Archaeological Expedition Research Articles

Studies of the cultural layer of the cities of Ufa and Birsk (based on the example of the work of the archaeological expedition of the "Ancient Ufa" museum-reserve)

The article presents the results of an analysis of the latest data of recent years, obtained during archaeological research of the first fortified settlements on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the course of the work the analysis reviewed materials from archaeological heritage sites located in the historical center of the modern cities of Ufa (“Hillfort Ufa-II” and “Cultural layer of Ufa dated the late 18th – early 20th century at 29 Sochinskaya street”) and Birsk (“Old Birsk, historical cultural layer and burial ground”). Despite the fact that archaeological sites are subject to a significant anthropogenic influence, the obtained corpus of sources complements the information about the formation of the Russian population and their local tangible culture in chronological terms between 16th and the early 20th century. Studied fragments of pottery revealed differences and features of pottery traditions in the ornamentation, shapes of dishes and additional processing. The materials obtained from the site of Ufa-II indicate local damage (redeposited layer) of the cultural layer and no stratified layers of the New Age. Despite a more significant anthropogenic impact Sochinskaya Street is found with a local patch of preserved cultural layer dated by the period in question. Thus, it will make the reconstruction of the main stages of development of the immediate surroundings of the Ufa Kremlin possible. Alongside it will allow analysis of the adjacent territory. The research on the territory of Birsk documents a good condition of the lower cultural layer of the 17th–18th centuries. The potential of archaeological research of the city lies not only in studying the local features of the tangible culture of the local population, but also in the opportunity to describe the period of the early Russian settlement in Bashkiria in the 16th–18th centuries.

Defining Boundaries of Modern Times Archaeological Heritage Sites in Izhevsk and Sarapul, Udmurt Republic

The article publishes the findings made by the staff of the Kama-Vyatka archaeological expedition from the Udmurt State University. The study aims to identify the boundaries of the sites of archaeological heritage dated the Modern Times and located in Izhevsk and Sarapul, the Udmurt Republic. The methodology for identifying the boundaries of the monuments within the urban development includes analysis of archives and maps, combination of archaeological and archival research. The fruitful efforts of the Udmurt State University team and the Udmurt Republic State Body for Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites joint in 2007–2022 allowed to determine boundaries of the Izhevsk Plant settlement, the Troitsky (Nagorny), Mikhailovsky and Nikolo-Pokrovsky cemeteries in Izhevsk, Sarapul settlement and the Voskresensky Cemetery in Sarapul. Some other towns differentiate particular zones or blocks associated with finds of the cultural layer or items. However, in contrast thereto, the boundaries of the Sarapul settlement and the Izhevsk Plant Settlement are outlined as a single territory associated with the historical part of Sarapul and Izhevsk. This allows immediate archaeological rescue works in the monuments. Izhevsk and Sarapul reveal a rather intense dynamics of setting Modern Times archaeological sites, namely – the early cemeteries and historical parts of cities

On the issue of Christianization of the population of the Taz River Subarctic (by the materials of the burial ground of Num-hibya-siheri VIa)

In recent decades, there has been a significant increase at the number of studies aimed at the research into archaeological sites dating back to the period of active development of Siberian territories by Russian explorers. The indication of this process is the commenced Christianization of local indigenous population. The study of the burial objects of the Late Medieval and Modern Times allowed assembling representative collections of stauro-graphic materials. The items retrieved during the study of the Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground reflect specific features of the use of Christian symbols in the funeral rite. Therefore, this site is considered to be an early Chris-tian monument left behind by indigenous population of the Taz Subarctic, formed under the influence of Christian ideas that spread in the region in the 18th — early 20th century. The Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground is located on the right bank of the Num-hibya-siheri creek on the territory of the Mameyev Cape stow, which is 12.5 km south-east of the village of Tazovsky and 2.4 km north-west of the village of Gaz-Sale of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Tyumen Oblast. In 2017–2018, Tazovsky Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of the Problems of Northern Development of the Tyumen Scientific Research Center (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) uncovered 286 m2 of the site. Within the studied area, nine underground pits were investi-gated, containing the burial of an adult (?) and children (8) aged from newborn infants up to 5- to 7-year-olds. The main components of the funeral rite and inventory testify to the familiarity of the people, who left this burial ground behind, with Christian customs and Christian ritualism. The deceased children are buried in wooden coffins placed inside composite wooden structures, on their backs, with their heads oriented to the western side of the horizon. The interred children are accompanied by an icon pendant with an image of St. Nicholas the Wonder-worker and crosses dedicated to the Great Martyr Barbara and crucified Jesus. The features of the funeral rite and the placement of the articles indicate an initial stage of the Christianization of autochthonous population, combining both Christian and pagan components in the process of burying children. A good preservation of the wooden funerary structures allowed selection of wood samples for dendrochronological (tree-ring) analysis, as a result of which the time interval of the functioning of the Num-hibya-siheri VIa burial ground was determined within the second quarter of the 19th — early 20th century.

Mishaps in the Land van Eendracht: Exploring the Cause of Zuytdorp’s Wrecking

Zuytdorp is one of four known Dutch East India Company shipwrecks off the western Australian coast. Believed to have foundered in the fall of 1712, its wreck site was located in 1927 on a remote stretch of the central western Australian coast. Since its identification in 1958, the site has been investigated during several archaeological expeditions. The cause of Zuytdorp’s wrecking, however, has never been properly assessed. Some researchers assume the ship crashed into shore due to an inaccurate longitude determination. Others believe the ship reached the Australian coastline safely and foundered due to a storm or other mishap. This study will use various lines of evidence to answer the question of how Zuytdorp wrecked. These include an assessment of contemporary cartographic and navigational knowledge, charts that would have been available on the vessel, coastal visibility, and signs that ships were nearing land as found in contemporary ship logs. It will be shown that Zuytdorp’s officers had access to the necessary cartographic information in order to navigate the Indian Ocean and Western Australian coastline, that there were numerous warning signs the vessel was nearing the coast and various measures taken to avoid a collision, and that meteorological conditions at the wreck site likely drove the ship ashore. Through a thorough analysis of these lines of evidence, it will be demonstrated that a sudden and unexpected encounter with the shore is an unlikely scenario. Instead, Zuytdorp could have reached the Australian coastline intentionally and most likely wrecked due to a storm.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN 2023 ON THE TERRITORY OF THE DOMINICAN MONASTERY IN VINNYTSIA

Archaeological researches of 2023 on the territory of the site of architecture and urban planning «Dominican Monastery» in Vinnytsia was carried out by the Archaeological Expedition of the Vinnytsia Regional Museum of Local Lore as part of the «Program of Archaeological Research on the Territory of Sites which are part of the Vinnytsia City Territorial Community for 2022—2024» approved by the Vinnytsia City Council. The main task for 2023 was to open a preserved excavation area (excavation area 1) and to complete it. This excavation area was established and explored in 2013—2018 by the Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, headed by Dr. Larysa Vynogrodska. In the Excavation area 1 several objects in 2023 were discovered: building 1 — the remains of the foundations of a cult (?) building from the late 17th — the first half of the 18th century and constructive ditches of the building (the name and number according to the numbering of Dr. L. Vynogrodskaya); building 2 — the remains of the foundations of the building, constructed in the late 19th — the first half of the 20th century; building 3 is a deepened structure, explored in 2013—2014 (the name and number according to the numbering made by Dr. L. Vynogrodska); building 4 — a brick crypt (?) of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; object 1 — deepened with a step (partially explored) — late 16th — 17th centuries; object 2 is a burial contained the remains of five persons (burials 3—7), burials 5 and 6 are dated ca. late 17th — early 18th century; pits 1, 3 — objects of the 20th century (pit 2 is the object explored in 2013—2014); burial 1 — an animal skeleton in anatomical order which was discovered in the 17th—19th century layer (sector B6—B7 in the excavation area); burial 2 — a human burial approximately dated to the 18th century. Photofixation, processing and drawing of the material have been done, orthophoto plans and 3D modeling of objects in excavation area 1 were made based on the results of the archaeological expedition of the Vinnytsia Regional Museum of Local Lore in 2023. In addition to archaeological research, all known written sources of the 17th century about the territory of the Dominican monastery, its founders and clergy were widely involved. These sources were processed by researcher of Vinnytsia Museum Victoria Kolesnyk. Due to her sophisticated research in 2023 it was possible to attribute the architectural remains in excavation area-1 as the stone foundations of the Dominican monastery during its first phase of its existence. Probably, the discovered remains are traces of the renovation of the monastery building from the late 17th — the first half of the 18th century and existed until the time of the second phase of construction, which began in the second half of the 18th century. The result of the second phase of construction is the raising of a complex of buildings which are in use for now and as a complex with a status of National Importance, named the «Dominican Monastery».

ПАЛЕОДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ДРЕВНЕРУССКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ XI–XIV ВВ. КОСТРОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ИЗ ГОРОДИЩА УНОРОЖ

The settlement near the village of Unorozh in the Galich district of the Kostroma Oblast was studied from 2013 to 2022 by a joint Kostroma archaeological expedition and the Russian Geographical Society. A paleodemographic study was conducted. The average age of death in the group was 25.3 years. The average age of death for men (about 37 years old) is quite high, unlike that for women (31.4 years old). There were about 12.5% more women in the group than men. The percentage of child mortality has an average value of about 30.4%. Very few children died in the first year of life. The final age cohort consisted mainly of men. The peak mortality of men in the group is at the age of 30–35 years. Women have two mortality peaks, at 20–25 years and at 35–40 years. The obtained values of different paleodemographic indices indicate the relative demographic well-being in the group

A Newly Dated Late Pleistocene and Holocene Archaeological Assemblage from Bukhtarma Cave in the Southern Altai Piedmont, East Kazakhstan

The Altai mountains contain a number of cave and rockshelter sites that have given crucial information about human evolution in Asia. Most of these caves are located in the Gornyi Altai of Siberia, while the southern flank of the range remains much less known. Bukhtarma Cave was a karstic cave located near the former village of Peshchera, on the banks of the Bukhtarma River running through the foothills of the southern (Kazakh) Altai mountains. The Soviet East Kazakhstan Archaeological Expedition carried several excavation campaigns in the cave in the early to mid 1950s, discovering Paleolithic stone tools as well as animal bones. The collections were split between the East Kazakhstan Regional Museum of Local History in Öskemen (the lithic and part of the faunal collection) and the Zoological Institute in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) (most of the fauna). Subsequently, the site was flooded by the construction of the Bukhtarma Reservoir in 1958, such that further fieldwork is impossible. However, in 2020, we reanalyzed the zooarchaeological collections and obtained several 14C dates. Based on the excavation documentation and the newly obtained dates exclusively taken from cut marked and carnivore-modified bone, we reconstruct at least three Paleolithic archaeological horizons, spanning the time between ca. 47–30 ka cal BP and exhibiting Middle and Upper Paleolithic characteristics, as well as the remains of several Holocene occupations, the latest of which dates to the Bronze Age. We present here a summary of the lithic and faunal assemblage and draw general conclusions about the site’s placement within the regional Paleolithic.

Новые памятники археологии на северном побережье Кандалакшского залива Белого моря

The article is devoted to the results of the archaeological expedition of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the northern shore of the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea near the city of Kandalaksha and on the Kolvitsa River in 2023. Three new archaeological monuments have been recorded: Niva XXIII — boulder pit, Kandalaksha XVI – charcoal pits and Kolvitsa – stone structures. The boulder pit is located on an ancient sea terrace, on the western slope of Mount Volosyanaya, 1 km from the Niva River. Three charcoal pits are located on the northern shore of Malaya Pitkulya Bay, near the southern slope of Mount Krestovaya, not far from the labyrinth. This is the first discovery of such objects in Russian Lapland and they date back to the late 15th–16th centuries. Seven formations of boulders are located on the northern bank of the Kolvitsa River near the rapids. Analogs are known to them in other places of Russian Lapland. There are also boulder pits on the Khlebnaya River and on the coast of the Barents Sea. The dating and ethnicity of the boulder structures are still speculative.

МОНАСТЫРЬ САРЬДАГИЙН ХИЙД УНДУР ГЭГЭНА ДЗАНАБАЗАРА И ИСКУССТВО ГЛИНЯНЫХ БУДДИЙСКИХ СКУЛЬПТУР

Within the framework of the project «The settlements of Mongolia of the XVII century», led by the academician S. Chuluun, the expedition of the Institute of History and Ethnology of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia worked in the Erdene somon of the Central aimag in 2013-2020. As the result of the archaeological expeditions, the materials connected with the history of Mongolia in the XVII century as the Mongolian Buddhism, urban planning, architecture and art history were rediscovered and explored. The results were introduced into scientific circulation and conributed significantly to the research of this period. The article considers the sculptural works of Undur Gegen Dzanabazar on the basis of the data from the written sources and results of the archaeological research. The construction of the Ribogejaylin Gandan Shadduvlin Monastery (in Tib.: རི་བོ་དགེ་རྒྱས་དགའ་ལྡན་བཤད་སྒྲུབ་གླིང་།; Wylie: ri bo dge rgyas dga’ ldan bshad sgrub gling), now known as Сарьдагийн хийд monastery, dates back to 1654-1686. The monastery was built by the first Khalkha Bogdo Gegen Zhavzandamba hhutugt Undur Gegen Dzanabazar. The article considers the problem of the clay sculptures of the Buddhist deities connected with the creativity and works of Undur Gegen Dzanabazar, which were discovered during the archaeological excavations made at the site of the monastrery ruins. It is suggested that this monastery had been the main artistic center of the creativity of Undur Gegen Dzanabazar.

The Church of the Princely Era From the Chronicle Buzhesk: Localisation, Remains, Dating (based on the materials of archaeological research in 2015–2021)

During 2015–2021, the archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv explored the “Small” hillfort, a component of the Busk archaeological complex (the territory of the modern city of Busk, Lviv Oblast), which represents antiquities related to the history of Buzhesk. The discovery in 2015 and 2017–2018 of the horizon of the cemetery with burials typical for the Christian rite, as well as watered ceramic tiles, which were used to pave the floor of churches of the Princely era, prompted researchers to locate and study the sacred building. During the field seasons of 2019 and 2021, the remains of the temple had been found. Like most archaeologically discovered wooden temples, it was located behind a limestone-sand filling on which a ceramic mosaic floor was laid, two peripheral sections of which were discovered in situ. The collection of ceramic tiles (more than 1500 artefacts), covered with yellow, green and brown glaze, represents five groups by shape. As follows from the analogies, the tiles of groups I–III — large and small isosceles triangular and square ones — represent the background of the floor, IV — in the shape of an elongated trapezoid with rounded corners — the ornamental belt of the omphalos, V — samples of individual forms — its figurative composition. The tiles of the first three groups were made in split moulds, the fourth — in non-split forms, and the fifth — cut from a clay preform, on which an ornament was previously applied. In terms of chemical composition, the glaze of tiles from Busk is practically similar to the samples found from other locations (Danilyv, Dorogychyn, Kholm, Stolpje). It was made of a lead-silica mixture. The main dyes were lead (yellow), copper (green) and iron (brown) oxides. At the same time, a luminescent glow due to the addition of wood and bone ash (phosphorus) has been observed in bus glaze. The wooden church at the “Small” hillfort in Busk, built using the log technique, was most likely consisted of two parts (the nave is about 5 m wide and 6 m long, and the apse, according to the analogies from other places, is about 3 × 4 m) and had a small wooden dome. Stratigraphically, it appears that the church at the “Small” hillfort could have been built no earlier than the middle — second half of the 12th century. If we take into account the fact that by all its structural features it belongs to the traditions of the Galician architectural school, the time of its construction should be historically associated with the transition of Buzhesk to the power of the Galician princes in the early 1170s. It could stand on the outskirts of this ancient city somewhere before the turn of the 13th–14th centuries and collapsed either due to karst processes or due to a local fire.

New Hellenistic Coin Finds from the Baysun and Kugitang Piedmonts, Southern Uzbekistan (season 2018)

Abstract The article presents assemblage of Seleucid and Greco-Bactrian coins found by the Czech-Uzbek archaeological expedition in the frame of a sampling metal detector survey in the upper reaches of Sherabad Darya, from the sites of the Darband Wall, Daganajam, Kurganzol and Iskandar Tepa in 2018. Sixteen specimens, of both silver and copper alloys, which were determined including a very rare Seleukos I (?) coin are assessed not only from the numismatic and historical point of view, but also analysed in terms of elemental composition.

Burial of the final stage of culture of the early Scythian period in Northern Altai

The article deals with materials excavated from kurgan No.35 of burial & memorial Choburak-I, their introduction into the scholarly discourse and cultural & chronological interpretation. This monument includes sites of various chronological periods and lays on the right bank of the Katun River. It lays south from landa Village, Chemalsky District, the Altai Republic. The monument was researched by the archaeological expedition of the Altai State University. The above-ground structure of kurgan No. 35 is a quite large mound fringed by a crepidoma. The grave is relatively shallow and found with an intact buried body. The body lays straight on the back in the burial chamber tiled with rocks. The body heads North-West. There are few accompanying tools discovered by excavations, namely a whetstone, a bronze knife and bone arrowheads. The burial ritual is explored and analyzed. The analysis shows that the site in the focus of the research is foreign to the mountainous Altai monuments of the Early Scythian due to the range of features. Morphological features of the tools and their available equivalents indicate that kurgan No. 35 was established in the late 7th through 6th century BC. Two samples are exposed to radiocarbon analysis in different laboratories. The findings support this chronology. Based on the determined dating and layout of the site researched it can be dated back to the late Biykenskaya culture. When it comes to the cultural attribution of the site, it is necessary to refer to the debatable issues of reconstructing the history of Altai population at the turn of the early Scythian and Pazyryk periods. The existing materials analyzed allow to assume that kurgan No. 35, as well as a range of other similar burials, is associated with the new groups of people arriving from neighboring areas in the 7th century BC. The study implies the features of a few more burials of Choburak-I necropolis established in the same time. Therefore, the research assumes that the Biykenskaya culture nomads used to come in contact with the Mayemirskaya culture tribes for the Altai North-West foothills

KozhukhovaE.I., MustafinKh.Kh., SemenovV.A., UchanevaE.N. Reconstructing Ethnocultural Processes in the Sausken Valley (Tuva) during the Later Half of the 1st Millennium BC

The article represents findings of the group research devoted to reconstructing ethnocultural processes of the second half of the 1st millennium BC (Sausken Terrain Feature, Tuva). The research comprehensively studies local population groups who left behind their burial monuments in Eerbek River Valley. The study engages geneticist, ancient technologies experts, anthropologists and archaeologists. Kurgans of the middle and late Uyuk-Sagly Culture (5th–2nd century BC) were excavated in 2011–2016 by Tuva archaeological expedition arranged by the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute for the History of Material Culture. Nearly all burials in the kurgans had been robbed back in the ancient days. The study analyses above-ground structures and internal layouts of the kurgans, the burial ritual and tools (weapons, mirrors, belt accessories, bone items, embellishments). It allows to conclude that the kurgans have varying cultural attributions. The research also implies instrumental process analysis of glass and stone beads, chromatography of fabrics and proteomic analysis of archaeological leather. The paper reveals radiocarbon dating (14C) and correlations with other burial monuments of the Scythian Tuva. Craniological materials analysed allow to determine populations that could have been related to the aliens who arrived at the Eerbek River Valley in the Uyuk times. The Ozen-Ala-Belig groups differ from their peers from other territories in Tuva. It might be explained through the Uyuyk migrants mixing with the Eerbek Valley people who had been living there since the late Bronze Age. The paleogenetic study of 19 items especially focuses on researching the Y-chromosome DNA. For many researched samples the study determines haplogroups Q1b1a3-L330 and R1a1a1b2-Z93 (or its subgroups). The area of spread for these haplogroups is Soviet Central Asia, Central Asia, West and South Siberia. One samples is assigned to I2a1b1-M223 haplogroups with the area of spread in the Balkans and South-Eastern Europe. The obtained findings may indicate that the Western and Eastern nomads kept in touch during the researched period. The archaeological, anthropological and genetic data lead to a conclusion that the Scythian cultures in the given region is complex and multi-faceted.

Каналы озера Каменное: к вопросу о крестьянских гидротехнических сооружениях Карелии

There are a large number of unexplored structures in Karelia related to peasant economic activities. These are mills, storage facilities, barns, hunting traps, paddocks, and roads located outside the boundaries of historical villages. In the paper, we will consider the objects of the Karelian rural water transport infrastructure group – channels. In the absence of good roads in the White Sea Karelia, waterways were the only convenient way to travel between villages throughout the year.The first field study of the channels was carried out by an archaeological expedition of the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia in 2015 on Lake Kamennoe (Kiitehenjarvi) in the Kostomuksha Nature Reserve. Two channels were examined near the village of Shappovaara on the western shore of the lake and the village of Luzhmaguba near the beginning of the Kamennaya River. The first channel (90 m long) was photographed by Finnish photographer K.I. Inha in 1894. There were two wooden crosses and two karsikkos near it and boats passed through it, the second channel (306 m) was probably used for transporting logs during the rafting period. The estimated dating of both structures is the second half of the XIX century. The closest analogies are located on the territory of Finland.

Bone items from burial No. 9 of the cemetery near the Berezovaya Mountain (traceological analysis and the search for analogies)

In this article, we analyze bone products from the male burial No. 9 of the cemetery near the Berezovaya Mountain (Oren-burg District of the Cis-Ural region) attributed to the Sintashta Culture (20th–18th centuries BC). The funerary complex is specifi-cally interesting because it combines the ritual and inventory of representatives of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon and items belonging to chariot cultures. Furthermore, an item rare for the cultures of the chariot circle of the Ural region was placed in the burial — a disc-shaped bone buckle. The aim of this work is to find an analogy for this buckle and for other bone items of the complex using traceology data. The buckle was traceologically processed on 31st July 2002 in the campus of the Orenburg archaeological expedition two days after its discovery; at the same time its drawing was made. An astragalus and a fragment of the articular angle of the animal's scapula, both having been placed within the burial, were also analysed. Due to field condi-tions, a portable contact microscope “Mikko” was used. The main focus of this work is the buckle. The results of the traceologi-cal analysis are being introduced into the scientific discourse. Besides, for the first time this article presents the results of tra-ceological study of a similar object from burial mound 27 near the city of Atkarsk. A total of 15 buckles with similar morphology have been analyzed, 11 of them have traceological definitions. A fragment of the product of the same type was only once identi-fied in the Sintashta necropolis (grave 30 of the Sintashta burial ground); the majority of similar items derive from the sites of the Abashev Culture of the Volga-Don region. It has been revealed that the analyzed artifacts could have been used as both belt buckles and ornaments/amulets. The artifact from the burial ground near the Berezovaya Mountain is most likely a buckle, jud-ging by its size and the size of the central hole. The discovery of a buckle typologically characteristic of the Don-Volga Abashevo Culture in the Sintashta Culture necropolis demonstrates the western connections of the population who left the site. The astragalus found in the burial could have been used as a fortune-telling/dice object. The functional purpose of the articular angle of the animal’s scapula has not been determined — no analogies have been found for it, though a possible circle of analo-gies has been outlined.

НАЧАЛО АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ АРХЕОЛОГИИ В БАШКОРТОСТАНЕ

During the post-war period, archaeological research was rapidly advancing in the Soviet Union. After the All-Union Archaeological Conference in 1945, the Moscow Branch of the Institute for the History of Material Culture (henceforth IHMC) became the main center for archaeological research and organizer of field studies throughout the USSR. At a meeting of the Department of History and Philosophy in 1951, together with a plenum of IHMC and the USSR Academy of Sciences, a decision was made to expand archaeological research across all regions of the country. An archaeological team is forming at the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of History, Language, and Literature, which was part of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1951. In 1953, a sector of history, archaeology, and ethnography was created, and archaeological expeditions were launched. Initially, field research was conducted as part of the Bashkir Archaeological Expedition under the leadership of IHMC. Since 1957, independent archaeological units have been formed. In 1959, a department of archeology and ethnography became part of the IHLL. The same year, a collection of articles dedicated to archaeological studies in Bashkortostan were published for the first time. In 1978, an independent sector of archaeology appeared, the successor of which is the Department of Archaeological Research currently operating as part of the IHLL. Thus, in 2023–2024 it will be 70 years since the beginning of archaeological research in the IHLL. It is also the anniversary of the beginning of systematic academic research of the territory of the Southern Urals and the design of Ufa as the center of archaeological research in the region. In addition to documentary evidence of the formation of the archaeological structure in the IHLL, the article provides statistics on archaeological expeditions in the territory of Bashkortostan. An analysis of these data shows that, between 1955 and 1963, units organized by academic institutions of the IHMC (Institute of History of Material Culture) and IHLL dominated among them. Due to active fieldwork, by 1970, information had been obtained on 2,059 archaeological sites located within the BASSR and data on these sites had been systematized into the academic catalog “Archaeological Map of Bashkiria.” In general, the mid-1950s to 1960s can be characterized as the period when a systematic archaeological survey was being formed on the territory of Bashkortostan. The main focus of this process was the IHLL

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АРАБОГРАФИЧНЫХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ В ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТА ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН

Written monuments are a valuable source where historical and cultural traditions and the spiritual wealth of the people are reflected. The fate of some of them is mysterious and unusual, and, undoubtedly, they are witnesses of certain events in our history and are an important primary source for the study of history and spiritual culture. The study of such heritage always arouses interest in the world science. There are a number of scientific and popular scientific articles on archeographic and textual research conducted at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHLL UFRC RAS). However, scientific research in this direction does not stop, new topics and aspects of scientific developments appear, new results and discoveries are based on them. The purpose of the article is to tell the story of the formation of the G.B. Khusainov Manuscript Fund of the IHLL UFRC RAS based on new realities, to trace the history of the creation of the Oriental manuscripts department as an independent structural unit in this scientific institution, to determine their role in the study of the historical and cultural heritage of the Bashkir people. Against their background, the history of the study of Arabographic written monuments in the IHLL UFRC RAS and the results of scientific research in recent years in this field have been shown, priority areas of modern and future research are identified, the relevance and significance of the development of which is due to the need to introduce into scientific circulation and popularize Arabographic written monuments in the Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages available in the funds of the UFRC RAS, and first of all, in the G.B. Khusainov Manuscript Fund. Taking into account the fact that archaeological expeditions and business trips have been and remain the main source of replenishment of the fund of manuscripts and old printed publications, the work of field expeditions in recent years, which were carried out with the financial support of grants from various scientific foundations, was analyzed separately. In the study, based on the descriptive-narrative method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, with the help of the introduction of new documents into scientific circulation of the Scientific Archive of the UFRC RAS, the history of the G.B. Khusainov IIYaL Manuscript Fund of the UFRC RAS and the prerequisites for the creation of the current department of Oriental manuscripts are recreated, their place and contribution to the Bashkir archeographic science are shown.

ROCK PAINTING WITHIN SOUTHERN PERU IN THE CONTEXT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PIGMENTS

The article pertains to rock paintings recorded during studies conducted in 2017 and 2019 by an international archaeological expedition at numerous sheltered sites in the Río Atico basin and Vilavilani region in the Río Caplina catchment area within southern Peru. During the research, archaeological sites with rock art were registered, the state of preservation of the paintings was documented, and it was determined what factors were causing their destruction/degradation. The form and thematic scope of the paintings were also determined while defining four styles/stylistic conventions (styles 1–4) of the rock painting in the area in question. New arrangements regarding the superposition of representations/paintings made it possible to define the time sequence of their creation (relative chronology). Multifaceted physicochemical analyses of colouring substances were also carried out, which allowed determining their chemical composition. The mineral origin of all colouring substances has been confirmed, i.e. they should be described as inorganic pigments. At the same time, conclusions regarding the source of origin of the raw material used for their acquisition were presented. During the research, changes in the colours of individual paintings were observed, which provides the basis for conclusions regarding the chemical processes that caused them.

From micro-regional to intra-site analysis: the GIS of the Italian Archaeological Expedition in the Erbil Plain (Kurdistan Region of Iraq)

From micro-regional to intra-site analysis: the GIS of the Italian Archaeological Expedition in the Erbil Plain (Kurdistan Region of Iraq)

Internet of Underwater Things: A Survey on Simulation Tools and 5G-Based Underwater Networks

The term “Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT)” refers to a network of intelligent interconnected underwater devices designed to monitor various underwater activities. The IoUT allows for a network of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to communicate with each other, sense their surroundings, collect data, and transmit them to control centers on the surface at typical Internet speeds. These data serve as a valuable resource for various tasks, including conducting crash surveys, discovering shipwrecks, detecting early signs of tsunamis, monitoring animal health, obtaining real-time aquatic information, and conducting archaeological expeditions. This paper introduces an additional set of alternative simulation tools for underwater networks. We categorize these tools into open-source and licensed simulator options and recommend that students consider using open-source simulators for monitoring underwater networks. There has not been widespread deployment or extensive research on underwater 5G-based networks. However, simulation tools provide some general insights into the challenges and potential issues associated with evaluating such networks, based on the characteristics of underwater communication and 5G, by surveying 5G-based underwater networks and 5G key aspects addressed by the research community in underwater network systems. Through an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the architecture of both Internet of Underwater application-assisted AUVs and Internet of Underwater Things communications in the 5G-based system.