossroads" by American writer Jonathan Franzen, which became widely known outside the United States and was translated into Russian in 2022. The object of the study is one of the female images of this novel - the image of Becky Hildebrandt, which combines a number of archetypal functions: a daughter in relation to parents Marion and Russ, a sister for brothers Clem and Perry, a bride for the young musician Tanner Evans. In the last chapters of the novel, Becky becomes a mother, thus passing through all the female family archetypal roles. Franzen's creative method, which tends to psychological realism, is focused on the specifics of the inner world of the characters, and it can be argued that the deep psychologism of his works is based on a consistent and systematic understanding of archetypal roles. The study of the heroine's image is carried out from the standpoint of an archetypal approach dating back to the works of C.G. Jung. The archetypal approach opens up to the researcher the opportunity to penetrate deeper into the psychological essence of a literary text. Female images, viewed from the point of view of reflecting archetypal features in them, appear in connection with other characters, and the gender-role specificity of their functioning becomes more visible. In the modern world, where the crisis of traditional values is clearly felt, a better understanding of the importance and complementarity of gender roles makes it possible to form moral supports leading both man and society in the direction of mental well-being. Archetypal analysis reveals one of the basic attitudes of the writer: a modern woman is forced to play several roles at once; the mixing of these roles, their instability inevitably lead to problematic situations in the life of not only the woman herself, but also her entire family.

Formative Spaces of Empire: Masculinities and Outdoor Experiences ca. 1860–1960

ABSTRACT This special issue integrates gender analysis into the global history of outdoor activities in the Age of Empire by focusing on masculinities, a field that has received renewed attention from scholars. The premise of the special issue is that social constructions of masculinities in imperial settings functioned twofold. They operated simultaneously as methods to spread Western-colonial hegemonic values and as a means to expand territorial domains into far-off lands. In examining outdoor experiences, without taking the dominance of ‘imperial’ men over non-Europeans for granted, the contributions here presented develop an intersectional understanding of the conditions in which fashioning and self-perception of masculine roles were constantly contested and negotiated. Outdoor experiences, as seen in this special issue, were formative spaces of empire: while made possible thanks to the wide imperial networks in the colonial world, they existed on the margins of imperial rule. At the ‘frontier’ and in colonial battle-grounds, but also as leisure or free-time activities in transcultural contexts, outdoor experiences served to transform boys into men, and for men to test and perform hegemonic ideas of manhood and hence of imperial power. The essays are in two sections that highlight the dual processes of being and becoming ‘manly’ in the imperial outdoors. The first four contributions focus on archetypical roles of adult men in empires: the mountaineer, the hunter, the sportsman and the soldier. The second section approaches cases of scouting as formative spaces for boys in contexts of decolonisation in the early 1900s. The case-studies included in this special issue cover multiple imperial formations from the American Midwest, the Middle East to the British and Dutch Indies. These diverse cases serve to open up often Anglo-centric historiographies of gender and empire by emphasising the global momentum of new masculinities that were embedded in a trans-imperial fashion between ca. 1860 and 1960.

Reimagining Circe: Subversion of Patriarchal Mythic Patterns in Louise Gluck’s Circe’s Power

Myths rooted in patriarchal ideologies subordinate women and distort female experiences. They are laden with stereotypes and gendered representations. This raised a significant concern among feminist scholars to critically challenge narratives entrenched in patriarchal thought and carve new mythological grounds for women. Feminist writers have employed revisionist mythmaking strategies to articulate dissent and denounce myths that annihilate their experiences. The paper examines the revisionist strategies employed by Louise Gluck in her poem Circe’s Power (1996)from the collection Meadowlands (I996) using a feminist lens. The focus is on how Gluck reclaims and transforms the mythical landscape of the Odyssey, turning it into an empowered feminine space, thereby creating powerful connections between women and mythology. It pays close attention to the Greek character Circe from the Odyssey and explores how the poet appropriates her voice to subvert phallocentric mythic models, critiquing social expectations and genderroles. The study's central focus is restoring Circe from the ruins of being trapped in her traditional archetypal role of the femme fatale.

The Role of Consumers in Business Model Innovations for a Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy

Over the last decade, various governments and supranational bodies have promoted the development of a circular bioeconomy (CBE) as a response to sustainability challenges. The transition towards a CBE requires the collaboration of different actors in the innovation (eco)system. With this conceptual paper, we apply a circular business model lens to address the research question: “What are the archetypical roles of consumers in business model innovations for a sustainable CBE?” We use a combination of complementary theories from the circular economy and bioeconomy literature, evolutionary innovation economics, sustainability transitions research, the business model literature, and the work on active consumers. Considering consumers’ agency as a continuum between the manufacturer-active paradigm and the consumer-active paradigm, we propose: (i) consumers in the manufacturer-active paradigm can actively influence circular business models with their purchase decision; (ii) consumers can act as lobbyists and influencers for circular business model innovation; (iii) in their different roles as customer, user, repairer, and reseller, consumers can incentivize organizations to adapt their business models to their needs; (iv) consumers can become key partners in the process of defining the normative orientation of the innovation paradigm for a CBE; (v) consumers can actively co-create value by means of co-ownership (e.g., through platform cooperatives).

Kvindelige arketyper og kompositorisk sammensmeltning. Om nogle paralleller mellem Blixens fortælling ”De standhaftige slaveejere” og Munchs piktoriale model [Female archetypes and compositional fusion. On some parallels between Blixen's short story “De standhaftige slaveejere” and Munch's pictorial model

This article analyses the hitherto unexplored influence of Edvard Munch on Karen Blixen's work. Blixen was a great connoisseur of art and can therefore be assumed to have known Munch's work. In the short story “De standhaftige slaveejere” we find several parallels to the so-called “Munch's pictorial model”, i.e. a set of common features of his work (specifically his expressionist phase). Most striking is the similarity of the characters to those in Munch's painting Kvinden i tre stadier, which Blixen adopts both in terms of their appearance and their archetypal roles. She is particularly inspired by the colour connota­tions associated with the characters portrayed in the painting, and creates the figure of a beautiful and innocent girl in a white dress accompanied by an ascetic governess in black. Even the male character in Blixen's short story recalls Munch's archetype of the weak, melancholic man who is about to be destroyed by women. We also find a significant parallel in relation to the typical composition in Munch's paintings, where the individual figures are merged into one. Blixen makes use of this composition in the concrete description of the figures in her story; at the same time, on an abstract level, it is possible to interpret both figures as one multidimensional figure.

The Neuropsychological Nature of Humans and the Evolution of Culture: The Role of Speech, Symbolization, and Archetypes

The Neuropsychological Nature of Humans and the Evolution of Culture: The Role of Speech, Symbolization, and Archetypes

Educational Values in Digital Games

The aim of the study is to research, analyse and explain the media values and educational values of digital games. The work is based on the philosophy of education according to Vuk-Pavlović and the semiotics of the media according to Barthes’ theory. The aspect of media pedagogy towards digital media is discussed, especially the context of adventures and interactive drama. It answers the question of what the hidden meanings of digital games are. The author starts from the hypothesis that digital games users receive media messages on a semiotic level, and by deconstructing symbols, educational values and media meanings are revealed. The context of media literacy was observed from the aspect of understanding the symbols of digital games in accordance with media competencies. Since digital games reflect social reality, at least in the context of messages, attitudes and values, media competences represent the ability to understand and compare cultural and media literacy. In this sense, digital games have a specific aesthetic, ideological, pedagogical, and symbolic impact on users, which results from the critical thinking of society. Kellner’s theory of media culture will help us to understand the reasons why certain content, symbols and myths become popular and to raise awareness of the social environment of media culture from which digital games emerge. The research results of this study confirm that the observed digital games have educational values and that media meanings are deconstructed through semiotic analysis. This is especially true of the archetypal roles of parents and guardians.

Exploring the changing role of brand archetypes in customer-brand relationships: Why try to be a hero when your brand can be more?

For over 20 years, managers have been encouraged to leverage archetypal meaning to strengthen their brands. Prior research has studied archetypes as universal patterns present in the collective unconscious that trigger an instinctive response in customers, arguing that brands should evoke one archetype at a time. However, recent evidence seems to suggest that the single archetype view proposed in previous work may have lost its relevance in the marketplace. This article responds to calls for further research into brand archetypes by analyzing more than 2,400 brands and the archetypes they evoke in their marketing communications. The current findings support the continued relevance and importance of brand archetypes in marketing, showing that brands connect with customers by consistently evoking specific archetypes. Critically, however, strong brands tend to leverage multiple archetypes at a time rather than just one as previously believed. We explore key implications of our findings for theory and management, discuss avenues for future research, and provide actionable guidelines for managers wishing to leverage archetypal meaning to build strong brands.

Small Stories in Charity Fundraising Letters and the Ethics of Interwoven Individualism

AbstractThe explicit imperative to “tell a story” recently dominating UK and US fundraising discourse refers specifically to the central compelling “story” of the representative victim/beneficiary, and yet there are multiple stories at work in charity fundraising letters, with interdependent narrative trajectories. This article draws on small stories research and on scholarship on storytelling and ethics to explore the relative narrativity of the stories within charity fundraising letters and their marked contingence upon lack of resolution. This article also disentangles and investigates the interactions among the stories of the representative beneficiary, the addressee as potential donor, and the charitable organization. It discusses the affirmation and exploitation of Western neoliberal individualism in the selective spotlighting of an individual beneficiary, and in the individualized appeal to the addressee. It discusses the tensions between the charitable organization and the addressee as competing contenders for the archetypal role of the “hero” in the narrative of the victim/beneficiary, and reflects on the ways in which the complex narratives of supraindividual social processes involved both in the causes of suffering and need and in their alleviation are downplayed in the service of more impactful individualistic narratives.

Synchronisms in the mythological worldview of the proto-Kazakhs and ancient Indians

A comparative study of the mythological worldview and the “mythological language” of modern peoples allows us to trace the general points inherent in archaic thinking and the symbolic universe of mankind as a whole. Expressing the world figuratively and symbolically, the “mythological language” synchronizes the rhythms of human existence and the cosmos, thus there is an interpenetration of man and nature, the animation of the cosmos and the cosmization of mythological consciousness. An analysis of cosmological, anthropological and sociogenetic representations in ancient Indian and proto-kazakh mythology makes it possible to comprehend the common patterns of world outlook and spiritual development of the world of the two peoples. Pre-Islamic archetypes of the proto-Kazakh's worldview find their expression in Tengrianism and the cult of shamanism. These beliefs are characterized by a figurative and symbolic understanding of the unity of the world and man. During the period of the spread of Islamic civilization in Central Asia and the dominance of Islam in the religious consciousness, ancient beliefs continue to exist in the everyday life of peoples in the form of various superstitions and prohibitions, rituals and customs. However, the structural-linguistic and hermeneutic analysis of these phenomena of everyday life makes it possible to highlight the role and significance of ethno-mental archetypes in the spiritual attitudes and value orientations of modern peoples. Key words: Archetype, mythology, ritual, religious consciousness, spiritual values.

Acclimation of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha to physiological drought reveals important roles of antioxidant enzymes, proline and abscisic acid in land plant adaptation to osmotic stress.

Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is considered as the key species for addressing a myriad of questions in plant biology. Exploration of drought tolerance mechanism(s) in this group of land plants offers a platform to identify the early adaptive mechanisms involved in drought tolerance. The current study aimed at elucidating the drought acclimation mechanisms in liverwort’s model M. polymorpha. The gemmae, asexual reproductive units of M. polymorpha, were exposed to sucrose (0.2 M), mannitol (0.5 M) and polyethylene glycol (PEG, 10%) for inducing physiological drought to investigate their effects at morphological, physiological and biochemical levels. Our results showed that drought exposure led to extreme growth inhibition, disruption of membrane stability and reduction in photosynthetic pigment contents in M. polymorpha. The increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, and the rate of electrolyte leakage in the gemmalings of M. polymorpha indicated an evidence of drought-caused oxidative stress. The gemmalings showed significant induction of the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione S-transferase, and total antioxidant activity in response to increased oxidative stress under drought. Importantly, to counteract the drought effects, the gemmalings also accumulated a significant amount of proline, which coincided with the evolutionary presence of proline biosynthesis gene Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 1 (P5CS1) in land plants. Furthermore, the application of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) reduced drought-induced tissue damage and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of proline, implying an archetypal role of this phytohormone in M. polymorpha for drought tolerance. We conclude that physiological drought tolerance mechanisms governed by the cellular antioxidants, proline and ABA were adopted in liverwort M. polymorpha, and that these findings have important implications in aiding our understanding of osmotic stress acclimation processes in land plants.

Jacob's dream: Useful for, and enlightened by, current dream research

The biblical narration of Jacob’s dream is analyzed in the light of current significant issues of dream research, specifically: the usefulness of historical data for the study of dreaming; the continuity theory; the phenomenological relationship between the dream experience and its sources; the relationship between music and dreaming; the latent role of archetypes in the construction of dreams; the significance of dreams for the cognitive study of religions; and the multiple levels of analysis of historically important dreams. Dream-evocative features in the biblical narration are also described, which are given by word-root recurrences and by the use of a “hapax legomenon” to indicate Jacob’s vision. This analysis based on current dream research provides insights into Jacob’s dream. In addition, Jacob’s dream in itself is useful for dream research, because it highlights basic universal aspects of the dreaming experience.

Combining the best of two methodological worlds? Integrating Q methodology-based farmer archetypes in a quantitative model of agri-environmental scheme uptake

Increasing farmers’ acceptance and adoption of environmentally beneficial farming practices is essential for mitigating negative impacts of agriculture. To support adoption through policy, it is necessary to understand which types of farms or farmers do or do not (yet) apply such practices. However, farmers are not a homogeneous group and their behavior is subject to a complex array of structural, socioeconomic, and socio-psychological influences. Reducing this complexity, farmer typologies or archetypes are useful tools for understanding differing motivations for the uptake of sustainable farming practices. Previous investigations of the role of farmer archetypes in the adoption of such practices rely on either purely qualitative or purely quantitative methods in data collection, typology creation, and hypothesis testing. Our study combines both approaches by classifying survey respondents into farmer types based on a previous Q methodological study. We then use these types in a two-part regression model that aims to explain participation in agri-environmental schemes (AES) and the level of scheme participation. To control for farm structural factors, we additionally link our questionnaire data to secondary data from the farm accountancy data network. Results indicate that in Austria, AES are attractive to all types of farmers, but the level of participation (AES income per hectare) in these schemes differs between archetypes: Profitability-oriented farmers participate less, and nature-oriented farmers participate more than other types. This suggests that monetary compensations for sustainable farming practices are not perceived as sufficient by certain groups of farmers, and policy makers need to consider additional kinds of incentives.

Economic culture as a factor in the financial behavior of Russians: the role of archetypes and modern context

In Russia, as in many countries, the state is showing increased attention to the topic of financial literacy of the population, which is connected, on the one hand, with the expansion of the financial market inherent in the modern world economy, involving ordinary people in its orbit, and, on the other hand, with the curtail of the welfare state, and the reorientation of citizens to self-financing their needs for pensions, medical care, education, etc. In the process of such pushing up people to become investors, borrowers, participants of funded pension schemes, the specific character of the economic culture of the population is not taken into account, while many observed phenomena, such as low level of financial literacy and massive distrust of financial institutions, are due exactly to it. The article presents analysis of the cultural archetypes and patterns of behavior characteristic of the Russians that make up the economic culture; they were correlated with the models of behavior of the population of interest to the state; the impact on the existing economic culture of the current socio-economic context is considered. It is shown that the natural-climatic, geographic, geopolitical and religious factors have shaped Russians' specific attitude towards savings, their own and other people's property, planning horizons, contractual obligations, separation of common and individual responsibility, financial discipline, work ethics, state and commercial institutions, interpersonal relationships, etc., which is far from that sought by the state. Meanwhile, the problem is that it is the socio-economic policy pursued by the state, the events of the economic life of the past thirty years that act as the factors of reproduction and consolidation of the formed cultural archetypes and patterns of behavior, but not their productive transformation.

Rap artists’ identity in archetypal roles of hero and seeker: A linguistic perspective

The study identifies the archetypal motives of the Hero and the Seeker in modern rap lyrics, demonstrating a certain archetypal basis of the rap artists’ identity. The problem of the archetype-identity correlation has been solved through the use of the method prioritizing the discursive role invariant as the index of the artists’ both psychic dispositions and cultural-semiotic background, thus performing identity eliciting function. The aim of the article is to identify the rappers’ archetypal roles of Hero and Seeker based on the linguistic and narrative devices. Four motive-descriptors underlying the Hero archetype are manifested by role invariants of Champion-winner, Warrior-soldier, prophet / savior and noble rescuer. Each of them is based either on the metaphorical interpretation of rap performance as the sporting contest, a battle at war, the Universe and blessing, or on allusions to precedential characters significant for the rap artists’ self-identification. Narrative manifestations of the Hero formation involve five correlations with stages of the Hero’s Journey associated with Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth: Ordinary World of childhood and adolescence; obstacles and enemies; Inmost Cave as an inner conflict and fears the Hero has to face; metaphorical “death” foregrounded by symbols of "beyond world" or transition space between the worlds; a transfiguration into a new status in a new world of luxury and success, “awarded” by material symbols of prosperity.

A Study in Furniture: The Moonstone’s “Detective Fever” and Pharmacy of Deduction

ABSTRACT This article challenges notions of furniture as being merely figures of speech in Victorian fiction, through what is here demonstrated in an archetypology of furniture based on Wilkie Collins’s novel, The Moonstone (1868). Taking the story beyond its allegory of imperial psychology, I chart the functional aspects of furniture, viewed as archetypes. The Moonstone inspired the interiors of detective plots in the works of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie, enabling furniture to transcend its status as dispensable nouns and assume archetypal roles that catalyse and morph the interiors and plots of literary texts. The Moonstone overturned prescriptive and eroticized stereotypes of Victorian parlours, replacing them with male-criminal-and-detective archetypes and the archetypal pharmacy—the prototypical 221B Baker Street quarters. The novel furnished characters’ intimate relationships to objects (glass artifacts, tables and chairs, chests of drawers, and bookshelves), which in turn furnishes the detective plot, at a time when Victorian aesthetics was witnessing a functionalist turn. This in turn shaped the investigative spaces of Holmes and Poirot with tremendous value derived from the new archetypal functions of furniture.

РЕМИЗОВСКИЙ МИФ В СТРУКТУРЕ ЯРОСЛАВСКОГО ТЕКСТА

The purpose of the article is to consider an important scientific historical and literary issue: the place of A. M. Remizov, an outstanding representative of Russian neorealism, in the structure of the so-called Yaroslavl text. For the first time Remizov's auteur myth is inscribed into the structure of a local text, to which type the Yaroslavl text belongs. This literary phenomenon is presented in the context of studying the author's individuality along the lines common to Russian prose: the enrichment of content, the search for new narrative and artistic forms. The following objectives of the work were also dealt with in the context of contemporary studies of the first half of the XX century Russian literature: to clarify the definitions of the Yaroslavl text and the Remizov myth; to determine the biographical, narrative, historical and literary contours of the latter; to identify and establish the place of archetypes and motives in this myth; and, finally, to incorporate myth into the conceptual space of the Yaroslavl text. The most significant results of the work are the following: the historical-literary and personal-biographical components of the Remizov myth are described; the role of folklore, literary motives and archetypes in the system of motives and images of Remizov's prose is established; the latter are shown in the context of his creative evolution. Remizov's auteur myth is integrated into the historical and literary space of the Yaroslavl text. Some observations are made on the philosophy, aesthetics, and poetics of Remizov's prose and the expressiveness of his writings. Diaries and documents are taken into account as a full-fledged link in the writer's legacy; the attitude to them as secondary, auxiliary material has been overcome. The approaches used in the work led to an original view of the writer’s skills and allowed to break the existing opinions about Remizov's type of artistic thinking. The article evaluates the artistic merits of some of the well-known works in a new way, clarifies the writer's position, shows its connection with mythology and folklore, with the functions of the components of external and internal forms. Remizov's skill is analyzed in the context of neo-mythologism and word-making relevant to the Russian prose of the XX century. Thus, scientific understanding of the complex phenomena in Russian literature of the first third of the XX century have been enriched.

How to Address Your Instructor: An Analysis of Classroom Discourse at Saudi Arabian Universities

Hofstede’s (1986) concept of national culture includes the key dimension of how power distance affects interactions between interlocutors on all levels and settings of a society, including that of the university. An examination of such interactions, including the expected linguistic behaviors of instructors and students, is quite useful, because cultural values and the archetypal roles of instructors and their students tend to shed light on the relationships and general atmosphere of not just the higher education setting, but also of the society as a whole. In the large power distance culture of Saudi Arabia, this concept is examined through an analysis of the different address terms students use in classroom discourse to address their instructors. Since the use of titles is related to classroom interaction, it is affected by power distance. This study investigates and analyzes the discourse of the classroom in Saudi universities to identify titles and address terms used in student-instructor communications. The research found that the terms students employ with instructors include social and academic terms; whereas first and last names were usually avoided. Effects of potential factors are explained in terms of Hofstede’s (1986) concept of power distance.

The Effects of Gender, Tenure and Primary Workplace on Burnout of Ukrainian Police Officers

The postmodern era poses special challenge for police: the transition from the archetypal role of a warrior to the role of a servant. Purpose. To determine the level of Ukrainian police officers` burnout and effect of the gender, tenure and primary workplace (field work or office service) on it. The study involved police officers of the National Police of Ukraine (age – 20-45 years, n = 129 – men, n = 55 – women). The questionnaire was applied. The results of the questionnaire were processed by mathematical statistics methods. 53.8% and 30.4% of the officers revealed high and average levels of emotional exhaustion respectively. Only 15.8% officers revealed low level of depersonalization (≤6 points) a reduction in their personal accomplishment (≥39 points). The correlation analysis was performed by the Kendall rank correlation coefficient. The study did not reveal a statistically significant relationship between burnout and gender. However, a slight negative correlation of tenure and burnout was revealed. This requires further research of young officers, in particular, their job expectations. The primary workplace is identified as a significant predictor of emotional exhaustion (τ Kendall=0.192), depersonalization (τ-Kendall=0.176) and aggregated global measure of burnout (τ-Kendall=0.179). The revealed condition and structure of occupational burnout of Ukrainian police officers testify to its risk level and the necessity of its constant monitoring and psychological support. The implications and limitations of research and practice are discussed.