Arc Geographic Information System Software Research Articles

Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Remote Sensing and Gis Techniques of Phewa Watershed (Nepal)

Groundwater is the primary source of water in the study region, both for domestic and agricultural needs. The main objective of this research is to identify the groundwater potential zones via remote sensing (RS) and Geographic information system (GIS), which is essential in evaluating, preserving, and monitoring various groundwater-related development programs. Man-made pressures include over-exploitation of groundwater and climate changes have led to a strain on groundwater resources. As the use of consumable water increases for human consumption, agriculture, industrial growth, municipal, and pharmaceutical needs to evaluate the groundwater potential and aquifer productivity also increase. Groundwater inspections have been historically done by field survey method, which is inefficient or not practical in terms of time and resources. Arc GIS software is utilized to manipulate datasets. The LULC map of the study area will be developed using Landsat 8 satellite data. A soil map and rainfall map will be created using the data sources from USGS, a Parent soil map will creates using the data from NARC and slope map, lineament density and drainage density from ASTER from earth data. Seven thematic maps will be applied, each with appropriate weight and rank assigned based on its characteristics and connection with groundwater. All the thematic layers combine into a GIS domain, and weight values are put to the attribute table for each polygon. The groundwater potential zone map will be classified into different zones, i.e., very poor, poor, moderate, good, and very good. These results will help hydrogeologists, decision-makers, planners, and local authorities formulate better groundwater resource planning in the Phewa watershed area.

Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio method in Sikkim Himalaya

Sikkim Himalaya is located in the North-Eastern Himalaya and is prone to landslides caused by rainfall, anthropogenic factors, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. This study aims to identify landslide susceptibility map for the Sikkim Himalaya, India, utilizing an integrated methodology of Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and the Frequency Ratio (FR) method. Identification of landslide susceptibility map in this region has used multiple datasets as rainfall, earthquake's magnitude, slope angle, altitude, distance to drainages, topographic roughness index, geomorphology, geology, soil, gravity anomaly, distance to faults, stream transportation index, topographic witness index, stream power index, distance to roads, LULC, and NDVI. All the above-mentioned factor/thematic layers were generated using remotely sensed as well as ground data with the help of Arc GIS software. Therefore, the weights of these all-thematic layers were calculated using the FR model for the occurrence of landslides prone in the area. After that, calculated weights of all factor/thematic layers were integrated with Arc GIS software to generate a landslide susceptibility map. The landslide susceptibility zone of the study area has been divided into 5 different classes, namely ‘Very High (11.88%)’, ‘High (15.75%)’, ‘Medium (25.88%)’, ‘Low (25.30%)’, and ‘Very Low (21.19%)’. The accuracy assessment of the study area was 87.8%, which was done by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve method. This research investigates the possibility of using broader approaches to determine landslide-prone areas.

Hydro Chemical Analysis and Assessment of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater Using GIS, in Thar Desert Area of Rajasthan

Water is essential natural resource for sustaining life and environment, chemical composition of surface or subsurface, geothermal or non - thermal, is one of the prime factors on which the suitability of the water for domestic, industrial or agriculture purpose depends. In the present study several points of ground water sources such as open wells, bore wells and hand pumps have been selected to check the portability of water. The groundwater contour analysis is done by using Arc GIS software. Geographic Information System (GIS) approach to develop spatial information and knowledge based on the ground water quality of Thar desert area (Bikaner, Kota, Jaisalmeir, Jodhpur, Barmer, Udaipur, Nagore) has been found to be very useful. GIS database also helps in decision-making process by identifying the most sensitive zones that need immediate attention. This study reveals that the ground water is the only source for people in the study area, and the results of the chemical analysis with special emphasis on Fluoride contaminaton of ground water shows considerable variation. High concentrations of fluoride pose a risk of dental fluorosis as well as skeletal fluorosis and osteoporosis.

Geographical vulnerability to respiratory infections using GIS technique- micro analysis study in the Himalayan region-India

The study appraised the role of geo physical and socio-economic factors in the causation of respiratory infections in Geographic Information System (GIS). Altitude zonation along with superimposition of human settlements was extracted using Digital Elevation Mode of 30 m resolution and SOI toposheets 1971 in Arc GIS software 10.2. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) was generated through Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer. Wind Chill Factor the cooling sensation caused by the combination of air temperature °C and wind speed was also calculated using recommended formula of National Weather Services United States of America (US). Geographical vulnerability index were gauged by calculating incidence rate per thousand of population, relative risk rate, odds ratio, normal standard score (Z value) of respiratory cases obtained through medical records and field survey carried under the medical supervision. Kendal ranking method and composite index techniques were used to estimate the intensity of respiratory diseases, medical block analysis to identify hotspot areas by generating disease index map in GIS using SOI toposheets 1971. With non availability of data related to socio-economic and behavioral attitudes, the desired information were carried through semi structured questionnaire. With longitudinal depression valley characterized with high ecological sensitive zone makes the habitants more vulnerable to respiratory infections through exposure to evaded chilly winter months, exposure to pollutants, poor socio-economic and behavioral environment increases the degree of vulnerability. Identifying the hotspot areas in GIS environment will be useful in formulating and executing plans at the ground level more effectively and efficiently.

Monitoring of airborne asbestos fibers in an urban ambient air of Mashhad City, Iran: levels, spatial distribution and seasonal variations.

Asbestos, as with other pollutants in the air, has adverse effects on the health of human beings and animals. Today, the relationship between presence of asbestos fibers in the air breathed by humans and developing serious diseases such as lung cancer (asbestosis) and mesothelioma has been proven. The objectives of this study were to monitor the levels of asbestos fibers in ambient air of Mashhad, Iran during 2018, and to draw its Geographic Information System (GIS) distribution map for the city. In this descriptive study, 13 sampling points in Mashhad city were chosen. Sampling of asbestos was carried out for 3 hour during summer and winter at 2018. Sampling of asbestos was performed using MCE (Mixed Cellulose Ester) membrane filters (pour size 0.45µm; diameter: 25mm) and cassette holder and peripheral pump. The samples were the analyzed by the phase contrast microscopy (PCM) method (NIOSH7400). Also, to investigate the type of asbestos and for more accurate counting of fibers, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was utilized. Meteorological parameter were recorded through portable devices. To draw the graphs, Excel, R and Arc GIS software were used. Results showed that the mean asbestos fiber concentrations were equal to 11.40 ± 2.14 and 14.38 ± 2.52 f/L in summer and winter, respectively. The maximum level of asbestos fiber was detected in the station of Baitolmoghaddas square by 26.64 ± 2.14 and 19.3 SEM f/L in winter and summer, respectively. High concentration of asbestos fiber observed in this study can be attributed to the heavy traffic, the presence of prominent industries in the vicinity of the study area, and topographic features. The results from this research recommends that suitable controlling policies should be regulated to reduce both ambient air asbestos and its adverse health endpoints in Mashhad.

Assessment of Potential Suitable Surface Irrigation Area in Borkena River Catchment, Awash Basin, Ethiopia

Although Ethiopia has abundant land for irrigation, only a fraction of its potential land is being utilized and the economy of the country subjected to a direct impact of climate change. So, assessment of land suitability for irrigation purpose is important to utilize the land resources efficiently and for the sustainable production of crops and food security of the ever increasing people in the country especially the study area. This study was initiated to assess the land resources which is potentially suitable for surface irrigation in Borkena watershed by using Geographic Information System (GIS). To identify the land which is suitable for irrigation purpose, the following factors such as soil type, slope, land use/cover and distance from water supply (sources) were taken into account and classified based on the FAO guideline for land evaluation in to S1, S2, S3 and N suitability classes independently. The final existing and potentially irrigable land was identified by weighting overlay these factors of suitability. The suitability analysis of the parameters indicates that 90.65% of slope, 72.03% of soil depth, 94.73% distance from a water source of the study area, 100% soil drainages and 100% of soil texture were identified in the range of highly suitable (S1) to marginal suitable (S3) for surface irrigation. But, when all the above physical suitable area determination factors were weighted together using weighted overlay in Arc GIS software by restricted other land use/cover for irrigation development without agricultural land indicates only 16.13% highly suitable (S1), 47.12% moderately suitable (S2), 31.58 marginally suitable (S3) and 5.17% non-suitable (N) area for surface irrigation development.

Road Network Analysis for Ambulance Transportation Service Using Geographical Information System (GIS): A Case of Arada Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Optimum utilization of time after an accident which is golden hour serves as a measure of effectiveness of ambulance service management system to reduce the loss of life and property. This paper presents a case study on Arada sub-city which is the oldest of all sub-cities located in the central part of the capital Addis Ababa with 11.56 Km² area wide. Its population, which is around 212,009, is highly dense and its spread of population density is about 18340 people per Km². In the study area, the existing road network condition is not developing in line with the population growth. Accordingly, at time of disaster, the responsiveness rate of efficient ambulance transportation services to the right target area is low and unsatisfactory to level of customer’s satisfaction. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct road network analysis in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment for the betterment of ambulance transportation service in the sub city. A detail GIS database of the road network, ambulance location, accident locations and hospitals was prepared using Arc GIS software with the extension of network analyst. In this study, one ambulance station, three accident locations and six hospitals were used to compute 1, 2 & 4 minutes service area and best route analyses. The impedance value 1, 2 & 4 minute corresponds to very urgent, moderate urgent and low urgent service areas respectively. In very urgent service area domain about 33% of health centres are found whereas in moderate and low urgent service area domains about 65% and 100% of health centers are found respectively. This implies that, the current option increases health center service area domains by 34% from the existing approach. Besides, the selected sample best routes of ambulance transportation service are computed in terms of travelling time in minutes and its fuel consumption in litters. Accordingly, the estimated travelling time of the selected sample best route is about 870/30482.20 and 1138.5/3772.16 minutes/ birrs annually. This implies that, the proposed study decreases a total travelling duration and cost by 268.5/723.96 minutes/ birr from the existing one. As a result, GIS-based ambulance transportation service proto type model was developed.

Geoinformatics Based Sprawl Dynamics Analysis of Berhampur Development Authority Area, Odisha, India

Urban and Regional planners need accurate and authentic spatio-temporal information of urban sprawls for efficient and sustainable planning of towns & cities worldwide. Geoinformatics powered with temporal high resolution satellite images, Geographic Information System (GIS), mobile technology, etc is now emerged as the most powerful tool for mapping and monitoring the sprawls of urban habitations. In this paper an attempt is made for analysing the dynamics of sprawls of three statutory towns of Berhampur Development Authority (BeDA) area of Ganjam District, Odisha state, India. The spatial information of urban sprawl of each town has been generated using openly available toposheets and multi -sensor & multi -temporal satellite images and the spatio temporal characteristics of sprawls has been analysed in Arc GIS software. The sprawl area as well as the population of the three towns have been analysed and the future scenario of sprawl-population dynamics has been forecasted for the years 2021 and 2031.The result of this paper highlights that sprawls of the three towns i.e Berhampur, Chhatrapur and Gopalpur will expand their spatial dimension by 22,18 and 97 percent by 2031 whereas population of the three towns will increase by 43, 19 and 15 percent between 2011 -2031.Finally the result indicates that there will be decrease in population density in the three towns which will ultimately force the Development Authority to plan more basic infrastructures and transportation in the newly expanded urban areas.

Mapping of morbidity pattern of respiratory diseases: medical block analysis in the northern belt of India

The present study aims to evaluate the burden of respiratory diseases in geographic information system (GIS)—a block level analysis. The study is based on retrospective analysis of data from medical records obtained from Directorate of health services Kashmir, integrated disease surveillance program, and clinically investigated data from one of the clinic (chest hospital) managing respiratory diseases in the summer capital of the state J&K—India from 2013 to 2017. Morbidity frequency measures were used to find the population at risk i.e. incidence rate per thousand of the total population and prevalence per hundred of the total population, with spatial temporal changes in the incidence rate from the year 2013 to 2017. Normal standard score or Z value was carried to estimate the average magnitude of respiratory diseases in the study area. Kendal’s ranking and composite index techniques were used to estimate the intensity of respiratory diseases both disease and area wise. The results obtained were shown in a GIS environment using Arc GIS software 10.2. The outcome of this research will be effectively used in epidemiological planning to lessen the burden of respiratory diseases.

Geospatial Suitability Mapping of Climate-based Disease Transmission using Fuzzy Logic for Central India

Geographic Information System (GIS) today supports health and disease mapping in diverse ways. Present study divulges geographic dimensions of malaria disease in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states located in Central India. Chhattisgarh is second and Madhya Pradesh is the third most malarious states after Odisha in India. In the present study, an attempt is made to map climate-based malaria transmission suitability using fuzzy logic for Central India. Temperature and relative humidity were selected as the two indicators for malaria transmission suitability analysis. District wise meteorological data for 2008 was used for the present study. Monthly temperature and relative humidity interpolation maps were generated using ‘Natural Neighbor’ interpolation algorithm. For both the indicators trapezoidal membership function was selected. Arc GIS software and its FUZZY tool were used to generate ‘climate suitability map’ for malaria transmission depicting the spatial distribution of Transmission Window length (in months) across the region. The findings illustrate that most districts of Chattisgarh and very few districts of Madhya Pradesh have transmission window open for more than 10 months and are identified as ‘High Endemic Regions’. Compared to Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh experiences more numbers of least suitable months i.e. February, March, April and May. The study aims to benefit judicious decision making for efficient intervention implementation.

Prioritization of Areas for Construction of Aquatics Facilities Using Geographic Information System (GIS) in Esfahan

This study aimed to prioritize areas for construction of aquatics facilities in Esfahan, according to population distribution, land use, accessibility, and fair distribution. This was descriptive-analytic research. The fourteen areas in Isfahan were considered as research location.The collecteddata classified and organized throughcreation of data base in Arc GIS software. With respect to each criterion, the plans were prepared. Finally, the plans showed the prioritization of aquatics facilities. The findings showed that there was pretty much various distribution of aquatics facilities in various areas in Isfahan. However, there was a strong need for construction of aquatics facilities in areas 10 and 14 in Isfahan. The appropriate constructionsite is one of the basic requirements for establishment of sport facilities with high productivity. Undoubtedly, this is the most important task of sport managers. According to research criteria, the identified regions in this study would be the most appropriate sites for establishing aquatics facilities

Production regionalization study of Chinese angelica based on MaxEnt model

The distribution information of Chinese angelica was collected by interview investigation and field survey, and 43 related environmental factors were collected, some kinds of functional chemical constituents of Angelica sinensis were analyzed. Integrated climate, topography and other related ecological factors, the habitat suitability study was conducted based on Arc geographic information system(ArcGIS),and maximum entropy model. Application of R language to establish the relationship between the effective component of Chinese angelica and enviromental factors model, using ArcGIS software space to carry out space calculation method for the quality regionalization of Chinese angelica. The results showed that 4 major ecological factors had obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of Chinese angelica, including altitude, soil sub category, May precipitation and the warmest month of the highest temperature, et al. It is suitable for the living habits of the Chinese angelica, cold and humid climate, which is suitable for the deep area of the soil. In addition, the ecological suitability regionalization based on the effect of Chinese angelica also provides a new suitable distribution area other than the traditional distribution area, which provides a scientific basis for the reasonable introduction of Chinese angelica.

Sand quarrying activities in an alluvial reach of Damodar River, Eastern India: towards a geomorphic assessment

ABSTRACTRiver is a system in which it always tries to make a balance between input and output. Any type of human intervention may affect the whole system and alluvial rivers give response to this interference through changes in its morphology. This concept has serious implications on the present study of Damodar River (Eastern India). Though the hydrology and morphology of Damodar river have been controlled by human activities over the last 50 years, large-scale excavation of river sand from the Damodar riverbed was initiated in the mid-1990s due to increasing urbanization and industrialization. Mainly, the alluvial reach of lower Damodar river is highly affected by uncontrolled sand excavation. To identify the status of sand mining and assess the geomorphic impacts due to indiscriminate and unscientific sand mining, we select Damodar river in between Sillaghat and Sadarghat of West Bengal. It has been estimated that 8, 35,000 ft3/ day (in peak season) of sand is extracted through 71 sand mining areas only from the 40.625 km channel between Sillaghat and Sadarghat. With the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) and field survey, we tried to identify the effects of this huge extraction of sand on this river, which we mapped through Arc GIS software. From the prepared maps, we have identified that Thalweg dynamics, riverbank erosion, instability of river bars; channel bifurcation and pool-riffle sequence change are the major geomorphic impacts of sand mining. Keeping the above concept in the backdrop, it is essential to have a process-based understanding as well as in-depth study of the river for the sustainable management of this threatened river.

Using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) in zoning nitrate concentration in the groundwater of Birjand, Iran

Previous studies have shown that the presence of nitrate in drinking water can cause several diseases especially in the infants, such as cancer and blue baby. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has since adopted the 50 mg/l standard as the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate for regulated public water systems. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of nitrate in the drinking water wells of Birjand, Iran, using inverse distance weighting (IDW) model and also using remote sensing (ENVI software) for studying the vegetation area. In this study, the average annual nitrate level in 2015 was measured from 19 wells around Birjand that were used as rural water supplies. For the zoning of nitrate concentration in the groundwater of Birjand, we used Arc GIS software by using IDW interpolation methods, and for studying the vegetation area and its effect on the groundwater quality we used Landsat Archive image (L4-5 TM sensor) and ENVI 4.7 software. The mean concentration of nitrate was 25.89 ± 12.33 mg/l in the groundwater. Nitrate concentration was more than the standard range (50 mg/l) according to the National Standard of Iran (No. 1053) in one well in the studied zone. Based on the information obtained from remote sensing, agricultural activities were an effective factor in increasing the concentrations of nitrate in the groundwater of the studied area.

Structural Analysis and Tectonic Investigation of Chamshir Dam Site, South West Zagros

Geological factors play a major role in constructing and stability a dam. The study area is Chamshir Dam, which is located on the Zohreh River, 20 km southeast of Gachsaran City (southwest Iran). The satellite images are valuable means available to geologists for locating geological or geomorphological features expressing regional fault or fracture systems, therefore, the satellite images are used for structural analysis of the Chamshir dam area. As well, using the DEM and geological maps, 3D Models of the area have been constructed. Then, based on these models, all the acquired fracture traces data are integrated in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment by using Arc GIS software. Based on field investigation and DEM model, main structures in the area consist of Cham Shir syncline and two fault sets, the main thrust faults with NW-SE direction and small normal faults in NE-SW direction. There are three joint sets in the study area, both of them (J1 and J3) are the main large fractures around the Chamshir dam. These fractures indeed consist with the normal faults in NE-SW direction. The third joint set in NW-SE is normal to the others. In general, according to topography, geomorphology and structural geology evidences, Chamshir dam has a potential for sliding in some parts of Gachsaran formation.

Trihalomethanes formation in water treatment plants and distribution lines: a monitoring and modeling scheme

Monitoring and modeling of the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) within four water treatment plants (WTPs) and distribution lines in Fayoum City, Egypt, were studied. Sampling sites for raw and treated waters were determined by global positioning system and the Arc geographic information system software was used for mapping. THMs were monitored using 25 sampling points located at the plant exit and through the distribution lines up to the plant extremity. Results indicated that the THMs concentration varied significantly but it was very rarely higher than the allowed maximum contaminant level of 100 μg L−1. However, at the dead zones in the distribution lines, the THMs increased by about 160% compared to in-plant level. Furthermore, the level of THMs in hot months was about 1.3 times higher than in cold ones. The influence of some independent variables such as temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, total organic carbon and color were investigated by Pearson model to find their correlation with the rate of THMs formation in WTPs. The resulted R values ranged from 0.81 to 0.98. Successful application of the model to a selected region on the distribution lines has resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.98.

Drainage Morphology Approach For Water Resources Development of Sub Watershed in Krishna Basin

The morphometric analysis of study area has been carried out using Arc GIS software. The study area covers 3035 sq.km. The drainage network was delineated using SOI topographical map of no. 47 K – 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 47 L - 9 on the scale 1:50,000. Morphological characterized of the drainage line as appear in shape ,size, number, order, length, Dd, Sf, Rb, Fs, T, Rc are derived to trace its usefulness for surface development . The present study involves Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis technique to evaluate and compare linear relief and aerial morphometry of Yerala watershed of Krishna River. Yerala watershed is basically 7th order drainage and is mainly dendritic to sub dendritic. Drainage density and texture of the drainage basin is 6.89 km/km2, 18.60 respectively. The drainage frequency of Yerala watersheds is 1.96 where as the bifurcation ratio ranges from 2 to 11. Hence from the study it can be conclude that GIS technique proves to be competent tool in morphometric analysis.