Archetypical Configurations Research Articles

Stuck in the middle with you: Conceptualizing data intermediaries and data intermediation services

Data intermediation services are a novel class of services mitigating various aspects of inter-organizational data sharing. Facilitating data intermediation services is a pivotal activity that leverages the benefits of the data economy. These services are usually provided by so-called data intermediaries, who organize data sharing between one or multiple data provider(s) and data consumer(s). Against the background of prominent legislation, these data intermediaries (e.g., data marketplaces or data trusts) receive increasing attention in research, practice, and politics. For instance, the Data Governance Act regulates data intermediation services, prompting organizations sharing data to comply with various regulations, including registration with government bodies or acquiring a trusted label. However, to date, little research has been done about the nature of data intermediation services, motivating us to tackle this issue in a two-fold strategy. First, we derive a visualization of a data intermediary and concept subsuming its potential functions. Second, we explore archetypical configurations of co-existing services of data intermediaries. With this, we contribute to understanding the data intermediaries as a concept and enrich this understanding with more detailed service configurations.

Hierarchies, Knowledge, and Power Inside Organizations

This paper contributes to an old and still unresolved question in the theory of organizations, namely, what do bosses do? Whether and to what extent managerial functions are productive or not for the well functioning of an organization has to be understood with respect to the tension between knowledge and power. Here, we start addressing such a tension with reference to the very nature of organizations. Next, we discuss its historical unfolding in two archetypical organizational modes of production, Taylorism and Toyotism. Third, these two archetypical configurations are studied by means of a model of organizations populated by three sets of agents, workers, managers, and the principal, endowed by different attributes and functions. The fitness of alternative organizational setups is studied under diverse degrees of complexity of the landscape.

Scenario archetypes reveal risks and opportunities for global mountain futures

Mountain social-ecological systems (MtSES) are transforming rapidly due to changes in multiple environmental and socioeconomic drivers. However, the complexity and diversity of MtSES present challenges for local communities, researchers and decision makers seeking to anticipate change and promote action towards sustainable MtSES. Participatory scenario planning can reveal potential futures and their interacting dynamics, while archetype analysis aggregates insights from site-based scenarios. We combined a systematic review of the global MtSES participatory scenarios literature and archetype analysis to identify emergent MtSES archetypal configurations. An initial sample of 1983 rendered 42 articles that contained 142 scenarios within which were 852 ‘futures states’. From these future states within the scenarios, we identified 59 desirable and undesirable futures that were common across studies. These ‘common futures’ were grouped into four clusters that correlated significantly with three social-ecological factors (GDP per capita, income inequality, and mean annual temperature). Using these clusters and their associated significant factors, we derived four MtSES scenario archetypal configurations characterized by similar key adaptation strategies, assumptions, risks, and uncertainties. We called these archetypes: (1) “revitalization through effective institutions and tourism”; (2) “local innovations in smallholder farming and forestry”; (3) “upland depopulation and increased risk of hazards”; and (4) “regulated economic and ecological prosperity”. Results indicate risks to be mitigated, including biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, cultural heritage change, loss of connection to the land, weak leadership, market collapse, upland depopulation, increased landslides, avalanches, mudflows and rock falls, as well as climate variability and change. Transformative opportunities lie in adaptive biodiversity conservation, income diversification, adaptation to market fluxes, improving transport and irrigation infrastructure, high quality tourism and preserving traditional knowledge. Despite the uncertainties arising from global environmental changes, these archetypes support better targeting of evidence-informed actions across scales and sectors in MtSES.

Reliable Computational Prediction of the Supramolecular Ordering of Complex Molecules under Electrochemical Conditions.

We propose a computationally lean, two-stage approach that reliably predicts self-assembly behavior of complex charged molecules on metallic surfaces under electrochemical conditions. Stage one uses ab initio simulations to provide reference data for the energies (evaluated for archetypical configurations) to fit the parameters of a conceptually much simpler and computationally less expensive force field of the molecules: classical, spherical particles, representing the respective atomic entities; a flat and perfectly conducting wall represents the metallic surface. Stage two feeds the energies that emerge from this force field into highly efficient and reliable optimization techniques to identify via energy minimization the ordered ground-state configurations of the molecules. We demonstrate the power of our approach by successfully reproducing, on a semiquantitative level, the intricate supramolecular ordering observed experimentally for PQP+ and ClO4– molecules at an Au(111)–electrolyte interface, including the formation of open-porous, self-host–guest, and stratified bilayer phases as a function of the electric field at the solid–liquid interface. We also discuss the role of the perchlorate ions in the self-assembly process, whose positions could not be identified in the related experimental investigations.

Mapping social-ecological systems archetypes

Achieving sustainable development goals requires targeting and monitoring sustainable solutions tailored to different social and ecological contexts. A social-ecological systems (SESs) framework was developed to help diagnose problems, identify complex interactions, and solutions tailored to each SES. Here we develop a data-driven method for upscaling the SES framework and apply it to a context where data is scarce, but also where solutions towards sustainable development are needed. The purpose of upscaling the framework is to create a tool that facilitates decision-making in data-scarce contexts. We mapped SES by applying the framework to poverty alleviation and food security issues in the Volta River basin in Ghana and Burkina Faso. We found archetypical configurations of SES in space, and discuss where agricultural innovations such as water reservoirs might have a stronger impact at increasing food availability and therefore alleviating poverty and hunger. We conclude by outlining how the method can be used in other SES comparative studies.

Optical Circular Conversion Dichroism via Heterogeneous Planar Nanoplasmonic Metasurface

Chirality as a physical phenomenon originating from lacking mirror symmetry in many natural substances exposes fascinating optical activities, including circular dichroism (CD) and optical circular conversion dichroism (O-CCD). While naturally occurring chiroptical properties are negligible in real substances, boosting these properties to significant levels is one of the main challenges for designing functional photonic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we introduce a new paradigm for the realization of planar metasurfaces with substantial O-CCD, reporting that considerable chiral effects of three-dimensional chiral structure are practically provided by feasible metasurfaces by picking out nanooscillators with strong near-field interaction, different optical properties including loss and radiation, and high overlap between their spectral positions. We apply this concept to heterogeneous nanoplasmonic structures, composed of L-pair of Au–Ag nanorods, as archetypical configurations for substantially raising dichroism compared to materially homogenous ones, i.e., Au–Au and Ag–Ag pairs with different length, respectively. The essential prerequisite for phase lag associated with the third dimension along lightwave propagation is compensated by proposed heterogeneity in metasurface design. Theoretical findings based on the simple hybridization model are adequately supported by the computational results.

Lagrangian transport in a class of three-dimensional buoyancy-driven flows

The present study concerns the Lagrangian dynamics of three-dimensional (3D) buoyancy-driven cavity flows under steady and laminar conditions due to a global temperature gradient imposed via an opposite hot and cold sidewall. This serves as the archetypal configuration for natural-convection flows in which (contrary to the well-known Rayleigh–Bénard flow) gravity is perpendicular (instead of parallel) to the global temperature gradient. Limited insight into the Lagrangian properties of this class of flows, despite its relevance to observed flow phenomena as well as scalar transport, motivates this study. The 3D Lagrangian dynamics are investigated in terms of the generic structure and associated transport properties of the global streamline pattern (‘Lagrangian flow topology’) by both theoretical and computational analyses. The Grashof number$Gr$is the principal control parameter for the flow topology: limit$Gr=0$yields a trivial state of closed streamlines;$Gr>0$induces symmetry breaking by fluid inertia and buoyancy and thus causes formation of toroidal coherent structures (‘primary tori’) embedded in chaotic streamlines governed by Hamiltonian mechanisms. Fluid inertia prevails for ‘smaller’$Gr$and gives behaviour that is dynamically entirely analogous to 3D lid-driven cavity flows. Buoyancy-induced bifurcation of the flow topology occurs for ‘larger’$Gr$and underlies the emergence of ‘secondary rolls’ observed in the literature and to date unreported secondary tori for ‘larger’ Prandtl numbers$Pr$. Key to these dynamics are stagnation points and corresponding heteroclinic manifold interactions.

Company innovation system: an exploration based on examples from Arcelik and Vestel

We conceptualize the company as an innovation system. The systems approach to innovation has received limited attention at the company level. While it is widely accepted for nations, sectors, regions and technologies, and while some company-level building blocks have been proposed, the dominant approach at company level is to regard innovation as a process. A company innovation system consists of interacting components with the purpose to produce innovation. Those components can be actors, resources or institutional characteristics. The components can be configured and reconfigured for different purposes. An innovation process is therefore one of the many possible configurations within a system. A systems approach emphasizes part-whole interactions and evolutionary dynamics. We explore the concept of company innovation system using case examples of two Turkish electronics manufacturers: Arcelik, with its Telve Turkish coffee machine, and Vestel with its 3D Smart TV. We find that using the company innovation system approach, we can map innovation systems at the company level, we can indicate the relationships between the components of the system and we can identify system characteristics such as open versus closed, archetypical configurations, where new combinations come from, coordination mechanisms and exploration versus exploitation. As such, we can address questions about the company’s innovation management that are difficult to address by using a process approach. We conclude that the company innovation system approach provides additional and complementary insights to the existing company-level innovation approaches.

Sustainable livelihoods in the global land rush? Archetypes of livelihood vulnerability and sustainability potentials

Abstract Large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) have become a major concern for land use sustainability at a global scale. A considerable body of case studies has shown that the livelihood outcomes of LSLAs vary, but the understanding of factors and processes that generate these livelihood outcomes remains controversial and fragmented in terms of cases, contexts, and normative orientations. Therefore, this study presents a meta-analysis of case studies and applies the archetypes approach developed in global change research to analyse the configurations of factors and processes that generate different livelihood outcomes in LSLA situations. The analysis is based on 44 systematically selected studies covering 66 cases in 21 countries in Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe. The results show that LSLAs affect rural livelihoods through a small set of archetypical configurations. Adverse livelihood outcomes arise most frequently from processes of (1) enclosure of livelihood assets, (2) elite capture, (3) selective marginalisation of people already living in difficult conditions, and (4) polarisation of development discourses, and less frequently from (5) competitive exclusion, (6) agribusiness failure, and (7) transient jobs. The processes are activated in specific configurations of social-ecological factors. Moving beyond diagnosis, the paper identifies archetypical potentials for safeguarding or enhancing sustainable livelihoods in LSLA target regions at multiple levels of decision-making. Finally, we analyse how contextual factors modify these general insights. This paper helps to advance the archetypes methodology for use in global change research that aims at integral analysis of recurrent patterns expressed in local manifestations. The results can be used to better link local case studies with regional and global inventories of the global land rush.

La Arcadia en la Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea de Góngora

Según la tesis del filólogo clásico alemán Bruno Snell, la Arcadia de la poesía antigua es un paisaje espiritual de carácter metapoético. Lo habitan los pastores enamorados, de manera que sus sentimientos, que Snell identificó con la "realidad del alma", toman carta de naturaleza en dicho espacio. Los fantasmas que surgen de estos afectos se convierten, entonces, en "figuras de la poesía". Góngora hizo suyas en la Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea las estructuras elementales de la bucólica, condensando sus extensas tramas en un epilio conceptista. Si los idilios al modo de Teócrito o Virgilio tratan de los enredos de las pasiones fruto del deseo, las resistencias y los conflictos, el salvajismo y la tensión entre el amor y el odio, Góngora sintetizó esta fenomenología erótica en la configuración arquetípica de la pareja amorosa y del tercero como intruso. Por eso, esta lectura de las octavas reales del cordobés no se dirige tanto a su contenido épico –ni siquiera al eglógico, porraro que suene– cuanto, más bien, al alcance de su rico armazón conceptual, que implica una reflexión elemental sobre la esencia de la poesía.

Hydrodynamics of shallow flows: application to rivers

ABSTRACTShallowness defines a wide class of flows of high significance to hydraulic and environmental engineering. This paper discusses research on shallow flows that have been carried out in laboratory and field studies as well as with numerical simulations. Recent advances in experimental and numerical techniques helped to reveal the important features of shallow flows which are directly relevant to rivers. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of large-scale structures to transverse transport of momentum and mass which is assessed for archetypical flow configurations like wakes, shear layers, and bend flows. It is demonstrated that the flow geometry and roughness distribution determine the relative contribution of secondary circulation and large-scale turbulent structures to this transport. For applications in civil and environmental engineering, a proper parameterization of the physical processes is required for representing shallow flows at the large scale. The paper outlines some perspective directions to be developed in the forthcoming years.

Geographies of Open Source Biotechnology Innovation

Virtual communication forms play an increasingly important role for innovation and knowledge creation to individuals and to public and private organizations such as research centers, universities, and firms. Whereas biotech R&D cooperation was characteristically organized in a highly specialized cluster based largely on local face-to-face communications and strategic temporary linkages to other agglomerations, this archetypal configuration may undergo changes due to the emerging applicability of open innovation models such as ‘open source biotechnology’ or the advanced integration of physicians and patients into therapy development processes. An in-depth case study of an ‘Open Source Pharma’ network portrays how innovation and knowledge integration mechanisms are put into practice through ´permanence` in virtual space. In this newly created environment a number of geographical patterns are inverted: ´local buzz` turns into ´virtual global buzz`; global pipelines transform to local pipelines. However, institutionalized norms of the virtual network illustrate noteworthy similarities with ´localized capabilities` of regional agglomerations.

The hero, the anima and the claustrum: anality and idealization

Joe Redfearn's (1979) classic paper 'The captive, the treasure, the hero and the anal stage of development' is recognized as seminal to the development of Jungian thought about anality, particularly its integration with mainstream (Freudian, Kleinian) psychoanalytic perspectives. This paper develops such an approach through drawing on contributions from Meltzer, Green, Bion, Chasseguet-Smirgel and Kernberg. More specifically, it is argued that over-investment in hero and anima archetypal configurations may represent an attempt to replace the resource of the internal parental couple that, at the level of unconscious phantasy, has been destroyed by the aggrieved child's attack on the primal scene. Unless this usually dissociated sadism can be integrated, the creative epistemophilic instinct may remain blunted, giving rise, through projective identification, to the adoption of a pseudo-adult identity based on appropriation or assertion. This in turn may lead to manic attempts to reach authentic ('animating') experience through the (often erotized) excitement of heroic endeavour. Consideration of both Redfearn's and the author's own clinical material demonstrates how close attention to process as well as content is fundamental to revealing and addressing such likely-to-be dissociated scenarios.

Transcriptional control region rearrangements associated with the evolution of JC polyomavirus

JC polyomavirus (JCV) isolates worldwide are classified into three super-lineages (A, B and C), with A and B further split into several lineages and sub-lineages. The transcriptional control region (TCR) of the JCV genome generally has the archetypal configuration, but rearranged TCRs have occasionally been detected in isolates from immunocompetent individuals. To investigate the phylogenetic significance of these rearrangements, we analyzed 298 TCR sequences all derived from complete JCV genomes directly cloned from the urine of non-immunocompromised individuals. While sporadic rearrangements were found in many lineages and sub-lineages, common rearrangements were identified in all, or essentially all, isolates belonging to particular lineages or sub-lineages. Interestingly, several common rearrangements were also detected as sporadic rearrangements in other lineages or sub-lineages. This observation suggests that during the course of JCV evolution, JCV strains with sporadic rearrangements became predominant over archetypal TCRs in some JCV lineages or sub-lineages.

Conserved archetypal configuration of the transcriptional control region during the course of BK polyomavirus evolution

BK polyomavirus (BKV) is widespread among humans, asymptomatically infecting children and then persisting in renal tissue. The transcriptional control region (TCR) of the BKV genome is variable among clinical isolates. Thus, archetypal TCRs with a common basic configuration generally occur in BKV isolates from the urine of immunocompromised patients, but rearranged TCRs that possibly arise from the archetypal configuration have also been detected in clinical specimens. To examine the hypothesis that archetypal strains represent wild-type strains circulating in the human population (the archetype hypothesis), we analysed 145 complete viral genomes amplified directly from the urine of non-immunocompromised individuals worldwide. These genomes included 82, three, two and 58 sequences classified as belonging to subtypes I, II, III and IV, respectively. Rearranged TCRs with long duplications or deletions were detected from two subtype I and two subtype IV genomes, but not from the other 141 genomes (thus, the TCRs of these genomes were judged to be archetypal). The variations in the archetypal TCRs were nucleotide substitutions and single-nucleotide deletions, most of which were unique to particular subtypes or subgroups. We confirmed that the four complete BKV genomes with rearranged TCRs did not form a unique lineage on a phylogenetic tree. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that the archetypal TCR configuration has been conserved during the evolution of BKV, providing support for the archetype hypothesis. Additionally, we suggest that 'archetype' should be used as a conceptual term that denotes a prototypical structure that can generate various rearranged TCRs during viral growth in vivo and in vitro.

The non-coding region of BK subtype II viruses

Four BK virus (BKV) subtypes are distinguishable by serological and molecular methods. The type I followed by type IV represents the most common subtype. Subtypes II and III occur rarely. The complete sequence of a German subtype II isolate was determined. The lack of data on the structure of the non-coding region (NCR) of subtype II and III viruses prompted us to study this part of the genome in more detail. Sequence comparisons revealed that the archetypal configuration of subtype I strain WW seems to be predominant among BKV subtypes.

Do organizational practices matter for hotel industry employees’ jobs? A study of organizational practice archetypical configurations and job outcomes

Earlier research has demonstrated that organizational environment variables influence employees’ job outcome variables. This study focuses on the organizational practice dimensions of the hospitality industry and demonstrates that: (1) employees’ perceptions of practices can be construed as a limited set of archetypical configurations, and (2) the configurations are related to job outcome variables. The practice configurations are generated by cluster analysis, and the reliability and validity of the classification is demonstrated.

Subtypes of BK virus prevalent in Japan and variation in their transcriptional control region.

BK polyomavirus (BKV) is ubiquitous in the human population, infecting children without obvious symptoms, and persisting in the kidney in a latent state. In immunosuppressed patients, BKV is reactivated and excreted in urine. BKV isolates have been classified into four subtypes (I-IV) using either serological or genotyping methods. To elucidate the subtypes of BKV prevalent in Japan, the 287 bp typing region in the viral genome was PCR-amplified from urine samples of 45 renal transplant (RT) and 31 bone-marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. The amplified fragments were subjected to a phylogenetic or RFLP analysis to determine the subtypes of BKV isolates in urine samples. Subtypes I, II, III and IV were detected, respectively, in 70-80, 0, 2-3 and 10-20 % of the BKV-positive patients in both patient groups. This pattern of distribution was virtually identical to patterns previously demonstrated in England, Tanzania and the United States, suggesting that BKV subtypes are distributed similarly in various human populations. Furthermore, transcriptional control regions (TCRs) were PCR-amplified from the urine samples of 25 RT and 20 BMT recipients, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The basic TCR structure (the so-called archetype configuration) was observed in most isolates belonging to subtypes I, III and IV (subtype II isolates were not available), albeit with several nucleotide substitutions and a few single-nucleotide deletions (or insertions). Only three TCRs carried extensive sequence rearrangements. Thus, it was concluded that the archetypal configuration of the BKV TCR has been conserved during the evolution of BKV.

Understanding B2B and the Web: the acceleration of coordination and motivation

This paper explores business-to-business (B2B) marketing on the Internet, and how the confluence of the two may transform the B2B landscape. Specifically, it discusses the notion of linkage value to demonstrate why the B2B phenomenon on the Internet is so significant. It then considers the mechanisms and enablers that have made the Web such an important B2B marketing channel. It also explores how the Web can reduce transaction costs, thereby facilitating more efficient exchanges and markets. The concepts of links and nodes are then introduced and the processes of disintermediation, reintermediation, disaggregation and reaggregation are explored. Finally, Web B2B configurations are considered by way of a model that describes four archetypal configurations, and the factors that are antecedent to these modes and how the Web may influence them.

Ab Initio Study of Selective Fluorescence Quenching of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The mechanism of selective fluorescence quenching of alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by nitromethane has been investigated using ab initio calculations. Initial studies using 10 archetypal configurations of pyrene (an alternant PAH) and nitromethane established trends in the attractive and repulsive interactions between the two molecules. In general, the computed energy of interaction in the ground and excited states correlated with the orientation of the dipole moment of nitromethane with respect to the electrostatic potential of pyrene. In addition, many local minima were found on the potential energy surface; hence, two representative configurations (one attractive and one repulsive) were explored in detail. Calculations of the interaction of pyrene and fluoranthene (a nonalternant isomer of pyrene) with nitromethane were also conducted as a function of intermolecular separation distance. Two main routes were found for deactivation of the excited-state PAHs by nitromethane: direct energy transfer to the quencher or formation of a fluorophore−quencher ion pair. In studies of their various excited states, pyrene showed an energetically feasible path to an ion pair, whereas fluoranthene did not. In addition, simulation of PAH−solvent complexes showed that neither isomer formed energetically reasonable ion pairs with acetonitrile. Therefore, the selectivity of nitromethane for pyrene appears to be based on the relative ease with which these molecules form an ion pair and then undergo back electron transfer to regenerate the ground state.